Identification and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 558-567

  El Mubarak, Aarif H ^a   Rushdi, Ahmed I ^a,b   Al Mutlaq, Khalid F ^a   Bazeyad, Abdulqader Y ^a   Simonich, Staci L M ^b   Simoneit, Bernd R T ^a,b  

^a KING SAUD UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

^b OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Air quality; Apportionment; Diagnostic ratios; GC MS; PAHs; Riyadh; Saudi Arabia

Indexed keywords

AIR QUALITY; AMBIENT AIR; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; DIESEL; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; PAH; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SAMPLING; TRAFFIC EMISSION;

RIYADH [SAUDI ARABIA]; SAUDI ARABIA;

POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON;

AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PARTICULATE MATTER; SAUDI ARABIA; STATISTICS;

AIR POLLUTANTS; AIR POLLUTION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; PARTICULATE MATTER; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; SAUDI ARABIA;

EID: 84891623795     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: 16147499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1946-9     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abu-Allaban M, Gillies JA, Gertler A, Clayton WR, Proffitt D (2007) Motor vehicle contributions to ambient PM10 and PM2. 5 at selected urban areas in the USA. Environ Monitoring and Assessment 132: 155-163.
2. Abu-Allaban M, Lowenthal DH, Gertler A, Labib W (2008) Sources of PM10 and PM2. 5 in Cairo's ambient air. Environ Monit Assess 133: 417-425.
3. Akyüz M, Cabuk H (2009) Meteorological variations of PM2. 5/PM10 concentrations and particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment of Zonguldak, Turkey. J Haz Mat 170: 13-21.
4. Bates M, Bruno P, Caputi M, Caselli M, de Gennaro G, Tutino M (2008) Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in airborne particles by direct sample introduction thermal desorption GC/MS. Atmos Environ 42: 6144-6151.
5. Baumbach G, Bari MA, Scheffknecht G, Kuch B (2010) Particle-phase concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air of rural residential areas in southern Germany. Air Quality Atmos Health 3: 103-116.
6. Cao Q, Wang H, Chen G (2011) Source apportionment of PAHs using two mathematical models for mangrove sediments in Shantou Coastal Zone, China. Estuaries and Coasts 34: 950-960.
7. Castro-Jiménez J, Berrojalbiz N, Wollgast J, Dachs J (2012) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Mediterranean Sea: Atmospheric occurrence, deposition and decoupling with settling fluxes in the water column. Environ Pol 166: 40-47.
8. Cwiklak K, Pastuszka JS, Rogula-Kozlowska W (2009) Influence of traffic on particulate-matter polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere of Zabrze, Poland. Polish J of Environ Studies 18: 579-585.
9. Fayad NM, El-Mubarak AH, Edora RL, Al-Ghamdi A, Polancos AB Jr (1993) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air following the burning of Kuwaiti oil wells. The Arabian J for Sci Eng 18: 117-129.
10. Genualdi SA, Killin RK, Woods J, Wilson G, Schmedding D, Simonich SLM (2009) Trans-Pacific and regional atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides in biomass burning emissions to western North America. Environ Sci and Techno 43: 1061-1066.
11. Gogou A, Stephanou EG, Stratigakis N, Grimalt JO, Simo R, Aceves M, Albaiges J (1994) Differences in lipid and organic salt constituents of aerosols from Eastern and Western Mediterranean coastal cities. Atmos Environ 28: 1301-1310.
12. Grimmer G, Hildebrandt A (1975) Investigations on the carcinogenic burden by air pollution in man. XIII. Assessment of the contribution of passenger cars to air pollution by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. L Abt Orig 161: 104-124.
13. Grimmer G, Jacob J, Naujack KW, Dettbarn G (1981) Profile of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from used engine oil-inventory by GC and GC-MS. PAH in environmental materials, part 2. Fresenius Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309: 13-19.
