Saliva as a diagnostic fluid in sports medicine: Potential and limitations

Jornal Brasileiro de Patologia e Medicina Laboratorial

Volumn 49, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 247-255

  Nunes, Lazaro Alessandro Soares ^a   Macedo, Denise Vaz De ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMPINAS   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Exercise; Oral fluid; Preanalytical variation; Reference values; Saliva collection

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891409646     PISSN: 16762444     EISSN: 16784774     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S1676-24442013000400003     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Allgrove , J. E. et al. Effects of exercise intensity on salivary antimicrobial proteins and markers of stress in active men. J Sports Sci, v. 26, n. 6, p. 653-61, 2008.
2. Aps , J. K.; Martens , L.C. Review: the physiology of saliva and transfer of drugs into saliva. Forensic Sci Int, v. 150, p. 119-31, 2005.
3. AUBETS, J.; SEGURA, J. Salivary cortisol as a marker of competition related stress. Science & Sports, v. 10, p. 149-54, 1995.
4. Bishop , n.c.; Gleeson , M. Acute and chronic effects of exercise on markers of mucosa immunity. Front Biosci, v. 14, p. 4444-56, 2009.
5. BLANNIN, P. J. et al. The effect of exercising to exhaustion at different intensities on saliva immunoglobulin A, protein and electrolyte secretion. Int J Sports Med, v. 19, p. 546-52, 1998.
6. Blicharz , t. m. et al. Use of colorimetric test strips for monitoring the effect of hemodialysis on salivary nitrite and uric acid in patients with end-stage renal disease: a proof of principle. Clin Chem, v. 54, n. 9, p. 1473-80, 2008.
7. CALVO, F. et al. Anaerobic threshold determination with analysis of salivary amylase. Can J Appl Physiol, v. 22, p. 553-61, 1997.
8. CARDOSO, E. M. L. et al. Assessment of salivary urea as a less invasive alternative to serum determinations. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, v. 69, n. 3, p. 330-4, 2009.
9. Chatterton , R. T. et al. Salivary alpha-amylase as a measure of endogenous adrenergic activity. Clin Physiol, v. 16, n. 4, p. 433-8, 1996.
10. Chiappin , S. et al. Saliva specimen: a new laboratory tool diagnostic and basic investigation. Clin Chim Acta, v. 383, p. 30-40, 2007.
11. Chicharro , J. L. et al. Saliva composition and exercise. Sports Med, v. 26, n.1, p. 17-27, 1998.
12. CHICHARRO, J. L. et al. Saliva electrolytes as a useful tool for anaerobic threshold determination. Eur J Appl Physiol, v. 68, p.1495-7, 1994.
13. DE OLIVEIRA V. N. et al. Changes in the salivary biomarkers induced by an effort test. Int J Sports Med, v. 31, p. 377-81, 2010.
14. DeCARO, J. A. Methodological considerations in the use of salivary a-amylase as a stress marker in field research. Am J Hum Biol, v. 20, p. 617-9, 2008.
15. Denny , P. et al. The proteome of human parotid and submandibular sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions. J Proteome Res, v. 7, p. 1994-2006, 2008.
16. FOX, P. C. Xerostomia: evaluation of a symptom with increasing significance. J Am Dent Assoc, v. 110, n. 4, p. 519-25, 1985.
17. Gallagher , P. et al. Assessing cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in saliva: effects of collection method. J Psychopharmacol, v. 20, n. 5, p. 643-9, 2006.
18. Gleeson , M.; Pyne , D. B. Exercise effects on mucosa immunity. Immunol Cell Biol, v. 78, p. 536-44, 2000.
19. GONZALEZ, D.; MARQUINA, R.; RONDÓN, N. Effects of aerobic exercise on uric acid, total antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and nitric oxide in human saliva. Res Sports Med, v. 16, p.128-37, 2008.
20. Granger , D. A. et al. Salivary á-amylase in biobehavioral research. Ann NY Acad Sci, v. 1098, p. 122-44, 2007.
21. Grschl , M. Current status of salivary hormone analysis. Clin Chem, v. 54, n. 11, p. 1759-69, 2008.
22. GRSCHL, M. et al. Evaluation of saliva collection devices for the analysis of steroids, peptides and therapeutic drugs. J Pharma Biomed Anal, v. 47, p. 478-86, 2008.
23. HANSEN, A. M. et al. Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay and establishment of a reference interval for salivary cortisol in healthy subjects in Denmark. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, v. 63, p. 303-10, 2003.
24. HANSEN, A. M.; GARDE, A. H.; PERSSON, R. Sources of biological and methodological variation in salivary cortisol and their impact on measurement among healthy adults: a review. Scand J Clin Lab Invest, v. 68, n. 6, p. 448-58, 2008.
25. HU, s. et al. Large scale identification of proteins in human salivary proteome by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and twodimensional gel electrophoresis mass spectrometry. Proteomics, v. 5, p. 1714-28, 2005.
26. HUANG, C. M. Comparative proteomic analysis of human whole saliva. Arch Oral Biol, v. 49, n.12, p. 951-62, 2004.
27. Humphrey , S. P.; Williamson , R.T. A review of saliva: normal composition, flow, and function. J Prosthet Dent, v. 85, n. 2, p.162-9, 2001.
28. JOU, Y. J. et al. Proteomic identification of salivary transferrin as a biomarker for early detection of oral cancer. Anal Chim Acta, v. 681, p. 41-8, 2010.
29. Kalk , W. W. I. et al. Sialometry and sialochemistry: a non-invasive approach for diagnosing Sjgrens syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis, v. 61, p. 137-44, 2002.
