메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 26, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 735-743

Cognitive Function Is Preserved in Older Adults With a Reported History of Childhood Sexual Abuse

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGED; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COGNITION; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; IRELAND; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MEMORY; MENTAL FUNCTION; MENTAL HEALTH; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; REACTION TIME; SOCIAL PARTICIPATION;

EID: 84890441169     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21861     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (56)
  • 1
    • 52649108218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development
    • doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.3.292
    • Andersen, S. L., Tomada, A., Vincow, E. S., Valente, E., Polcari, A., & Teicher, M. H. (2008). Preliminary evidence for sensitive periods in the effect of childhood sexual abuse on regional brain development. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 20, 292-301. doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20.3.292
    • (2008) Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences , vol.20 , pp. 292-301
    • Andersen, S.L.1    Tomada, A.2    Vincow, E.S.3    Valente, E.4    Polcari, A.5    Teicher, M.H.6
  • 2
    • 26444574254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1961
    • Armony, J. L., Corbo V., Clément M. H., & Brunet, A. (2005). Amygdala response in patients with acute PTSD to masked and unmasked emotional facial expressions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 1961-1963. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1961
    • (2005) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.162 , pp. 1961-1963
    • Armony, J.L.1    Corbo, V.2    Clément, M.H.3    Brunet, A.4
  • 3
    • 84890442762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [Childhood sexual abuse and later-life economic consequences]. Unpublished raw data.
    • Barrett, A., & Kamiya, Y. (2012). [Childhood sexual abuse and later-life economic consequences]. Unpublished raw data.
    • (2012)
    • Barrett, A.1    Kamiya, Y.2
  • 4
    • 85027937755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of chronic adversity with psychiatric disorder and disorder severity in adolescents
    • doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0199-8
    • Benjet, C., Borges, G., Mendez, E., Fleiz, C., & Medina-Mora, M. E. (2011). The association of chronic adversity with psychiatric disorder and disorder severity in adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20, 459-468. doi:10.1007/s00787-011-0199-8
    • (2011) European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , vol.20 , pp. 459-468
    • Benjet, C.1    Borges, G.2    Mendez, E.3    Fleiz, C.4    Medina-Mora, M.E.5
  • 5
    • 0020065449 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism
    • doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91579-3
    • Bernadt, M. W., Mumford, J., Taylor, C., Smith, B., & Murray, R. M. (1982). Comparison of questionnaire and laboratory tests in the detection of excessive drinking and alcoholism. The Lancet, 1, 325-328. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(82)91579-3
    • (1982) The Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 325-328
    • Bernadt, M.W.1    Mumford, J.2    Taylor, C.3    Smith, B.4    Murray, R.M.5
  • 6
    • 84866288565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of traumatic stress and perceived stress on everyday cognitive functioning
    • doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.651100
    • Boals, A., & Banks, J. B. (2012). Effects of traumatic stress and perceived stress on everyday cognitive functioning. Cognition & Emotion, 26, 1335-1343. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.651100
    • (2012) Cognition & Emotion , vol.26 , pp. 1335-1343
    • Boals, A.1    Banks, J.B.2
  • 8
    • 77957108546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early-life characteristics, psychiatric history, and cognition trajectories in later life
    • doi:10.1093/geront/gnq049
    • Brown, M. T. (2010). Early-life characteristics, psychiatric history, and cognition trajectories in later life. Gerontologist, 50, 646-656. doi:10.1093/geront/gnq049
    • (2010) Gerontologist , vol.50 , pp. 646-656
    • Brown, M.T.1
  • 9
    • 13344281773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Central Statistics Office. Cork, Ireland: Author. Retrieved from
    • Central Statistics Office. (2010). Quarterly National Household Survey. Cork, Ireland: Author. Retrieved from http://www.cso.ie/en/qnhs/
    • (2010) Quarterly National Household Survey
  • 10
    • 80052891368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Accumulated and differential effects of life events on cognitive decline in older persons: Depending on depression, baseline cognition, or ApoE epsilon4 status?
    • doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr019
    • Comijs, H. C., van den Kommer, T. N., Minnaar, R. W., Penninx, B. W., & Deeg, D. J. (2011). Accumulated and differential effects of life events on cognitive decline in older persons: Depending on depression, baseline cognition, or ApoE epsilon4 status? Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 66(Suppl 1), 111-120. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbr019
    • (2011) Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , vol.66 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 111-120
    • Comijs, H.C.1    van den Kommer, T.N.2    Minnaar, R.W.3    Penninx, B.W.4    Deeg, D.J.5
  • 11
    • 0036891495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A sociodemographically matched study
    • doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01459-2
    • De Bellis, M. D., Keshavan, M. S., Shifflett, H., Iyengar, S., Beers, S. R., Hall, J., & Moritz, G. (2002). Brain structures in pediatric maltreatment-related posttraumatic stress disorder: A sociodemographically matched study. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 1066-1078. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01459-2
    • (2002) Biological Psychiatry , vol.52 , pp. 1066-1078
    • De Bellis, M.D.1    Keshavan, M.S.2    Shifflett, H.3    Iyengar, S.4    Beers, S.R.5    Hall, J.6    Moritz, G.7
  • 13
    • 38549129177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of childhood abuse on the quality of life and health of older people: Results from the depression and early prevention of suicide in general practice project
    • doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01537.x
    • Draper, B., Pfaff, J. J., Pirkis, J., Snowdon, J., Lautenschlager, N. T., Wilson, I., & Almeida, O. P. (2008). Long-term effects of childhood abuse on the quality of life and health of older people: Results from the depression and early prevention of suicide in general practice project. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 56, 262-271. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01537.x
    • (2008) Journal of the American Geriatrics Society , vol.56 , pp. 262-271
    • Draper, B.1    Pfaff, J.J.2    Pirkis, J.3    Snowdon, J.4    Lautenschlager, N.T.5    Wilson, I.6    Almeida, O.P.7
  • 14
    • 77953090908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic emotional information processing and the cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress
    • doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.71
    • Ellenbogen, M. A., Carson, R. J., & Pishva, R. (2010). Automatic emotional information processing and the cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 10, 71-82. doi:10.3758/CABN.10.1.71
    • (2010) Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience , vol.10 , pp. 71-82
    • Ellenbogen, M.A.1    Carson, R.J.2    Pishva, R.3
  • 15
    • 0016823810 scopus 로고
    • Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician
    • "., doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
    • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198. doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
    • (1975) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.12 , pp. 189-198
    • Folstein, M.F.1    Folstein, S.E.2    McHugh, P.R.3
  • 16
    • 2442566380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia
    • doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00767-7
    • Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004). An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia. Lancet Neurology, 3, 343-353. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00767-7
    • (2004) Lancet Neurology , vol.3 , pp. 343-353
    • Fratiglioni, L.1    Paillard-Borg, S.2    Winblad, B.3
  • 18
    • 84858280398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood
    • doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.005
    • Gould, F., Clarke, J., Heim, C., Harvey, P. D., Majer, M., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2012). The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46, 500-506. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.005
    • (2012) Journal of Psychiatric Research , vol.46 , pp. 500-506
    • Gould, F.1    Clarke, J.2    Heim, C.3    Harvey, P.D.4    Majer, M.5    Nemeroff, C.B.6
  • 19
    • 76149141815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders
    • doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
    • Green, J. G., McLaughlin, K. A., Berglund, P. A., Gruber, M. J., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2010). Childhood adversities and adult psychiatric disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication I: Associations with first onset of DSM-IV disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 113-123. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.186
    • (2010) Archives of General Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 113-123
    • Green, J.G.1    McLaughlin, K.A.2    Berglund, P.A.3    Gruber, M.J.4    Sampson, N.A.5    Zaslavsky, A.M.6    Kessler, R.C.7
  • 20
    • 0035072969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse
    • doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575
    • Heim, C., Newport, D. J., Bonsall, R., Miller, A. H., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2001). Altered pituitary-adrenal axis responses to provocative challenge tests in adult survivors of childhood abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 575-581. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.575
    • (2001) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 575-581
    • Heim, C.1    Newport, D.J.2    Bonsall, R.3    Miller, A.H.4    Nemeroff, C.B.5
  • 21
  • 22
    • 77958578685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect
    • doi:10.1002/dev.20494
    • Heim, C., Shugart, M., Craighead, W. E., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2010). Neurobiological and psychiatric consequences of child abuse and neglect. Developmental Psychobiology, 52, 671-690. doi:10.1002/dev.20494
    • (2010) Developmental Psychobiology , vol.52 , pp. 671-690
    • Heim, C.1    Shugart, M.2    Craighead, W.E.3    Nemeroff, C.B.4
  • 23
    • 0019980713 scopus 로고
    • The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study
    • House, J. S., Robbins, C., & Metzner, H. L. (1982). The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 116, 123-140.