14. Grimmer G, Jacob J, Naujack KW (1983) Profile of the polycyclic aromatic compounds from crude oils-inventory by GC GC-MS. PAH in environmental materials, part 3. Fresenius Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 316: 29-36.
15. Han B, Bai Z, Guo G, Wang F, Li F, Liu Q, Ji Yaqin L, Xiang Hu Y (2009) Characterization of PM10 fraction of road dust for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from Anshan, China. J Haz Mat 170: 934-940.
16. Hassan SK, Khoder MI (2012) Gas-particle concentration, distribution, and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a traffic area of Giza, Egypt. Environ Monit Assess 184: 3593-3612.
17. Hawliczek A, Notad B, Cenijna P, Kamstraa J, Pietersee B, Wintere R, Winkensc K, Hollertc H, Segnerb H, Leglera J (2012) Developmental toxicity and endocrine disrupting potency of 4-azapyrene, benzo[b]fluorene and retene in the zebrafish Danio rerio. Reprod Toxicol 33: 213-223.
18. 10-bound PAHs in the atmosphere of Xiamen, China. Atmos Res 85: 429-441.
19. Hytonen K, Yli-Pirila P, Tissari J, Grohn A, Riipinen I, Lehtinen KEJ, Jokiniemi J (2009) Gas-particle distribution of PAHs in wood combustion emission determined with annular denuders, filter, and polyurethane foam adsorbent. Aerl Sci Technology 43: 442-454.
20. Jia Y, Stone D, Wang W, Schrlau J, Tao S, Simonich SM (2011) Estimated reduction in cancer risk due to PAH exposures if source control measures during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were sustained. Environ Health Persp 119: 815-820.
21. 10 at residential and industrial sites of an urban region of Kalkota (Calcutta), India. Atmos Res 81: 36-53.
22. Lee BK, Lee CH (2008) Analysis of acidic components, heavy metals and PAHS of particulate in the Changwon-Masan area of Korea. Environ Monit Assess 136: 21-33.
23. Lin L, Fan ZH, Zhu X, Huang LH, Bonanno LJ (2011) Characterization of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a mixed-use urban community in Paterson, NJ: concentrations and sources. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 61: 631-639.
24. Liu G, Tong Y, Luong JHT, Zhang H, Sun H (2010) A source study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Shenzhen, South China. Environ Monit Assess 163: 599-606.
25. Lu H, Zhu L, Chen SG (2008) Pollution level, phase distribution and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor air at public places of Hangzhou, China. Environ Pol 152: 569-575.
26. 10-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs] in the greater area of Athens, Greece. Chemosphere 59: 593-604.
27. Mao IF, Chen C-N, Lin Y-C, Chen M-L (2006) Airborne particle PM2. 5/PM10 mass distribution and particle-bound PAH concentrations near a medical waste incinerator. Atmos Environ 41: 2467-2475.
28. Martellini T, Giannoni M, Lepri L, Katsoyiannis A, Cincinelli A (2012) One year intensive PM2. 5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons monitoring in the area of Tuscany, Italy. Concentrations, source understanding and implications. Environ Pol 164: 252-258.
29. Martuzevicius D, Kliucininkas L, Prasauskas T, Krugly E, Kauneliene V, Strandberg B (2011) Resuspension of particulate matter and PAHs from street dust. Atmos Environ 45: 310-317.
30. Masih A, Saini R, Singhvi R, Taneja A (2010) Concentrations, sources, and exposure profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter (PM10) in the north central part of India. Environ Monit Assess 163: 421-431.
31. Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1991) Biological input to visibility reducing aerosol particles in remote arid southwestern United States. Environ Sci Technol 25: 684-694.
32. Prahl FG, Crecellus E, Carpenter R (1984) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Washington coastal sediments: An evaluation of atmospheric and riverine routes of introduction. Environ Sci Technol 18: 687-693.
33. Primbs T, Piekarz A, Wilson G, Schmedding D, Higginbotham C, Field J, Simonich SM (2008) Influence of Asian and western United States urban areas and fires on the atmospheric transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, and fluorotelomer alcohols in the western United States. Environ Sci Technol 42: 6385-6391.
