An automated approach for annual layer counting in ice cores

Climate of the Past

Volumn 8, Issue 6, 2012, Pages 1881-1895

  Winstrup, M ^a,c   Svensson, A M ^a   Rasmussen, S O ^a   Winther, O ^b   Steig, E J ^c   Axelrod, A E ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^b TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF DENMARK   (Denmark)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^d University of Washington   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANNUAL VARIATION; AUTOMATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA ACQUISITION; ICE CORE; PALEOCLIMATE; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TIMESCALE;

ARCTIC; GREENLAND;

EID: 84870218469     PISSN: 18149324     EISSN: 18149332     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/cp-8-1881-2012     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Alley, R. B., Meese, D. A., Shuman, C. A., Gow, A. J., Taylor, K. C., Grootes, P. M., White, J. W. C., Ram, M., Waddington, E. D., Mayewski, P. A., and Zielinski, G. A.: Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event, Nature, 362, 527-529, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ 362527a0doi:10.1038/362527a0, 1993.
2. Alley, R. B., Shuman, C. A., Meese, D. A., Gow, A. J., Taylor, K. C., Cuffey, K. M., Fitzpatrick, J. J., Grootes, P. M., Zielinski, G. A., Ram, M., Spinelli, G., and Elder, B.: Visual-stratigraphic dating of the GISP2 ice core: Basis, reproducibility, and application, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 26367-26381, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96JC03837doi:10.1029/96JC03837, 1997.
3. Andersen, K. K., Ditlevsen, P. D., Rasmussen, S. O., Clausen, H. B., Vinther, B. M., Johnsen, S. J., and Steffensen, J. P.: Retrieving a common accumulation record from Greenland ice cores for the past 1800 years, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D15106, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006765doi:10. 1029/2005jd006765, 2006a.
4. Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A., Johnsen, S. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Bigler, M., Rothlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Steffensen, J. P., Dahl-Jensen, D., Vinther, B. M., and Clausen, H. B.: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15-42 ka, Part 1: constructing the time scale, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3246-3257, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.002doi:10. 1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.002, 2006b.
5. Baum, L. E. and Petrie, T.: Statistical Inference for Probabilistic Functions of Finite State Markov Chains, Ann. Math. Stat., 37, 1554-1563, http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/aoms/1177699147doi:10.1214/aoms/1177699147, 1966.
6. Baum, L. E., Petrie, T., Soules, G., and Weiss, N.: A Maximization Technique Occurring in the Statistical Analysis of Probabilistic Functions of Markov Chains, Ann. Math. Stat., 41, 164-171, 1970.
7. Bigler, M., Svensson, A., Kettner, E., Vallelonga, P., Nielsen, M. E., and Steffensen, J. P.: Optimization of High-Resolution Continuous Flow Analysis for Transient Climate Signals in Ice Cores, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 4483-4489, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es200118jdoi:10.1021/es200118j, 2011.
8. Bishop, C. M.: Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning, Information Science and Statistics, Springer, New York, 738 pp., 2006.
9. Bulla, J. and Bulla, I.: Stylized facts of financial time series and hidden semi-Markov models, Comput. Stat. Data An., 51, 2192-2209, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csda.2006.07.021doi:10.1016/j.csda.2006.07.021, 2006.
10. Clausen, H. B., Hammer, C. U., Hvidberg, C. S., Dahl-Jensen, D., Steffensen, J. P., Kipfstuhl, J., and Legrand, M.: A comparison of the volcanic records over the past 4000 years from the Greenland Ice Core Project and Dye 3 Greenland ice cores, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 102, 26707-26723, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/97JC00587doi:10.1029/97JC00587, 1997.
11. Dahl-Jensen, D., Johnsen, S. J., Hammer, C., Clausen, H. B., and Jouzel, J.: Past accumulation rates derived from observed annual layers in the GRIP ice core from Summit, Central Greenland, in: Ice in the Climate System, edited by: Peltier, W. R., NATO ASI Series I, 12, Springer, New York, 517-532, 1993.
12. Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., and Rubin, D. B.: Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM Algorithm, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. B. Met., 39, 1-38, 1977.
13. Faisan, S., Thoraval, L., Armspach, J. P., Metz-Lutz, M. N., and Heitz, F.: Unsupervised learning and mapping of active brain functional MRI signals based on hidden semi-Markov event sequence models, IEEE T. Med. Imag., 24, 263-276, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/Tmi.2004.841225doi:10.1109/Tmi.2004.841225, 2005.
14. Fisher, D. A., Reeh, N., and Clausen, H. B.: Stratigraphic noise in time series derived from ice cores, Ann. Glaciol., 7, 76-83, 1985.
15. Gish, H. and Ng, K.: Parametric trajectory models for speech recognition, in: Proceedings of ICSLP 96, Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 466-469, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ICSLP. 1996.607155doi:10.1109/ICSLP.1996.607155, 1996.
16. Gupta, M. R. and Chen, Y.: Theory and use of the EM algorithm, Found. Trend. Signal Proc., 4, 223-296, http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/2000000034doi:10. 1561/2000000034, 2011.
17. Hamilton, W. L. and Langway, C. C.: A Correlation of Microparticle Concentrations with Oxygen Isotope Ratios in 700 Year Old Greenland Ice, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 3, 363-366, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(67)90062- 3doi:10.1016/0012-821X(67)90062-3, 1968.
