Comparison of different regimens of proton pump inhibitors for acute peptic ulcer bleeding

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Neumann, Ignacio ^a   Letelier, Luz M ^a   Rada, Gabriel ^a   Claro, Juan Carlos ^a   Martin, Janet ^b   Howden, Colin W ^c   Yuan, Yuhong ^d   Leontiadis, Grigorios I ^d  

^a PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE   (Chile)

^b WESTERN UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR;

BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CLINICAL OUTCOME; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DATA COLLECTION METHOD; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; HUMAN; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; LENGTH OF STAY; MORTALITY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PEPTIC ULCER BLEEDING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ACUTE DISEASE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTE; META ANALYSIS; PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC);

ACUTE DISEASE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION ROUTES; HUMANS; PEPTIC ULCER HEMORRHAGE; PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC;

EID: 84891712829     PISSN: 14651858     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007999.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (115)

1. Andriulli A, Loperfido S, Focareta R, Leo P, Fornari F, Garripoli A, et al.High- versus low-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic hemostasis in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a multicentre, randomized study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2008;103(12):3011-8.
2. Bajaj JS, Dua KS, Hanson K, Presberg K. Prospective, randomized trial comparing effect of oral versus intravenous pantoprazole on rebleeding after nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a pilot study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2007;52(9):2190-4.
3. Cheng HC, Kao AW, Chuang CH, Sheu BS. The efficacy of high- and low-dose intravenous omeprazole in preventing rebleeding for patients with bleeding peptic ulcers and comorbid illnesses. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2005;50(7):1194-201.
4. Cheng HC, Chang WL, Yeh YC, Chen WY, Tsai YC, Sheu BS. Seven-day intravenous low-dose omeprazole infusion reduces peptic ulcer rebleeding for patients with comorbidities. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2009;70(3):433-9.
5. Choi KD, Kim N, Jang IJ, Park YS, Cho JY, Kim JR, et al.Optimal dose of intravenous pantoprazole in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding requiring endoscopic hemostasis in Korea. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2009;24(10):1617-24.
6. Costamagna G, Mutignani M, Peril V, Colombo GM, Bruni A, Gabbrielli A, et al.Efficacy of i.v. lansoprazole in preventing bleeding relapse in upper gastrointestinal non variceal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 1998; Vol. 114 (Suppl 1):A95.
7. Dokas SM, Lazaraki GI, Kontoninas Z, Kouklakis GS, Adamidou A, Tsiaousi E, et al.Bolus intravenous omeprazole b.i.d. vs. continuous intravenous omeprazole infusion combined with endoscopic hemostasis in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Preliminary results. Gut. 2004; Vol. 53 (Suppl VI):A290 .
8. Focareta R, Ciarleglio A, Piai G, Levoli F, Forte G. Proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) and acute peptic ulcer bleeding: effectiveness of oral esomeprazole vs intravenous omeprazole in reducing the risk of recurrent bleeding. Digestive and Liver Disease. 2004; Vol. 36:S250.
9. Garrido A, Giráldez A, Trigo C, Leo E, Guil A, Márquez JL. Intravenous proton-pump inhibitor for acute peptic ulcer bleeding--is profound acid suppression beneficial to reduce the risk of rebleeding?. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas 2008;100(8):466-9.
10. Hsu YC, Perng CL, Yang TH, Wang CS, Hsu WL, Wu HT, et al.A randomized controlled trial comparing two different dosages of infusional pantoprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2010;69(3):245-51.
11. Hung WK, Li VK, Chung CK, Ying MW, Loo CK, Liu CK, et al.Randomized trial comparing pantoprazole infusion, bolus and no treatment on gastric pH and recurrent bleeding in peptic ulcers. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Surgery 2007;77(8):677-81.
12. Jang JY, Dong SH, Jung JH, Chae MJ, Kim NH, Lee SK, et al.High-dose oral proton pump inhibitor is as effective as intravenous administration in the aspect of increasing intragastric pH and reducing rebleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastroenterology. 2006; Vol. 130 (4 suppl 2):A467.
