Multipurpose prevention technologies: Products in development

Antiviral Research

Volumn 100, Issue SUPPL., 2013, Pages

  Friend, David R ^a   Clark, Justin T ^b   Kiser, Patrick F ^b   Clark, Meredith R ^a  

^a EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering   (United States)

Author keywords

Contraception; Herpes simplex virus 2 prevention; HIV 1 prevention; Multipurpose prevention technologies

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; CARRAGEENAN; DAPIVIRINE; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS ETONOGESTREL; GSK 1265744; LEVONORGESTREL; PLACEBO; RILPIVIRINE; TENOFOVIR; TENOFOVIR DISOPROXIL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; ZINC;

CD4+ T LYMPHOCYTE; DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG STABILITY; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 2; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1 INFECTION; HYDROPHOBICITY; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; METRORRHAGIA; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); MULTIPURPOSE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY; PLASMA HALF LIFE; PREGNANCY RATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; SUSTAINED DRUG RELEASE; THERAPEUTIC EQUIVALENCE; UNPLANNED PREGNANCY; UTERINE CERVIX CAP; VAGINA RING; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; CLINICAL EVALUATION; DRUG FORMULATION; GEL; PROPHYLAXIS; SEXUAL HEALTH; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; CONTRACEPTION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG EFFECT; EQUIPMENT; FEMALE; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-2 PREVENTION; HIV-1 PREVENTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; INTRAVAGINAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MULTIPURPOSE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES; PHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; VIROLOGY;

HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 2; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1;

CONTRACEPTION; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS-2 PREVENTION; HIV-1 PREVENTION; MULTIPURPOSE PREVENTION TECHNOLOGIES;

