A study of the aerodynamics of a generic container freight wagon using Large-Eddy Simulation

Journal of Fluids and Structures

Volumn 44, Issue , 2014, Pages 31-51

  Östh, Jan ^a   Krajnović, Siniša ^a  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

CFD; Container; Freight trains; Large Eddy Simulation; Separated flow; Train aerodynamics

Indexed keywords

COUNTER-ROTATING VORTICES; FREIGHT TRAINS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION TECHNIQUES; NON-DIMENSIONAL FREQUENCY; PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; SEPARATED FLOWS; STREAMWISE DIRECTIONS; TRAIN AERODYNAMICS;

AERODYNAMICS; COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CONTAINERS; FREIGHT CARS; LARGE EDDY SIMULATION; OSCILLATING FLOW; REYNOLDS NUMBER; SHEAR FLOW; VORTICITY; WAKES;

VORTEX FLOW;

EID: 84891627828     PISSN: 08899746     EISSN: 10958622     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2013.09.017     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Adrian R.J. Hairpin vortex organization in wall turbulence. Physics of Fluids 2007, 19:041301.
2. Alam, F., Watkins, S., 2007. Lateral stability of a double stacked container wagon under crosswinds. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering 2007 (ICME2007), Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp. 225-242.
3. Allan J. Aerodynamic drag and pressure measurements on a simplified tractor-trailer model. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1981, 9:125-136.
4. Arcas, D., Browand, F., Hammache, M., 2004. Flow structure in the gap between two bluff bodies. AIAA Paper 2004-2250.
5. AVL, 2010. CFD Solver. AVL Fire Manual, v2010.1, edition 04/2010.
6. Baker C. Flow and dispersion in ground vehicle wakes. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2001, 15:1031-1060.
7. Bearman P. Near wake flows behind two- and three-dimensional bluff bodies. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1997, 69-71:33-54.
8. Breuer M., De Nayer G., Munsch M., Gallinger T., Wuchner R. Fluid-structure interaction using a partitioned semi-implicit predictor-corrector coupling scheme for the application of large-eddy simulation. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2012, 29:107-130.
9. Browand, F., Hammache, M., 1999. Aerodynamic forces experienced by a 3-vehicle platoon in a crosswind. SAE Paper 1999-01-1324.
10. Browand, F., Hammache, M., 2004. The limits of drag behavior for two bluff bodies in tandem. SAE Paper 2004-01-1145.
11. Cheng S., Tsubokura M., Nakashima T., Okada Y., Nouzawa T. Numerical quantification of aerodynamic damping on pitching of vehicle-inspired bluff body. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2012, 30:188-204.
12. Cherry N.J., Hillier R., Latour M.E.M.P. Unsteady measurements in a separated and reattaching flow. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1984, 144:13-46.
13. Davidson L. Large eddy simulations. How to evaluate resolution. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 2009, 30(5):1016-1025.
14. Davidson L. How to estimate the resolution of an les of recirculating flow. Quality and Reliability of Large-Eddy Simulations II 2010, 16(5):269-286.
15. Davis W.J. The tractive resistance of electric locomotives and cars. General Electric Review 1926, 29:2-24.
16. Engdahl, R., 1987. Full-scale rail car testing to determine the effect of position-in-train on aerodynamic resistance. In: Publication R-705. Association of American Railroads.
17. Engdahl, R., Gielow, R.L., Paul, J.C., 1986. Train resistance - aerodynamics volume II, open top car application. In: Proceedings, Railroad Energy Technology Conference II. Association of American Railroads, Atlanta, GA, pp. 225-242.
18. Germano M., Piomelli U., Moin P., Cabot W.H. A dynamic subgrid-scale eddy viscosity model. Physics of Fluids A. Fluid Dynamics 1991, 3(7):1760-1765.
19. Geurts B. Regularization modeling for LES of separated boundary layer flow. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2008, 24:1176-1184.
20. Ghosal S., Moin P. The basic equations for the Large Eddy Simulation of turbulent flows in complex geometry. Journal of Computational Physics 1995, 118:24-37.