13. Lin HJ, Lo WC, Perng CL, Wang K, Lee FY. Can optimal acid suppression prevent rebleeding in peptic ulcer patients with a non-bleeding visible vessel: a preliminary report of a randomized comparative study. Hepatogastroenterology 1997;44:1495-9.
14. Lin HJ, Lo WC, Cheng YC, Perng CL. Role of intravenous omeprazole in patients with high-risk peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic epinephrine injection: a prospective randomized comparative trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(3):500-5.
15. Mesihovic R, Vanis N, Mehmedovic A, Gornjakovic S, Gribajcevic M. Proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic hemostasis in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Medicinski Arhiv 2009;63(6):323-7.
16. Oh JH, Choi MG, Dong MS, Park JM, Paik CN, Cho YK, et al.Low-dose intravenous pantoprazole for optimal inhibition of gastric acid in Korean patients. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2007;22(9):1429-34.
17. Schonekas H, Ahrens H, Pannewick U, Ell C, Koop H, Petritsch W, et al.Comparison of two doses of intravenous pantoprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastroenterology. 1999; Vol. 116 (4 Part 2):A305.
18. Sha W, Li Y, Nie Y, Wu W, Li Q, Zhou Y, et al.Effect of endoscopic therapy and omeprazole injection on patients with active bleeding peptic ulcer. Chinese Journal of Digestive Endoscopy 2001;18(2):87-9.
19. Tsai JJ, Hsu YC, Perng CL, Lin HJ. Oral or intravenous proton pump inhibitor in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic epinephrine injection. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2009;67(3):326-32.
20. Udd M, Miettinen P, Palmu A, Heikkinen M, Janatuinen E, Pasanen P, et al.Regular-dose versus high-dose omeprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 2001;36(12):1332-8.
21. Yilmaz S, Bayan K, Tüzün Y, Dursun M, Canoruç F. A head to head comparison of oral vs intravenous omeprazole for patients with bleeding peptic ulcers with a clean base, flat spots and adherent clots. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;12(48):7837-43.
22. Yüksel I, Ataseven H, Köklü S, Ertuğrul I, Başar O, Odemiş B, et al.Intermittent versus continuous pantoprazole infusion in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study. Digestion 2008;78(1):39-43.
23. Adamek RJ, Wegener M. Combined intravenous and oral omeprazole/amoxicillin therapy in patients with Helicobacter pylori-positive acute peptic ulcer bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1993;88(11):1980.
24. Andrews CN, Levy A, Fishman M, Hahn M, Atkinson K, Kwan P, et al.Intravenous proton pump inhibitors before endoscopy in bleeding peptic ulcer with high-risk stigmata: a multicentre comparative study. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2005;19(11):667-71.
25. Arasaradnam RP, Riley SA. Optimal medical therapy with proton pump inhibitor infusion to prevent recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots. Gastroenterology 2003;125(1):276.
26. Arnesen Ø, Riis JS. Platelet inhibition and gastric problems [Blodplatehemming og mageproblemer]. Tidsskrift for Den Norske Laegeforening 2007;127(1):64.
27. Bai G, Hu FL, Lu DH, Qin J. Efficacy of intravenous administration of omeprazole in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage caused by peptic ulcer and acute gastric mucosal lesion. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1995;11:206-9.
28. Barkun AN, Herba K, Adam V, Kennedy W, Fallone CA, Bardou M. The cost-effectiveness of high-dose oral proton pump inhibition after endoscopy in the acute treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2004;20(2):195-202.
29. Bazzoli F. Key points from the revised Maastricht Consensus Report: the impact on general practice. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2001;13(Suppl 2):S3-7.
30. Berstad A. Does profound acid inhibition improve haemostasis in peptic ulcer bleeding? [comment]. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology 1997;32(4):396-8.
31. Bolten WW. In high risk patients cyclooxygenase inhibitor plus proton pump inhibitor [Bei hochrisikopatienten coxibe plus protonenpumpenhemmer]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 2003;145(5):9.
