A peri-operative statin update for non-cardiac surgery. Part II: Statin therapy for vascular surgery and peri-operative statin trial design

Anaesthesia

Volumn 63, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 162-171

  Biccard, B M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CREATINE KINASE; CYCLOSPORIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MEVINOLIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ABDOMINAL AORTA ANEURYSM; ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ARTERY DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DEATH; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART PROTECTION; HEART SURGERY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; META ANALYSIS; MORBIDITY; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; STROKE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VASCULAR SURGERY;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRUG THERAPY, COMBINATION; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PATIENT SELECTION; PERIOPERATIVE CARE; RESEARCH DESIGN; VASCULAR SURGICAL PROCEDURES;

EID: 38349057300     PISSN: 00032409     EISSN: 13652044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2007.05265.x     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Biccard BM. A peri-operative statin update for non-cardiac surgery. Part 1: The effects of statin therapy on atherosclerotic disease and lessons learnt from statin therapy in medical (non-surgical) patients. Anaesthesia 2007 in press.
2. Cohen MC, Aretz TH. Histological analysis of coronary artery lesions in fatal postoperative myocardial infarction. Cardiovascular Pathology 1999 8 : 133 9.
3. Dawood MM, Gutpa DK, Southern J, et al. Pathology of fatal perioperative myocardial infarction: implications regarding pathophysiology and prevention. International Journal of Cardiology 1996 57 : 37 44.
4. Ellis SG, Hertzer NR, Young JR, Brener S. Angiographic correlates of cardiac death and myocardial infarction complicating major nonthoracic vascular surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 1996 77 : 1126 8.
5. Devereaux PJ, Goldman L, Cook DJ, et al. Perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a review of the magnitude of the problem, the pathophysiology of the events and methods to estimate and communicate risk. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005 173 : 627 34.
6. Cabie A, Farkas JC, Fitting C, et al. High levels of portal TNF-alpha during abdominal aortic surgery in man. Cytokine 1993 5 : 448 53.
7. Swartbol P, Truedsson L, Norgren L. The inflammatory response and its consequence for the clinical outcome following aortic aneurysm repair. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2001 21 : 393 400.
8. Baigrie RJ, Lamont PM, Whiting S, Morris PJ. Portal endotoxin and cytokine responses during abdominal aortic surgery. American Journal of Surgery 1993 166 : 248 51.
9. Swartbol P, Norgren L, Parsson H, Truedsson L. Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair induces significant alterations in surface adhesion molecule expression on donor white blood cells exposed to patient plasma. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 1997 14 : 48 59.
10. Liuzzo G, Biasucci LM, Gallimore JR, et al. The prognostic value of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in severe unstable angina. New England Journal of Medicine 1994 331 : 417 24.
11. Toutouzas K, Drakopoulou M, Markou V, et al. Correlation of systemic inflammation with local inflammatory activity in non-culprit lesions: Beneficial effect of statins. International Journal of Cardiology 2007 119 : 368 73.
12. Arroyo-Espliguero R, Avanzas P, Cosin-Sales J, et al. C-reactive protein elevation and disease activity in patients with coronary artery disease. European Heart Journal 2004 25 : 401 8.
13. Rossi E, Biasucci LM, Citterio F, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction and angina in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease: predictive role of C-reactive protein. Circulation 2002 105 : 800 3.
14. Owens CD, Ridker PM, Belkin M, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein levels are associated with postoperative events in patients undergoing lower extremity vein bypass surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007 45 : 2 9 discussion 9.
15. Vainas T, Stassen FR, de Graaf R, et al. C-reactive protein in peripheral arterial disease: relation to severity of the disease and to future cardiovascular events. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 42 : 243 51.
16. Kapoor AS, Kanji H, Buckingham J, Devereaux PJ, McAlister FA. Strength of evidence for perioperative use of statins to reduce cardiovascular risk: systematic review of controlled studies. British Medical Journal 2006 333 : 1149 56.
17. Hindler K, Shaw AD, Samuels J, et al. Improved postoperative outcomes associated with preoperative statin therapy. Anesthesiology 2006 105 : 1260 72 quiz 1289 90.
18. Groschel K, Ernemann U, Schulz JB, et al. Statin therapy at carotid angioplasty and stent placement: effect on procedure-related stroke, myocardial infarction, and death. Radiology 2006 240 : 145 51.
19. Devereaux PJ, Goldman L, Yusuf S, et al. Surveillance and prevention of major perioperative ischemic cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: a review. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2005 173 : 779 88.
20. Durazzo AE, Machado FS, Ikeoka DT, et al. Reduction in cardiovascular events after vascular surgery with atorvastatin: a randomized trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2004 39 : 967 75 discussion 975 6.