30. Kaufman , E.; Lamster , I. B. The diagnostic application of saliva. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, v. 13, n. 2, p. 197-202, 2002.
31. Kraemer , W. J.; ratamess , N. A. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med, v. 35, n. 4, p. 339-61, 2005.
32. Langman , L. J. The use of oral fluid for therapeutic drug management. Ann NY Acad Sci, v. 1098, p.145-66, 2007.
33. Levine , M. J. Salivary macromolecules. A structure/function synopsis. Ann N Y Acad Sci, v. 20, n. 694, p. 11-6, 1993.
34. Li, T. L.; Gleeson , M. The effect of single and repeated bouts of prolonged cycling and circadian variation on saliva flow rate, immunoglobulin A and-amylase responses. J Sports Sci, v. 22, p. 1015-24, 2004.
35. LIPPI, G. et al. Measurement of morning saliva cortisol in athletes. Clin Biochem, v. 42, p. 904-6, 2009.
36. McDowell , S. L. et al. The effect of exercise intensity and duration on salivary immunoglobulin A. Eur J Appl Physiol, v. 63, p.108-11, 1991.
37. Michishige , F. et al. Effect of saliva collection method on the concentration of protein components in saliva. J Med Invest, v. 53, p.140-6, 2006.
38. Nagler , R. M. et al. Characterization of the differentiated antioxidant profile of human saliva. Free Radic Biol Med, v. 32, n. 3, p. 268-77, 2002.
39. Nater , U. M. et al. Determinants of the diurnal course of salivary alpha-amylase. Psychoneuroendocrinology, v. 32, p. 392-401, 2007.
40. Nater , U. M. et al. Human salivary alpha-amylase reactivity in a psychosocial stress paradigm. Int J Psychophysiol, v. 55, n. 3, p. 333-42, 2005.
41. NATER, U. M.; ROHLEDER, N. Salivary alpha-amylase as a noninvasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research. Psychoneuroendocrinology, v. 34, p. 486-96, 2009.
42. Nieman , D. C. et al. Change in salivary IgA following a competitive marathon race. Int J Sports Med, v. 23, p. 69-75, 2002.
43. Nieuw Amerongen , A.V.; Ligttenberg , A. J.; Veerman , E. C. Implications for diagnostics in the biochemistry and physiology of saliva. Ann NY Acad Sci, v. 1098, p. 1-6, 2007.
44. NUNES L. A. S. et al. Adequacies of skin puncture for evaluating biochemical and hematological parameters in athletes. Clin J Sport Med, v.16, n. 5, p. 418-21, 2006.
45. NUNES L. A. S. et al. Reference intervals for saliva analytes collected by a standardized method in a physically active population. Clin Biochem, v. 44, p. 1440-4, 2011.
46. Ohkuwa , T. et al. Salivary and blood lactate after supramaximal exercise in sprinters and long distance runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports, v. 5, p. 285-90, 1995.
47. Owen -Smith , B.; Quiney , J.; Read , J. Salivary urate in gout, exercise and diurnal variation. Lancet, v. 351, n. 27, p. 1932, 1998.
48. PATEL, R. S. et al. Production of gender-specific morning salivary cortisol reference intervals using internationally accepted procedures. Clin Chem Lab Med, v. 42, n. 12, p. 1424-9, 2004.
49. Raggam, R. B. et al. Evaluation of a novel standardized system for collection and quantification of oral fluid. Clin Chem Lab Med, v. 46, n. 92, p. 287-91, 2008.
50. Raggam , R. B. et al. Reliable detection and quantification of viral nucleic acids in oral fluid: liquid phase-based sample collection in conjunction with automated and standardized molecular assays. J Med Virol, v. 80, p. 1684-8, 2008.
51. RAO P. V. et al. Proteomic identification of salivary biomarkers of type- 2 diabetes. J Proteome Res, v. 8, n. 1, p. 239-45, 2009.
52. REHAK, N. N.; CECCO, S. A.; CSAKO, G. Biochemical composition and electrolyte balance of unstimulated whole human saliva. Clin Chem Lab Med, v. 38, n. 4, p. 335-43, 2000.
53. Sapolsky , R. M.; Romero , L. M.; Munck , A. U. How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocr Rev, v. 21, p. 55-89, 2000.
54. Schwartz , E. B.; Granger , D. A. Transferrin enzyme immunoassay for quantitative monitoring of blood contamination in saliva. Clin Chem, v. 50, n. 3, p. 546-55, 2004.
55. STRANO-ROSSI, S. et al. Analysis of stimulants in oral fluid and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry II: pseudoephedrine. J Anal Toxicol, v. 34, n. 4, p. 210-5, 2010.
56. Trilck , M. et al. Salivary cortisol measurement - a reliable method for diagnosis of cushings syndrome. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes, v. 113, p. 225-30, 2005.
57. Urhausen , A.; Kindermann , w. Diagnosis of overtraining. What tools do we have? Sports Med, v. 32, n. 2, p. 95-102, 2002.
58. VINING, R. F.; McGINLEY, R. A.; SYMONS, R. G. Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation. Clin Chem, v. 29, n. 10, p. 1752-6, 1983.
59. WALSH, N. P. et al. Salivary IgA response to prolonged exercise in a cold environment in trained cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exerc, v. 34, p.1632-7, 2002.
60. WONG, D. T. Salivary diagnostics powered by nanotechnologies, proteomics and genomics. JADA, v. 137, p. 313-21, 2006.
61. Youssef , H. et al. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity of salivary, capillary and venous samplings: interest of the salivary total antioxidant capacity on triathletes during training season. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, v. 48, p. 522-9, 2008.