34. Radke M, Welte DH, Willsch H (1982) Geochemical study on a well in the western Canada basin: relation of the aromatic distribution pattern to maturity of organic matter. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 46: 1-10.
35. Ramdahl T (1983) Retene-a molecular marker of wood smoke in ambient air. Nature 306: 580-582.
36. Ratola N, Arminda A, Sílvia L, Damià B (2012) Distribution and sources of PAHs using three pine species along the Ebro River. Environ Monit Assess 184: 985-999.
37. Robinson AL, Subramanian R, Donahue NM, Bernardo-Bricker A, Rogge WF (2006) Source apportionment of molecular markers and organic aerosol. 2. Biomass smoke. Environ Sci Tech 40: 7811-7819.
38. Rogge WF, Hildmann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1991) Sources of fine organic aerosol: 1. Charbroiler and meat cooking operations. Environ Sci Tech 25: 1112-1125.
39. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993a) Sources of fine organic aerosol: 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks. Environ Sci Tech 27: 636-651.
40. Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1993b) Sources of fine organic aerosol: 4. Particulate abrasion products from the leaf surface of urban plants. Environ Sci Tech 27: 2700-2711.
41. Rushdi AI, Al-Mutlaq K, Simoneit BRT (2005) Sources of organic compounds in soil and sand particles during winter in the metropolitan area of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Arc Environ Contam and Toxicol 49: 457-470.
42. Schauer JJ, Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1996) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmospheric Environment 30: 3837-3855.
43. Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT (1999) Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 2. C1 through C30 organic compounds from medium duty diesel trucks. Environ Sci Tech 33: 1578-1587.
44. Sicre MA, Marty JC, Saliot A, Aparicio X, Grimalt J, Albaiges J (1987) Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean Sea: occurrence and origin. Atmos Environ 21: 2247-2259.
45. Sicre MA, Marty JC, Saliot A (1990) n-Alkanes, fatty acid esters, and fatty acid salts in size fractionated aerosols collected over the Mediterranean Sea. J Geophys Res 95: 3649-3657.
46. Simoneit BRT (1984) Organic matter of the troposphere-III. Characterization and source of petroleum and pyrogenic residues in aerosols over the western United States. Atmos Environ 18: 51-67.
47. Simoneit BRT (1985) Application of molecular marker analysis to vehicular exhaust for source reconciliations. Int J Environ Anal Chem 22: 203-233.
48. Simoneit BRT, Mazurek MA (1982) Organic matter of the troposphere-II. Natural background of biogenic lipid matter in aerosols over the western United States. Atmos Environ 16: 2139-2159.
49. Simoneit BRT, G-y S, Chen X, Fu J-M, Zhang J, Xu Y (1991) Molecular marker study of extractable organic matter in aerosols from urban areas of China. Atmos Environ 25A: 2111-2129.
50. Standley LJ, Simoneit BRT (1987) Characterization of extractable plant wax, resin and thermally matured components in smoke particles from prescribed burns. Environ Sci Tech 21: 163-169.
51. Stephanou E (1991) Analysis of anthropogenic and biogenic lipids in the aerosol of a coastal area in East Mediterranean Sea. Fresenius Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 339: 780-786.
52. Takada H, Onda T, Ogura N (1990) Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dusts and their source materials by capillary gas chromatography. Environ Sci Tech 24: 1179-1186.
53. Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J (2012) PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. Environ Pollut 162: 110-119.
54. Vu B, Alves CA, Gonçalves C, Pio C, Gonçalves F, Pereira R (2012) Mutagenicity assessment of aerosols in emissions from wood combustion in Portugal. Environ Pol 166: 172-181.
55. Zhang L, Huang Y, Dong L, Shi S, Zhou L, Zhang T, Mi F, Zeng L, Shao D (2011) Levels, seasonal patterns, and potential sources of organochlorine pesticides in the urban atmosphere of Beijing, China. Arc of Environ Contam Toxicol 61: 159-165.
56. Zhou L, Zhao W (2009) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter for the speciation trends network site in Cleveland, OH. J Air Wast Manag Assoc 59: 321-331.