32. Bour B, Pariente EA, Hamelin B, Garcia E. Orally administered omeprazole versus injection therapy in the prevention of rebleeding from peptic ulcer with visible vessel. A multicenter randomized study. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1993;17(5):329-33.
33. Calvet X, Garcia N, Campo R, Brullet E, Comet R, Navarro M. Two-day quadruple therapy for cure of Helicobacter pylori infection: A comparative, randomized trial. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1998;93(6):932-4.
34. Chahin NJ, Meli M, Zaccà F. Endoscopic injection plus continuous intravenous pantoprazole vs endoscopic injection plus continuous intravenous omeprazole for the treatment of upper non variceal bleeding. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;20(Suppl A):112.
35. Chan FK. Proton-pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer disease. Lancet 2008;372(9645):1198-200.
36. Chen CY, Chen CY, Chang TT, Lin XZ. Intravenous omeprazole plus antibiotics in Helicobacter-related peptic ulcer patients with major stigmata of recent hemorrhage - a preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial. Gut. 1996; Vol. 39, issue Suppl 3:A141.
37. Cherniakevich SA, Babkova IV, Mikhalev AI. Results of pre- and postoperative treatment of complicated duodenal ulcers with proton pump inhibitors [Rezul'taty lecheniia ingibitorami protonnoi pompy oslozhnennykh duodenal'nykh iazv do i posle operativnykh vmeshatel'stv]. Klinicheska Meditsina 2002;80(9):52-4.
38. Chilovi F, Piazzi L, Zancanella L, De Guelmi A, Grasso T, Di Fede F, et al.Intravenous omeprazole and pantoprazole after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2003;57(5):AB150.
39. Choi MG, Oh JH, Park JM, Paik CN, Lee JW, Cho YK, et al.The effect of various doses of pantoprazole on the intragastric acidity for preventing ulcer rebleeding after endoscopic therapy in Korean patients. Gastroenterology 2006;130(4 Suppl 2):A-466.
40. Chua RT, Lin HJ, Wang K, Perng CL, Lo WC, Lee CH, et al.Intravenous omeprazole prevents rebleeding in peptic ulcer patients with a non-bleeding visible vessel: a preliminary report of a randomized controlled study. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 1996;57(2):139-45.
41. de-Muckadell OBS, Havelund T, Harling H, Boesby S, Snel P, Vreeburg EM, et al.The effect of omeprazole on the outcome of endoscopically treated bleeding peptic ulcers: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre study. Netherlands Journal of Medicine. 1996; Vol. 48:A3-A4.
42. Heldwein W, Schreiner J, Müller-Lissner S. No ulcer hemorrhage without acid? [Ohne saure keine ulkusblutung?]. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 1992;30(11):820-1.
43. Kamada T, Sugiyama M, Takemoto T, Ogawa N, Namiki M, Kimura K, et al.A late phase II evaluation of lansoprazole (AG-1749) injection on upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a randomized dose finding study. Rinsho Iyaku 1996;12:2901-25.
44. Kamada T, Sugiyama M, Takemoto T, Ogawa N, Namiki M, Kimura K, et al.An early phase II study of lansoprazole (AG-1749) injection on upper gastrointestinal bleeding: A randomized pilot study on clinical dosages. Rinsho Iyaku 1996;12:2885-900.
45. Kovacs TO, Campbell D, Richter J, Haber M, Jennings DE, Rose P. Double-blind comparison of lansoprazole 15 mg, lansoprazole 30 mg and placebo as maintenance therapy in patients with healed duodenal ulcers resistant to H2-receptor antagonists. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1999;13(7):959-67.
46. Krizman I, Ribnikar M, Kozjek F, Primozic S. Comparative amoxicillin - Azithromycin treatment of Helicobacter pylori positive patients with bleeding duodenal ulcer. Acta Pharmaceutica 1997;47:183-8.
