Do conscious perception and unconscious processing rely on independent mechanisms? A meta-contrast study

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 22-32

  Peremen, Ziv ^a   Lamy, Dominique ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

Attention; Awareness; Conscious perception; Consciousness; Meta contrast masking; NCC; Response priming; Subliminal processing; Unconscious processing

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONSCIOUSNESS; DOUBLE DISSOCIATION; FEMALE; FORCED CHOICE METHOD; HUMAN; MALE; MASKING; PERCEPTION; PERCEPTIVE THRESHOLD; RESPONSE TIME; UNCONSCIOUSNESS; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; PHYSIOLOGY; TIME; VISION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ATTENTION; CONSCIOUSNESS; DISCRIMINATION (PSYCHOLOGY); FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PERCEPTION; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; SUBLIMINAL STIMULATION; TIME FACTORS; UNCONSCIOUS (PSYCHOLOGY); VISUAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84891692827     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: 10902376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.12.006     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ansorge U., Neumann O. Intentions determine the effect of invisible meta-contrast-masked primes: Evidence for top-down contingencies in a peripheral cuing task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2005, 31:762-777.
2. Boyer J.L., Harrison S., Ro T. Unconscious processing of orientation and color without primary visual cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2005, 102:16875-16879.
3. Breitmeyer B. Meta-contrast masking as a function of mask energy. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 1978, 12:50-52.
4. Breitmeyer B. Visual masking: An integrative approach 1984, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
5. Breitmeyer B., et al. Meta- and paracontrast reveal differences between contour and brightness processing mechanisms. Vision Research 2006, 46:2645-2658.
6. Cardoso-Leite P., Gorea A. On the perceptual/motor dissociation: A review of concepts, theory, experimental paradigms and data interpretations. Seeing and Perceiving 2010, 23:89-151.
7. Cowey A. The Ferrier Lecture 2004 what can transcranial magnetic stimulation tell us about how the brain works?. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences 2005, 360:1185-1205.
8. Cowey A. The blindsight saga. Experimental Brain Research 2010, 200:3-24.
9. Crick F., Koch C. A framework for consciousness. Nature Neuroscience 2003, 6:119-126.
10. Debner J.A., Jacoby L.L. Unconscious perception: Attention, awareness, and control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1994, 20:304-317.
11. Dehaene S., et al. Imaging unconscious semantic priming. Nature 1998, 395(6702):597-600.
12. Dehaene S., Changeux J.-P., Naccache L., Sackur J., Sergent C. Conscious, preconscious, and subliminal processing: A testable taxonomy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2006, 10:204-211.
13. Dehaene S., Naccache L. Towards a cognitive neuroscience of consciousness: Basic evidence and a workspace framework. Cognition 2001, 79:1-37.
14. Del Cul A., Baillet S., Dehaene S. Brain dynamics underlying the nonlinear threshold for access to consciousness. PLoS One Biology 2007, 5:e260.
15. Di Lollo V., von Mühlenen A., Enns J.T., Bridgeman B. Decoupling stimulus duration from brightness in meta-contrast masking: Data and models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2004, 30:733-745.
16. Draine S.C., Greenwald A.G. Replicable unconscious semantic priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1998, 127:286-303.
17. Duangudom V., Francis G., Herzog M.H. What is the strength of a mask in visual meta-contrast masking?. Journal of Vision 2007, 7:1-10.
18. Eimer M., Schlaghecken F. Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1998, 24:1737-1747.
19. Enns J.T. Object substitution and its relation to other forms of visual masking. Vision Research 2004, 44(12):1321-1331.
20. Erdelyi M.H. Experimental indeterminacies in the dissociation paradigm of subliminal perception. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1986, 9:30-31.
21. Erdelyi M.H. Subliminal perception and its cognates: Theory, indeterminacy, and time. Consciousness and Cognition 2004, 13:73-91.
22. Greenwald A.G., Klinger M.R., Schuh E.S. Activation by marginally perceptible ("subliminal") stimuli: Dissociation of unconscious from conscious cognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1995, 124:22-42.
23. Greenwald A., Draine S., Abrams R. Three cognitive markers of unconscious semantic activation. Science 1996, 237:1699-1701.
24. Holender D., Duscherer K. Unconscious perception: The need for a paradigm shift. Perception and Psychophysics 2004, 66:872-881.
25. Koivisto M., Revonsuo A. An ERP study of change detection, change blindness, and visual awareness. Psychophysiology 2003, 40:423-429.
26. Klotz W., Neumann O. Motor activation without conscious discrimination in meta-contrast masking. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1999, 25:976-992.
27. Kunst-Wilson W.R., Zajonc R. Affective discrimination of stimuli that cannot be recognized. Science 1980, 207:557-558.
28. Lamme V.A. How neuroscience will change our view on consciousness. Cognitive Neuroscience 2010, 1(3):204-220.