21. Kertai MD, Boersma E, Westerhout CM, et al. A combination of statins and beta-blockers is independently associated with a reduction in the incidence of perioperative mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction in patients undergoing abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2004 28 : 343 52.
22. Feringa HH, Karagiannis SE, van Waning VH, et al. The effect of intensified lipid-lowering therapy on long-term prognosis in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007 45 : 936 43.
23. Abbruzzese TA, Havens J, Belkin M, et al. Statin therapy is associated with improved patency of autogenous infrainguinal bypass grafts. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2004 39 : 1178 85.
24. Brooke BS, McGirt MJ, Woodworth GF, et al. Preoperative statin and diuretic use influence the presentation of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: results of a large single-institution case-control study. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2007 45 : 298 303.
25. Molloy KJ, Thompson MM, Schwalbe EC, et al. Comparison of levels of matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases, interleukins, and tissue necrosis factor in carotid endarterectomy specimens from patients on versus not on statins preoperatively. American Journal of Cardiology 2004 94 : 144 6.
26. Molloy KJ, Thompson MM, Jones JL, et al. Unstable carotid plaques exhibit raised matrix metalloproteinase-8 activity. Circulation 2004 110 : 337 43.
27. Steiner S, Speidl WS, Pleiner J, et al. Simvastatin blunts endotoxin-induced tissue factor in vivo. Circulation 2005 111 : 1841 6.
28. Heidland UE, Strauer BE. Left ventricular muscle mass and elevated heart rate are associated with coronary plaque disruption. Circulation 2001 104 : 1477 82.
29. Shammash JB, Trost JC, Gold JM, et al. Perioperative beta-blocker withdrawal and mortality in vascular surgical patients. American Heart Journal 2001 141 : 148 53.
30. Kennedy J, Quan H, Buchan AM, Ghali WA, Feasby TE. Statins are associated with better outcomes after carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients. Stroke 2005 36 : 2072 6.
31. Ward RP, Leeper NJ, Kirkpatrick JN, et al. The effect of preoperative statin therapy on cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing infrainguinal vascular surgery. International Journal of Cardiology 2005 104 : 264 8.
32. O'Neil-Callahan K, Katsimaglis G, Tepper MR, et al. Statins decrease perioperative cardiac complications in patients undergoing noncardiac vascular surgery: the Statins for Risk Reduction in Surgery (StaRRS) study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2005 45 : 336 42.
33. McGirt MJ, Perler BA, Brooke BS, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors reduce the risk of perioperative stroke and mortality after carotid endarterectomy. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 42 : 829 36 discussion 836 7.
34. Conte MS, Bandyk DF, Clowes AW, et al. Risk factors, medical therapies and perioperative events in limb salvage surgery: observations from the PREVENT III multicenter trial. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005 42 : 456 64 discussion 464 5.
35. Boersma E, Kertai MD, Schouten O, et al. Perioperative cardiovascular mortality in noncardiac surgery: validation of the Lee cardiac risk index. American Journal of Medicine 2005 118 : 1134 41.
36. Fonarow GC, Wright RS, Spencer FA, et al. Effect of statin use within the first 24 hours of admission for acute myocardial infarction on early morbidity and mortality. American Journal of Cardiology 2005 96 : 611 6.
37. McGowan MP. There is no evidence for an increase in acute coronary syndromes after short-term abrupt discontinuation of statins in stable cardiac patients. Circulation 2004 110 : 2333 5.
38. Schouten O, Kertai MD, Bax JJ, et al. Safety of perioperative statin use in high-risk patients undergoing major vascular surgery. American Journal of Cardiology 2005 95 : 658 60.
39. Le Manach Y, Godet G, Coriat P, et al. The impact of postoperative discontinuation or continuation of chronic statin therapy on cardiac outcome after major vascular surgery. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007 104 : 1326 33.
40. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Statins for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events. Technology appraisal, Vol. 94. London : NICE 2006. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=TA094guidanceDOI. http://www.nice.org.uk/page.aspx?o=TA094guidance.
41. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Report - Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A service in need of surgery? London : NCEPOD, 2005. http://www.ncepod.org.uk/2005report2/Downloads/AAA_report.doc2005.
42. Charlson M, Peterson J, Szatrowski TP, MacKenzie R, Gold J. Long-term prognosis after peri-operative cardiac complications. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1994 47 : 1389 400.
43. Ray KK, Cannon CP, Ganz P. Beyond lipid lowering: What have we learned about the benefits of statins from the acute coronary syndromes trials? American Journal of Cardiology 2006 98 : 18P 25P.
44. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999 100 : 1043 9.
45. Costa J, Borges M, David C, Vaz Carneiro A. Efficacy of lipid lowering drug treatment for diabetic and non-diabetic patients: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 2006 332 : 1115 24.