47. Labenz J, Beker JA, Dekkers CPM, Farley A, Klor H-U, Jonsson A. Doubling the omeprazole dose (40 mg b.d. vs. 20 mg b.d.) in dual therapy with amoxicillin increases the cure rate of Helicobacter pylori infection in duodenal ulcer patients. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1997;11(3):515-22.
48. Laine L, Shah A, Bemanian S. Intragastric pH with oral vs intravenous bolus plus infusion proton-pump inhibitor therapy in patients with bleeding ulcers. Gastroenterology 2008;134(7):1836-41.
49. Langman MJ. Problems in assessing pharmacologic treatment of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1990;37(Suppl 1):29-30.
50. Lesur G, Bour B. Proton pump inhibitors and upper gastrointestinal bleeding [Inhibiteurs de la pompe a protons et hemorragies digestives hautes]. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 2005;29(2):137-9.
51. Libby ED. Omeprazole to prevent recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of ulcers. New England Journal of Medicine 2000;343(5):358-9.
52. Lin HJ, Wang K, Chua RT, Perng CL, Lee SD. Intravenous omeprazole prevents rebleeding in peptic ulcer patients with a non-bleeding visible vessel - A preliminary report of a randomized controlled trial (abstract). Endoscopy. 1995; Vol. 27:S5.
53. Lin HJ. Proton pump inhibitors after endoscopy in peptic ulcer bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;104(6):1595.
54. Miyoshi AA. A dose finding study of omeprazole injection in upper gastrointestinal bleeding by a double-blind method. Yakuri to Chiryo 1995;23:S2137-52.
55. Mönkemüller KE, Eloubeidi MA. Bleeding peptic ulcers: what's new?. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2002;56(1):153-7.
56. Murthy S, Keyvani L, Leeson S, Targownik LE. Intravenous versus high-dose oral proton pump inhibitor therapy after endoscopic hemostasis of high-risk lesions in patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Digestive Diseases and Sciences 2007;52(7):1685-90.
57. Nehme O, Barkin JS. Recurrent ulcer bleeding: is intravenous omeprazole the solution?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2001;96(2):594-5.
58. Nishioka S, Ogoshi K, Ogawa N. Clinical study of lansoprazole (AG-1749) injection on upper gastrointestinal bleeding: hemostatic effect of lansoprazole injection and preventive effect of lansoprazole capsules on re-bleeding. Rinsho Iyaku 1996;12:2927-52.
59. O'Leary MJ, Park GR. Intravenous omeprazole in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in critically ill patients. Digestion 1991;48(1):59-60.
60. Peitz U, Leodolter A, Wex T, Schutze D, Wolle K, Welte T, et al.Diagnostics of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Zeitschrift fur Gastroenterologie 2004;42(2):141-6.
61. Peura DA. Clinical implications of immediate-release PPI therapy in the management of GERD and upper GI bleeding. Introduction. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2005;22(Suppl 3):1.
62. Ponce Romero M, Berenguer Lapuerta J. Current indications for proton pump inhibitors [Indicaciones actuales de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones]. Revista Clinica Espanola 2003;203(3):136-8.
63. Pulanic R, Brkic T, Opacic M, Katicic M, Duvnjak M, Babic Z, et al.Efficacy of different doses of intravenous pantoprazole application with regard to endoscopic sclerotherapy in prevention of rebleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers type forrest IIa, b. Endoscopy. 2000; Vol. 32:E30.
64. Rösch T. Highlights of United European Gastroenterology Week 2006. Endoscopy 2007;39(3):238-46.
65. Salas M, Ward A, Caro J. Are proton pump inhibitors the first choice for acute treatment of gastric ulcers? A meta analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMC Gastroenterology 2002;2:17.
66. Savides TJ, Pratha V. Effect of intravenous omeprazole on recurrent bleeding after endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 2001;54(1):130-2.
67. Scheurlen M. Peptic ulcer hemorrhage: i.v. antacid prevents recurrence [Ulkusblutung: saurehemmer i.v. schutzt vor rezidiv]. MMW Fortschritte der Medizin 2000;142(45):30.