    • (1982) American Journal of Epidemiology , vol.116 , pp. 123-140
    • House, J.S.1    Robbins, C.2    Metzner, H.L.3
  • 25
    • 57649183347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress
    • doi:10.1196/annals.1410.012
    • Jankord, R., & Herman, J. P. (2008). Limbic regulation of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical function during acute and chronic stress. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1148, 64-73. doi:10.1196/annals.1410.012
    • (2008) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.1148 , pp. 64-73
    • Jankord, R.1    Herman, J.P.2
  • 26
    • 84890441489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of childhood sexual abuse on the physical, mental health and wellbeing of the older adult population of Ireland]. Unpublished raw data.
    • Kamiya, Y., Timonen, V., & Kenny, R. A. (2012). [The impact of childhood sexual abuse on the physical, mental health and wellbeing of the older adult population of Ireland]. Unpublished raw data.
    • (2012)
    • Kamiya, Y.1    Timonen, V.2    Kenny, R.A.3
  • 28
    • 33646041284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans
    • doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.06.004
    • Koso, M., & Hansen, S. (2006). Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 21, 167-173. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.06.004
    • (2006) European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists , vol.21 , pp. 167-173
    • Koso, M.1    Hansen, S.2
  • 31
    • 0016302717 scopus 로고
    • The CAGE Questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument
    • Mayfield, D., McLeod, G., & Hall, P. (1974). The CAGE Questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 1121-1123.
    • (1974) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.131 , pp. 1121-1123
    • Mayfield, D.1    McLeod, G.2    Hall, P.3
  • 33
    • 79251479759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secular trends in child and adult sexual violence-one decreasing and the other increasing: A population survey in Ireland
    • doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp203
    • McGee, H., Garavan, R., Byrne, J., O'Higgins, M., & Conroy, R. M. (2011). Secular trends in child and adult sexual violence-one decreasing and the other increasing: A population survey in Ireland. European Journal of Public Health, 21, 98-103. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckp203
    • (2011) European Journal of Public Health , vol.21 , pp. 98-103
    • McGee, H.1    Garavan, R.2    Byrne, J.3    O'Higgins, M.4    Conroy, R.M.5
  • 34
    • 0025244030 scopus 로고
    • Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder
    • doi:10.1037/0021-843X.99.4.398
    • McNally, R. J., Kaspi, S. P., Riemann, B. C., & Zeitlin, S. B. (1990). Selective processing of threat cues in posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 398-402. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.99.4.398
    • (1990) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.99 , pp. 398-402
    • McNally, R.J.1    Kaspi, S.P.2    Riemann, B.C.3    Zeitlin, S.B.4
  • 35
    • 84866741241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A qualitative study of resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder in United States ICU nurses
    • doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2600-6
    • Mealer, M., Jones, J., & Moss, M. (2012). A qualitative study of resilience and posttraumatic stress disorder in United States ICU nurses. Intensive Care Medicine, 38, 1445-1451. doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2600-6
    • (2012) Intensive Care Medicine , vol.38 , pp. 1445-1451
    • Mealer, M.1    Jones, J.2    Moss, M.3
  • 37
    • 14544301821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Basolateral amygdala interacts with other brain regions in regulating glucocorticoid effects on different memory functions
    • doi:10.1196/annals.1314.015
    • Nathan, S. V., Griffith, Q. K., McReynolds, J. R, Hahn, E. L., & Roozendaal, B. (2004). Basolateral amygdala interacts with other brain regions in regulating glucocorticoid effects on different memory functions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1032, 179-182. doi:10.1196/annals.1314.015
    • (2004) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences , vol.1032 , pp. 179-182
    • Nathan, S.V.1    Griffith, Q.K.2    McReynolds, J.R.3    Hahn, E.L.4    Roozendaal, B.5
  • 39
    • 77956286504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Receptive language and educational attainment for sexually abused females
    • doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0496
    • Noll, J. G., Shenk, C. E., Yeh, M. T., Ji, J., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2010). Receptive language and educational attainment for sexually abused females. Pediatrics, 126, 615-622. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0496
    • (2010) Pediatrics , vol.126 , pp. 615-622
    • Noll, J.G.1    Shenk, C.E.2    Yeh, M.T.3    Ji, J.4    Putnam, F.W.5    Trickett, P.K.6
  • 40
    • 0037298971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: Implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety
    • doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0159-x
    • Penza, K. M., Heim, C., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2003). Neurobiological effects of childhood abuse: Implications for the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 6, 15-22. doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0159-x
    • (2003) Archives of Women's Mental Health , vol.6 , pp. 15-22
    • Penza, K.M.1    Heim, C.2    Nemeroff, C.B.3
  • 41
    • 18744385540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurobehavioral sequelae of child sexual abuse
    • doi:10.1080/092970490911379
    • Porter, C., Lawson, J. S., & Bigler, E. D. (2005). Neurobehavioral sequelae of child sexual abuse. Child Neuropsychology, 11, 203-220. doi:10.1080/092970490911379
    • (2005) Child Neuropsychology , vol.11 , pp. 203-220
    • Porter, C.1    Lawson, J.S.2    Bigler, E.D.3
  • 42
    • 84965520932 scopus 로고
    • The CES-D Scale
    • doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
    • Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
    • (1977) Applied Psychological Measurement , vol.1 , pp. 385-401
    • Radloff, L.S.1
  • 44
    • 84868151501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: Implications for Alzheimer's disease
    • doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.019
    • Robertson, I. H. (2013). A noradrenergic theory of cognitive reserve: Implications for Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 34, 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.019
    • (2013) Neurobiology of Aging , vol.34 , pp. 298-308
    • Robertson, I.H.1
  • 45
    • 0030900437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 'Oops!': Performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects
    • doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00015-8
    • Robertson, I. H., Manly, T., Andrade, J., Baddeley, B. T., & Yiend, J. (1997). 'Oops!': Performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia, 35, 747-758. doi:10.1016/S0028-3932(97)00015-8
    • (1997) Neuropsychologia , vol.35 , pp. 747-758
    • Robertson, I.H.1    Manly, T.2    Andrade, J.3    Baddeley, B.T.4    Yiend, J.5
  • 46
    • 34447296178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Negative life events and cognitive performance in a population of older adults
    • doi:10.1177/0898264307300975
    • Rosnick, C. B., Small, B. J., McEvoy, C. L., Borenstein, A. R., & Mortimer, J. A. (2007). Negative life events and cognitive performance in a population of older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 19, 612-629. doi:10.1177/0898264307300975
    • (2007) Journal of Aging and Health , vol.19 , pp. 612-629
    • Rosnick, C.B.1    Small, B.J.2    McEvoy, C.L.3    Borenstein, A.R.4    Mortimer, J.A.5
  • 48
    • 79953780831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Childhood abuse and current health problems among older adults: The mediating role of self-efficacy
    • doi:10.1037/a0023139
    • Sachs-Ericsson, N., Medley, A. N., Kendall-Tackett, K., & Taylor, J. (2011). Childhood abuse and current health problems among older adults: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Psychology of Violence, 1, 106-120. doi:10.1037/a0023139
    • (2011) Psychology of Violence , vol.1 , pp. 106-120
    • Sachs-Ericsson, N.1    Medley, A.N.2    Kendall-Tackett, K.3    Taylor, J.4
  • 49
    • 84867206298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The science of resilience: Implications for the prevention and treatment of depression
    • doi:10.1126/science.1222942
    • Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2012). The science of resilience: Implications for the prevention and treatment of depression. Science, 5, 79-82. doi:10.1126/science.1222942
    • (2012) Science , vol.5 , pp. 79-82
    • Southwick, S.M.1    Charney, D.S.2
  • 51
    • 77950950899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse
    • doi:10.1017/S0954579409990332
    • Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., Susman, E. J., Shenk, C. E., & Putnam, F. W. (2010). Attenuation of cortisol across development for victims of sexual abuse. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 165-175. doi:10.1017/S0954579409990332
    • (2010) Development and Psychopathology , vol.22 , pp. 165-175
    • Trickett, P.K.1    Noll, J.G.2    Susman, E.J.3    Shenk, C.E.4    Putnam, F.W.5
  • 52
    • 40849118482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress
    • doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.062
    • Valentino, R. J., & Van Bockstaele, E. (2008). Convergent regulation of locus coeruleus activity as an adaptive response to stress. European Journal of Pharmacology, 583, 194-203. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.062
    • (2008) European Journal of Pharmacology , vol.583 , pp. 194-203
    • Valentino, R.J.1    Van Bockstaele, E.2
  • 53
    • 84890440445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) System
    • World Health Organization Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification (ATC) System. http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.