46. Tonelli M, Keech A, Shepherd J, et al. Effect of pravastatin in people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2005 16 : 3748 54.
47. Medical Research Council/British Heart Foundation. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002 360 : 7 22.
48. Baber U, Toto RD, de Lemos JA. Statins and cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal failure. American Heart Journal 2007 153 : 471 7.
49. Wanner C, Krane V, Marz W, et al. Atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus undergoing hemodialysis. New England Journal of Medicine 2005 353 : 238 48.
50. Laufs U, Custodis F, Bohm M. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in chronic heart failure. potential mechanisms of benefit and risk. Drugs 2006 66 : 145 54.
51. van der Harst P, Voors AA, van Gilst WH, Bohm M, van Veldhuisen DJ. Statins in the treatment of chronic heart failure: a systematic review. PLoS Medicine 2006 3 : e333.
52. Khush KK, Waters DD, Bittner V, et al. Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on hospitalizations for heart failure: subgroup analysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Circulation 2007 115 : 576 83.
53. Scirica BM, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, et al. Intensive statin therapy and the risk of hospitalization for heart failure after an acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2006 47 : 2326 31.
54. Feringa HH, Bax JJ, Schouten O, Poldermans D. Protecting the heart with cardiac medication in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing major noncardiac vascular surgery. Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia 2006 10 : 25 31.
55. Kashani A, Phillips CO, Foody JM, et al. Risks associated with statin therapy: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials. Circulation 2006 114 : 2788 97.
56. McClure DL, Valuck RJ, Glanz M, Hokanson JE. Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinically relevant adverse events from HMG CoA reductase inhibitor trials worldwide from 1982 to present. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 2007 16 : 132 3.
57. Silva MA, Swanson AC, Gandhi PJ, Tataronis GR. Statin-related adverse events: a meta-analysis. Clinical Therapeutics 2006 28 : 26 35.
58. Guyton JR. Benefit versus risk in statin treatment. American Journal of Cardiology 2006 97 : 95C 97C.
59. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005 366 : 1267 78.
60. Thompson PD, Clarkson PM, Rosenson RS. An assessment of statin safety by muscle experts. American Journal of Cardiology 2006 97 : 69C 76C.
61. Biccard BM, Sear JW, Foex P. Statin therapy: a potentially useful peri-operative intervention in patients with cardiovascular disease. Anaesthesia 2005 60 : 1106 14.
62. Andersen PT, Nielsen LK, Moller-Petersen J, Henneberg EW, Egeblad K. Myoglobin and creatine phosphokinase in serum during and after aortic bypass grafting. Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 1987 35 : 57 60.
63. Andersen PT, Nielsen LK, Moller-Petersen J, Egeblad K. Non-cardiac creatine kinase-B activity in serum after abdominal aortic bypass surgery. Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica 1988 154 : 359 62.
64. Afilalo J, Majdan AA, Eisenberg MJ. Intensive statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary heart disease: a comparative meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Heart 2007 93 : 914 21.
65. Cohen DE, Anania FA, Chalasani N. An assessment of statin safety by hepatologists. American Journal of Cardiology 2006 97 : 77C 81C.
66. Patel TN, Shishehbor MH, Bhatt DL. A review of high-dose statin therapy: targeting cholesterol and inflammation in atherosclerosis. European Heart Journal 2007 28 : 664 72.
67. Shepherd J. Who should receive a statin these days? Lessons from recent clinical trials. Journal of Internal Medicine 2006 260 : 305 19.
68. Schouten O, Bax JJ, Dunkelgrun M, et al. Statins for the prevention of perioperative cardiovascular complications in vascular surgery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2006 44 : 419 24.
69. Biccard BM, Sear JW, Foex P. The pharmaco-economics of peri-operative statin therapy. Anaesthesia 2005 60 : 1059 63.
70. Rawlins MD, Culyer AJ. National Institute for Clinical Excellence and its value judgments. British Medical Journal 2004 329 : 224 7.
71. Mihaylova B, Briggs A, Armitage J, et al. Lifetime cost effectiveness of simvastatin in a range of risk groups and age groups derived from a randomised trial of 20,536 people. British Medical Journal 2006 333 : 1145.
72. Devereaux PJ, Beattie WS, Choi PT, et al. How strong is the evidence for the use of perioperative beta blockers in non-cardiac surgery? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Medical Journal 2005 331 : 313 21.
73. Wiesbauer F, Schlager O, Domanovits H, et al. Perioperative beta-blockers for preventing surgery-related mortality and morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anesthesia and Analgesia 2007 104 : 27 41.
74. Landesberg G, Luria MH, Cotev S, et al. Importance of long-duration postoperative ST-segment depression in cardiac morbidity after vascular surgery. Lancet 1993 341 : 715 9.