68. Seppälä K, Haapiainen R, Sipponen P, Halttunen J, Färkkilä M, Sarna S, et al.Two weeks antimicrobials and omeprazole therapy is sufficient to cure Helibacter pylori positive bleeding peptic ulcer - a randomized trial. Gut 1995;37(Suppl 2):A193.
69. Sonnenberg A, Olson CA, Zhang J. The effect of antibiotic therapy on bleeding from duodenal ulcer. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1999;94(4):950-4.
70. Spiegel BM, Dulai GS, Lim BS, Mann N, Kanwal F, Gralnek IM. The cost-effectiveness and budget impact of intravenous versus oral proton pump inhibitors in peptic ulcer hemorrhage. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2006;4(8):988-97.
71. Tseng GY, Lin HJ, Lin HY, Perng CL, Lee FY, Lo WC, et al.The influence of intravenous omeprazole on intragastric pH and outcomes in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding after successful endoscopic therapy--a prospective randomized comparative trial. Hepato-Gastroenterology 1999;46(28):2183-8.
72. Udd M, Miettinen P, Janatuinen E, Heikkinen M, Tarvainen R, Pasanen P, et al.Regular vs. high dose of omeprazole for peptic ulcer bleeding - prospective randomised double blind study. Annales Chirurgiae et Gynaecologiae 1999;88:169.
73. Vcev A, Horvat D, Rubinic M, Stimac D, Vceva A, Uravic M, et al.Eradication of Helicobacter pylori reduces the possibility of rebleeding in duodenal ulcer disease. Acta Facultatis Medicae Fluminensis 1996;21:59-65.
74. Wu XP, He JR, Wang CL, Ling QH. Effect of pantoprazole on non-variceal bleeding. Bulletin of Hunan Medical University 2000;25:361-2.
75. Xu P, Zhou CX, Chen QF. Efficacy of omeprazole intravenously on peptic ulcer with hemorrhage of 90 patients. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine 1993;13:421.
76. Zhonglin Y, Sanren L, Huiji W. Effectiveness and safety of pantoprazole i.v. and omeprazole i.v. in the treatment of patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2002;17:A257.
77. Zimmerli L. Regular-dose versus high-dose omeprazole in peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized double-blind study. Schweizerische Rundschau fur Medizin Praxis 2003;92:205.
78. Barkun AN, Bardou M, Kuipers EJ, Sung J, Hunt RH, Martel M, et al.International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Annals of Internal Medicine 2010;152(2):101-11.
79. Barkun A, Leontiadis G. Systematic review of the symptom burden, quality of life impairment and costs associated with peptic ulcer disease. American Journal of Medicine 2010;123(4):358-66.
80. Calvet X, Gomollon F. What is potent acid inhibition, and how can it be achieved?. Drugs 2005;65(Suppl 1):13-23.
81. Chen J, Yuan YC, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. Recent safety concerns with proton pump inhibitors. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology 2012;46(2):93-114.
82. de Leest H, van Dieten H, van Tulder M, Lems WF, Dijkmans BA, Boers M. Costs of treating bleeding and perforated peptic ulcers in The Netherlands. Journal of Rheumatology 2004;31:788-91.
83. Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
84. Gralnek IM, Barkun AN, Bardou M. Management of acute bleeding from a peptic ulcer. New England Journal of Medicine 2008;359:928-37.
85. Green FJ, Kaplan MM, Curtis LE, Levine PH. Effects of acid and pepsin on blood coagulation and platelet aggregation. A possible contributor to prolonged gastroduodenal mucosal haemorrhage. Gastroenterology 1978;74(1):38-43.
86. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
87. Howden CW. Editorial: PPIs and clopidogrel: the band plays on. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;105(11):2438-9.
88. Jensen DM, Pace SC, Soffer E, Comer GM, 315 Study Group. Continuous infusion of pantoprazole versus ranitidine for prevention of ulcer rebleeding: A U.S. multicenter randomized, double-blind study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(9):1991-9.