21. Gielow, M., Furlong, C., 1988. Results of wind tunnel and full-scale tests conducted from 1983 to 1987 in support of the Association of American Railroads' Train Energy Program. In: Publication R-685. Association of American Railroads.
22. Hammit, A.G., 1976. Aerodynamic forces on freight trains: volume 1 - wind tunnel tests of containers and trailers on flatcars. In: Report No. FRA/ORD-76-295.I. U.S. Department of Transportation.
23. Han, X., Krajnović, S., 2012. Numerical investigation of passive flow control around a d-shaped bluff body. In: 7th International Symposium on Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
24. Hemida H., Baker C. Large-eddy simulation of the flow around a freight wagon subjected to a crosswind. Computers and Fluids 2010, 39:1944-1956.
25. Hemida H., Gil N., Baker C. LES study of the slipstream of a rotating train. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2010, 132. 051103-1-9.
26. Hemida H., Krajnović S. LES study of the influence of a train-nose shape on the flow structures under cross-wind conditions. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2008, 125. 091101-1-12.
27. Hemida H., Krajnović S. LES study of the influence of the nose shape and yaw angles on flow structures around trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2010, 98:34-46.
28. Hemida, H., Krajnović, S., Davidson, L., 2005. Large eddy simulations of the flow around a simplified high speed train under the influence of cross-wind. In: 17th AIAA Computational Dynamics Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
29. Hoerner, S., 1965. Efficiency of railroad trains. In: Fluid Dynamic Drag. Hoerner Fluid Dynamics, Brick Town, New Jersey, pp. 12-10 to 12-14.
30. Hucho W.-H. Aerodynamics of Road Vehicles 1998, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., ISBN 0-7680-0029-7. 4th ed.
31. Jeong J., Hussain F. On the identification of a vortex. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1995, 285:69-94.
32. Johansen Air resistance of trains. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 1936, 134:91.
33. Kline S.J., Reynolds W.C., Schraub F.A., Runstadler P.W. The structure of the turbulent boundary layer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1967, 30:741-773.
34. Kobayashi H. The subgrid-scale models based on coherent structures for rotating homogeneous turbulence and turbulent channel flow. Physics of Fluids 2005, 17:045104.
35. Krajnović S. LES of flows around ground vehicles and other bluff bodies. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 2009, 367(1899):2917-2930.
36. Krajnović S., Davidson L. Numerical study of the flow around the bus-shaped body. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2003, 125:500-509.
37. Krajnović S., Davidson L. Flow around a simplified car, part 1. large eddy simulation. Journal of Fluids Engineering 2005, 127:907-918.
38. Krajnovic S., Davidson L. Influence of floor motions in wind tunnels on the aerodynamics of road vehicles. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2005, 93:677-696.
39. Krajnović, S., Lárusson, 2012. Large eddy simulations of the flow around pyramids. In: Proceedings CFD Society of Canada Conference, Canmore, Canada.
40. Krajnović S., Östh J. LES study of breakdown control of A-pillar vortex. International Journal of Flow Control 2010, 2(4):237-257.
41. Lai Y.-C., Barkan C.P. Options for improving the energy efficiency of intermodal freight trains. Transportation Research Record 2005, 1916:47-55.
42. Lai Y.C., Barkan C.P., Önal H. Optimizing the aerodynamic efficiency of intermodal trains. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 2008, 44:820-834.
43. Lam K., Lin Y.F., Zou L., Liu Y. Numerical study of flow patterns and force characteristics for square and rectangular cylinders with wavy surfaces. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2011, 28:159-377.
44. Lam K., Lin Y.F., Zou L., Liu Y. Numerical simulation of flows around two unyawed and yawed wavy cylinders in tandem arrangement. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2012, 28:135-151.
45. Lukaszewicz, P., 2001. Energy Consumption and Running Time for Trains (Ph.D. thesis), Royal Institute of Technology.