29. Lamy D., Salti M., Bar-Haim Y. Neural correlates of subjective awareness and unconscious processing: An ERP study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2009, 21:1435-1446.
30. Lau H., Passingham R. Relative blindsight in normal observers and the neural correlates of visual consciousness. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2006, 103(49):18763-18768.
31. Lau H. Theoretical motivations for investigating the neural correlates of consciousness. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, Cognitive Science 2011, 2:1-7.
32. Mack A., Rock I. Inattentional blindness 1998, The MIT Press.
33. Marcel A.J. Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 1983, 15(2):197-237.
34. Mattler U. Priming of mental operations by masked stimuli. Perception and Psychophysics 2003, 65:167-187.
35. Merikle P.M., Reingold E.M. Comparing direct (explicit) and indirect (implicit) measures to study unconscious memory. Journal of experimental psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 1991, 17:224-233.
36. Merikle P.M., Reingold E.M. On demonstrating unconscious perception: Comment on Draine and Greenwald (1998). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 1998, 127:304-310.
37. Mudrik L., Breska A., Lamy D., Deouell L. Integration without awareness expanding the limits of unconscious processing. Psychological Science 2011, 22:764-770.
38. Neumann O., Klotz W. Motor responses to nonreportable, masked stimuli: Where is the limit of direct parameter specification?. Attention and performance XV: Conscious and nonconscious information processing 1994, 123-150. MIT Press, Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA. C. Umiltà, M. Moscovitch (Eds.).
39. Overgaard M., Rote J., Mouridsen K., Ramsøy T.Z. Is conscious perception gradual or dichotomous? A comparison of report methodologies during a visual task. Consciousness and Cognition 2006, 15:700-708.
40. Persaud N., McLeod P., Cowey A. Post-decision wagering objectively measures awareness. Nature Neuroscience 2007, 10:257-261.
41. Railo H., Koivisto M. Two means of suppressing visual awareness: A direct comparison of visual masking and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Cortex 2012, 48(3):333-343.
42. Ramsøy T.Z., Overgaard M. Introspection and subliminal perception. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 2004, 3:1-23.
43. Raymond J.E., Shapiro K.L., Arnell K.M. Temporary suppression of visual processing in an RSVP task: An attentional blink?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1992, 18(3):849-860.
44. Rees G. Neural correlates of visual consciousness. The Neurology of Consciousness: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropathology 2011, 53-62.
45. Reingold E.M., Merikle P.M. Using direct and indirect measures to study perception without awareness. Perception and Psychophysics 1988, 44(6):563-575.
46. Reingold E.M., Merikle P.M. On the inter-relatedness of theory and measurement in the study of unconscious processes. Mind and Language 1990, 5(1):9-28.
47. Salti M., Bar-Haim Y., Lamy D. The P3 component of the ERP reflects conscious perception, not confidence. Consciousness and Cognition 2012, 21:961-968.
48. Sandberg K., Timmermans B., Overgaard M., Cleeremans A. Measuring consciousness: Is one measure better than the other?. Consciousness and Cognition 2010, 19:1069-1078.
49. Schmidt T., Vorberg D. Criteria for unconscious cognition: Three types of dissociation. Perception and Psychophysics 2006, 68:489-504.
50. Schmidt, T., (2013). Invisible stimuli, implicit thresholds: Why" not-seen" judgments cannot be interpreted in isolation. arXiv preprint arXiv, 1306.0756.
51. Shelley-Tremblay J., Mack A. Metacontrast masking and attention. Psychological Science 1999, 10(6):508-515.
52. Sklar A.Y., Levi N., Goldstein A., Mandel R., Maril A., Hassin R. Reading and doing arithmetic nonconsciously. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2012, 109:19614-19619.
53. Snodgrass M. Unconscious perception: A model-based approach to method and evidence. Perception and Psychophysics 2004, 66(5):846-867.
54. Tata M.S. Attend to it now or lose it forever: Selective attention, metacontrast masking, and object substitution. Perception and Psychophysics 2002, 64(7):1028-1038.
55. Tononi G., Koch C. The neural correlates of consciousness: An update. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2008, 1124:239-261.
56. Tsuchiya N., Koch C. Continuous flash suppression reduces negative afterimages. Nature Neuroscience 2005, 8:1096-1101.
57. van Opstal F., Buc C., Gevers W., Verguts T. Setting the stage subliminally: Unconscious context effects. Consciousness and Cognition 2011, 20:1860-1864.
58. Vorberg D., Mattler U., Heinecke A., Schmidt T., Schwarzbach J. Different time courses for visual perception and action priming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2003, 100:6275-6280.
59. Weiskrantz L., Barbur J.L., Sahraie A. Parameters affecting conscious versus unconscious visual discrimination with damage to the visual cortex (V1). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 1995, 92:6122-6126.
60. Wyart V., Tallon-Baudry C. Neural dissociation between visual awareness and spatial attention. The Journal of Neuroscience 2008, 28:2667-2669.