89. Klok RM, Postma MJ, van Hout BA, Brouwers JR. Meta-analysis: comparing the efficacy of proton pump inhibitors in short-term use. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2003;17:1237-45.
90. Kwok CS, Arthur AK, Anibueze CI, Singh S, Cavallazzi R, Loke YK. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection with acid suppressing drugs and antibiotics: meta-analysis. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;107(7):1011-9.
91. Laine L, Jensen DM. Management of patients with ulcer bleeding. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;107(3):345-60.
92. Lassen A, Hallas J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Complicated and uncomplicated peptic ulcers in a Danish county 1993-2002: a population-based cohort study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101:945-53.
93. Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Proton pump inhibitor treatment for acute peptic ulcer bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002094.pub3]
94. Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. To establish the efficacy of PPI therapy for ulcer bleeding in the United States, do we need more patients or more PPI?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2006;101(9):2000-2.
95. Leontiadis GI, Sreedharan A, Dorward S, Barton P, Delaney B, Howden CW, et al.Systematic reviews of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of proton pump inhibitors in acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Health Technology Assessment 2007;11(51):1-164.
96. Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. Pharmacologic treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology 2007;10(2):134-42.
97. Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. The role of proton pump inhibitors in the management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America 2009;38(2):199-213.
98. Leontiadis GI, Howden CW. Proton pump inhibitor dose for ulcer bleeding: is less really more?. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(18):1697-8.
99. Leontiadis GI, Yuan Y, Howden CW. The interaction between proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America 2011;21(4):637-56.
100. Leontiadis GI, Miller MA, Howden CW. How much do PPIs contribute to C. difficile infections?. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2012;107(7):1020-1.
101. Levine JE, Leontiadis GI, Sharma VK, Howden CW. Meta-analysis: the efficacy of intravenous H2-receptor antagonists in bleeding peptic ulcer. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics 2002;16(6):1137-42.
102. Moayyedi P, Leontiadis GI. The risks of PPI therapy. Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology 2012;9(3):132-9.
103. Ngamruengphong S, Leontiadis GI, Radhi S, Dentino A, Nugent K. Proton pump inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2011;106(7):1209-18.
104. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. CG141 Acute upper GI bleeding: NICE guideline. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG141/NICEGuidance/pdf (accessed 17 October 2012).
105. Schulz KF, Chalmers I, Hayes RJ, Altman DG. Empirical evidence of bias. Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. JAMA 1995;273(5):408-12.
106. Sreedharan A, Martin J, Leontiadis GI, Dorward S, Howden CW, Forman D, et al.Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005415.pub3]
107. StataCorp LP. Intercooled STATA for Windows. Version 8.2. College Station, USA: StataCorp LP, 2005.
108. StatsDirect Ltd. StatsDirect version 2.7.8. England: StatsDirect Ltd, 2008.
109. Targownik LE, Nabalamba A. Trends in management and outcomes of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: 1993-2003. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 2006;4(12):1459-66.
110. Vakil N. Acid inhibition and infections outside the gastrointestinal tract. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2009;104(Suppl 2):17-20.
111. van Boxel OS, van Oijen MG, Hagenaars MP, Smout AJ, Siersema PD. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal outcomes in clopidogrel users on proton pump inhibitors: results of a large Dutch cohort study. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;105(11):2430-6.
112. van Leerdam ME, Vreeburg EM, Rauws EA, Geraedts AA, Tijssen JG, Reitsma JB, et al.Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994 and 2000. American Journal of Gastroenterology 2003;98(7):1494-9.
113. Wang CH, Ma MH, Chou HC, Yen ZS, Yang CW, Fang CC, et al.High-dose vs non-high-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 2010;170(9):751-8.
114. Wu LC, Cao YF, Huang JH, Liao C, Gao F. High-dose vs low-dose proton pump inhibitors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology 2010;16(20):2558-65.
115. Yacyshyn BR, Thomson AB. The clinical importance of proton pump inhibitor pharmacokinetics. Digestion 2002;66:67-78.