46. Lukaszewicz P. Running resistance - results and analysis of full-scale tests with passenger and freight trains in Sweden. Proceedings of IMechE, Part F. Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 2006, 221:183-193.
47. Nakamura Y., Nakashima M. Vortex excitation of prisms with elongated rectangular, h and [vertical, dash] cross-sections. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1986, 163:149-169.
48. Nakamura Y., Ohya Y., Tsuruta H. Experiments on vortex shedding from flat plates with square leading and trailing edges. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1991, 222:437-447.
49. Naudascher E., Wang Y. Flow-induced vibrations of prismatic bodies and grids of prisms. Journal of Fluids and Structures 1993, 7(4):341-373.
50. Östh J., Krajnović S. The flow around a simplified tractor-trailer model studied by Large Eddy Simulation. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 2012, 102:36-47.
51. Parker R., Welsh M. Effects of sound on flow separation from blunt flat plates. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 1983, 4(2):113-127.
52. Patankar S., Spalding D. A calculation procedure for heat, mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 1972, 15:1787-1806.
53. Paul, J., Johnson, R., Yates, R., 2007. Application of CFD to rail car and locomotive aerodynamics. In: The Aerodynamics of Heavy Vehicles II: Trucks, Buses, and Trains, vol. 1, Lake Tahoe, USA, pp. 305-315.
54. Peters J.L. Effect of Reynolds number on the aerodynamic forces on a container model. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1993, 49:431-438.
55. Pope S.B. Turbulent Flows 2000, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1st ed.
56. Raghunathan R.S., Kim H.-D., Setoguchi T. Aerodynamics of high-speed railway train. Progress in Aerospace Sciences 2002, 38:469-514.
57. Rastgou H., Saedodin S. Numerical simulation of an axisymmetric separated and reattached flow over a longitudinal blunt circular cylinder. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2013, 42:13-24.
58. Rochard B.P., Schmid F. A review of methods to measure and calculate train resistances. Proceedings of IMechE, Part F. Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 2000, 214:185-199.
59. Sakuma Y., Paidoussis M.P., Price S.J. Dynamics of trains and train-like articulated systems travelling in confined fluid - part 1. modelling and basic dynamics. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2008, 24:932-953.
60. Sakuma Y., Paidoussis M.P., Price S.J. Dynamics of trains and train-like articulated systems travelling in confined fluid - part 2. wave propagation and flow-excited vibration. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2008, 24:954-976.
61. Saunders J., Watkins S., Cassar R. Vortex optimisation of slotted tops and cavities of two different open rail wagons. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1993, 49:421-430.
62. Smagorinsky J. General circulation experiments with the primitive equations. Monthly Weather Review 1963, 91(3):99-165.
63. Smith C.R., Metzler S.P. The characteristics of low-speed streaks in the near-wall region of a turbulent boundary layer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 1983, 129:27-54.
64. Taylor Z., Palombi E., Gurka R., Kopp G. Features of the turbulent flow around symmetric elongated bluff bodies. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2011, 27(2):250-265.
65. Tomasini G., Cheli F. Admittance function to evaluate aerodynamic loads on vehicles. experimental data and numerical model. Journal of Fluids and Structures 2013, 38:92-106.
66. Wassen E., Eichinger S., Thiele F. Simulation of active drag reduction for a square-back vehicle. Active Flow Control II, Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design 2010, vol. 108:241-255. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
67. Watkins S., Saunders J., Kumar H. Aerodynamic drag reduction of goods trains. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 1992, 40:147-178.
68. Zacksenhause M., Abramovich G., Hetstoni G. Automatic spatial characterization of low-speed streaks from thermal images. Experiments in Fluids 2001, 31:229-239.