18. Jelinek, F., Bahl, L. R., and Mercer, R. L.: Design of a Linguistic Statistical Decoder for Recognition of Continuous Speech, IEEE T. Inform. Theory, 21, 250-256, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIT.1975.1055384doi:10.1109/TIT. 1975.1055384, 1975.
19. Kim, S. and Smyth, P.: Segmental Hidden Markov Models with Random Effects for Waveform Modeling, J. Mach. Learn. Res., 7, 945-969, 2006.
20. Kim, S., Smyth, P., and Luther, S.: Modeling waveform shapes with random effects segmental hidden Markov models, in: Proceedings of UAI 04, 20th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Banff, Canada, 309-316, 2004.
21. McGwire, K. C., McConnell, J. R., Alley, R. B., Banta, J. R., Hargreaves, G. M., and Taylor, K. C.: Dating annual layers of a shallow Antarctic ice core with an optical scanner, J. Glaciol., 54, 831-838, http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/ 002214308787780021doi:10.3189/002214308787780021, 2008.
22. Ostendorf, M., Digalakis, V. V., and Kimball, O. A.: From HMMs to segment models: A unified view of stochastic modeling for speech recognition, IEEE T. Speech Audi. P., 4, 360-378, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/89.536930doi:10.1109/89. 536930, 1996.
23. Rabiner, L. R.: A Tutorial on Hidden Markov Models and Selected Applications in Speech Recognition, Proc. IEEE, 77, 257-286, http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/5.18626doi:10.1109/5.18626, 1989.
24. Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., and Clausen, H. B.: Extracting the annual signal from Greenland ice-core chemistry and isotopic records, Ann. Glaciol., 35, 131-135, 2002.
25. Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Svensson, A. M., Steffensen, J. P., Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Johnsen, S. J., Larsen, L. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Bigler, M., Rothlisberger, R., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M. E., and Ruth, U.: A new Greenland ice core chronology for the last glacial termination, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D06102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005jd006079doi:10.1029/2005jd006079, 2006.
26. Reeh, N., Johnsen, S. J., and Dahl-Jensen, D.: Dating the DYE 3 deep ice core by flow model calculations, in: Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by: Langway, C. C., Oeschger, H., and Dansgaard, W., Geophys. Monogr. Series, 33, AGU, Washington, D.C., 57-65, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/GM033p0057doi:10.1029/GM033p0057, 1985.
27. Russell, M. J. and Holmes, W. J.: Linear trajectory segmental HMMs, IEEE Signal Proc. Lett., 4, 72-74, 1997.
28. Savitzky, A. and Golay, M. J. E.: Smoothing and Differentiation of Data by Simplified Least Squares Procedures, Anal. Chem., 36, 1627-1639, http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60214a047doi:10.1021/ac60214a047, 1964.
29. Smith, C. L., Fairchild, I. J., Spotl, C., Frisia, S., Borsato, A., Moreton, S. G., and Wynn, P. M.: Chronology building using objective identification of annual signals in trace element profiles of stalagmites, Quat. Geochronol., 4, 11-21, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2008.06.005doi:10. 1016/j.quageo.2008.06.005, 2009.
30. Steffensen, J. P., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Fischer, H., Goto-Azuma, K., Hansson, M., Johnsen, S. J., Jouzel, J., Masson-Delmotte, V., Popp, T., Rasmussen, S. O., Rothlisberger, R., Ruth, U., Stauffer, B., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Sveinbjornsdottir, A. E., Svensson, A., and White, J. W. C.: High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years, Science, 321, 680-684, http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1157707doi:10.1126/science.1157707, 2008.
31. Svensson, A., Nielsen, S. W., Kipfstuhl, S., Johnsen, S. J., Steffensen, J. P., Bigler, M., Ruth, U., and Rothlisberger, R.: Visual stratigraphy of the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NorthGRIP) ice core during the last glacial period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, D02108, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ 2004jd005134doi:10.1029/2004jd005134, 2005.
32. Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J., Muscheler, R., Rasmussen, S. O., Rothlisberger, R., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: The Greenland Ice Core Chronology 2005, 15-42 ka, Part 2: comparison to other records, Quaternary Sci. Rev., 25, 3258-3267, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.003doi:10. 1016/j.quascirev.2006.08.003, 2006.
33. Svensson, A., Andersen, K. K., Bigler, M., Clausen, H. B., Dahl-Jensen, D., Davies, S. M., Johnsen, S. J., Muscheler, R., Parrenin, F., Rasmussen, S. O., Röthlisberger, R., Seierstad, I., Steffensen, J. P., and Vinther, B. M.: A 60 000 year Greenland stratigraphic ice core chronology, Clim. Past, 4, 47-57, http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-4-47-2008doi:10.5194/cp-4-47-2008, 2008.
34. Vinther, B. M., Clausen, H. B., Johnsen, S. J., Rasmussen, S. O., Andersen, K. K., Buchardt, S. L., Dahl-Jensen, D., Seierstad, I. K., Siggaard-Andersen, M. L., Steffensen, J. P., Svensson, A., Olsen, J., and Heinemeier, J.: A synchronized dating of three Greenland ice cores throughout the Holocene, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D13102, http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/ 2005jd006921doi:10.1029/2005jd006921, 2006.
35. Winstrup, M.: An Automated Method for Annual Layer Counting in Ice Cores-and an application to visual stratigraphy data from the NGRIP ice core, PhD thesis, Centre for Ice and Climate, Niels Bohr Institute, http://www.iceandclimate.nbi.ku.dk/publications/theses/M.Winstrup2011.pdf, last access: July 2012, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 173 pp., 2011.
36. Yu, S. Z.: Hidden semi-Markov models, Artif. Intell., 174, 215-243, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.artint.2009.11.011doi:10.1016/j.artint.2009.11.011, 2010.