ADMINISTRATION, INTRAVAGINAL; ANTI-HIV AGENTS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL; CONTRACEPTION; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MALE; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84890124072     PISSN: 01663542     EISSN: 18729096     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.030     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Q. Abdool Karim, S.S. Abdool Karim, J.A. Frohlich, A.C. Grobler, C. Baxter, L.E. Mansoor, A.B.M. Kharsany, S. Sibeko, K.P. Mlisana, Z. Omar, T.N. Gengiah, S. Maarschalk, N. Arulappan, M. Mlotshwa, L. Morris, and D. Taylor Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women Science 329 2010 1168 1174
2. B.K. Abraham, and R. Gulick Next-generation oral preexposure prophylaxis: beyond tenofovir Curr. Opin. HIV AIDS 7 2012 600 606
3. G. Andrei, A. Lisco, C. Vanpouille, A. Introini, E. Balestra, J. van den Oord, T. Cihlar, C.-F. Perno, R. Snoeck, L. Margolis, and J. Balzarini Topical tenofovir, a microbicide effective against HIV, inhibits herpes simplex virus-2 replication Cell Host Microbe 10 2011 379 389
4. Andrews, C., Gettie, A., Russell-Lodrique, K., Moss, L., Mohri, H., Spreen, W., Cheng-Mayer, C., Hong, Z., Markowitz, M., Ho, D., 2013. Long-acting parenterial formulation of GSK1265744 protects macaques against repeated intrarectal challenges with SHIV. In: 20th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Atlanta, GA, 24LB.
5. L. Baert, G. van 't Klooster, W. Dries, M. François, A. Wouters, E. Basstanie, K. Iterbeke, F. Stappers, P. Stevens, L. Schueller, P. Van Remoortere, G. Kraus, P. Wigerinck, and J. Rosier Development of a long-acting injectable formulation with nanoparticles of rilpivirine (TMC278) for HIV treatment Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 72 2009 502 508
6. G. Benagiano, H. Gabelnick, and M. Farris Contraceptive devices: intravaginal and intrauterine delivery systems Expert Rev. Med. Devices 5 2008 639 654
7. M. Berer Dual protection: more needed than practised or understood Reprod. Health Matters 14 2006 162 170 (Pubitemid 44708764)
8. V. Brache, F. Alvarez-Sanchez, A. Faundes, T. Jackanicz, D.R. Mishell Jr., and P. Lahteenmaki Progestin - only contraceptive rings Steroids 65 2000 687 691
9. V. Brache, H. Croxatto, N. Kumar, R. Sitruk-Ware, L. Cochon, V. Schiappacasse, I. Sivin, C. Munoz, R. Maguire, and A. Faundes Effect of sexual intercourse on the absorption of levonorgestrel after vaginal administration of 0.75 mg in Carraguard gel: a randomized, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study Contraception 79 2009 150 154
10. V. Brache, H. Croxatto, R. Sitruk-Ware, R. Maguire, J.C. Montero, N. Kumar, A.M. Salvatierra, A.S. Tejada, L. Cochon, M.L. Forcelledo, P. Lahteenmaki, F. Alvarez, and A. Faundes Effect of a single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard gel on the ovulatory process: a potential candidate for "dual protection" emergency contraception Contraception 76 2007 111 116 (Pubitemid 47080982)
11. V. Brache, and A. Faundes Contraceptive vaginal rings: a review Contraception 82 2010 418 427
12. V. Brache, L.J. Payán, and A. Faundes Current status of contraceptive vaginal rings Contraception 87 2013 264 272
13. M. Brady Preventing sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancy, and safeguarding fertility: triple protection needs of young women Reprod. Health Matters 11 2003 134 141 (Pubitemid 37466347)
14. F.G. Burton, W.E. Skiens, and G.W. Duncan Low-level, progestogen- releasing vaginal contraceptive devices Contraception 19 1979 507 516 (Pubitemid 9174402)
15. F.G. Burton, W.E. Skiens, N.R. Gordon, J.T. Veal, D.R. Kalkwarf, and G.W. Duncan Fabrication and testing of vaginal contraceptive devices designed for release of prespecified dose levels of steroids Contraception 17 1978 221 230 (Pubitemid 8299765)
16. W. Cates Jr., and K.M. Stone Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive choice; a literature update - Part II Fam. Plann. Perspect. 24 1992 122
17. W. Cates Contraception, unintended pregnancies, and sexually transmitted diseases: why isn't a simple solution possible? Am. J. Epidemiol. 143 1996 311 318
18. W. Cates Jr. Sexually transmitted diseases and family planning. Strange or natural bedfellows, revisited Sex. Transm. Dis. 20 1993 174 178
19. Clark, J.T., Shelke, N.B., Clark, M.R., Johnson, T.J., Smith, E.M., Andreasen, A.K., Nebeker, J.S., Fabian, J., McCabe, R.T., Friend, D.R., Kiser, P.F., 2013. Engineering a segmented dual-reservoir polyurethane intravaginal ring for simultaneous prevention of HIV transmission and unwanted pregnancy. PLoS One (submitted for publication).
20. P.S. Coffey, M. Kilbourne-Brook, V. Brache, and L. Cochón Comparative acceptability of the SILCS and ortho ALL-FLEX® diaphragms among couples in the Dominican Republic Contraception 78 2008 418 423
21. K.R. Davis, and S.C. Weller The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV Fam. Plann. Perspect. 31 1999 272 279 (Pubitemid 30004240)
22. P.J. Feldblum, C.S. Morrison, R.E. Roddy, and W. Cates Jr. The effectiveness of barrier methods of contraception in preventing the spread of HIV AIDS 9 Suppl. A 1995 85 93
23. P.J. Feldblum, M.D. Nasution, T.H. Hoke, K. Van Damme, A.N. Turner, R. Gmach, E.L. Wong, and F. Behets Pregnancy among sex workers participating in a condom intervention trial highlights the need for dual protection Contraception 76 2007 105 110 (Pubitemid 47080984)
24. K.J. Fenstermacher, and J.J. DeStefano Mechanism of HIV reverse transcriptase inhibition by zinc: formation of a highly stable enzyme-(primer-template) complex with profoundly diminished catalytic activity J. Biol. Chem. 286 2011 40433 40442
25. Fetherston, S.M., Boyd, P., Major, I., Devlin, B., Holt, J., Malcolm, R.K., 2013. Vaginal ring configurations for the simulaneous delivery of dapivirine and levonorgestrel. In: 40th Annual Meeting & Exposition of the Controlled Release Society, Honolulu, HI.
26. D.T. Fleming, and J.N. Wasserheit From epidemiological synergy to public health policy and practice: the contribution of other sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection Sex. Transm. Infect. 75 1999 3 17 (Pubitemid 29117474)
27. P. Fletcher, S. Harman, H. Azijn, N. Armanasco, P. Manlow, D. Perumal, M.P. de Bethune, J. Nuttall, J. Romano, and R. Shattock Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection by the candidate microbicide dapivirine, a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53 2009 487 495
28. R.G. Frezieres, T. Walsh, M. Kilbourne-Brook, and P.S. Coffey Couples' acceptability of the SILCS diaphragm for microbicide delivery Contraception 85 2012 99 107
29. D.R. Friend Intravaginal rings: controlled release systems for contraception and prevention of transmission of sexually transmitted infections Drug Del. Transl. Res. 1 2011 185 193
30. D.R. Friend Drug delivery in multiple indication (multipurpose) prevention technologies: systems to prevent HIV-1 transmission and unintended pregnancies or HSV-2 transmission Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 9 2012 417 427
31. D.R. Friend, and G.F. Doncel Combining prevention of HIV-1, other sexually transmitted infections and unintended pregnancies: development of dual-protection technologies Antiviral Res. 88 Suppl. 1 2010 S47 S54
32. P.F. Harrison, A. Hemmerling, J. Romano, K.J. Whaley, and B. Young Holt Developing multipurpose reproductive health technologies: an integrated strategy AIDS Res. Treat. 2013 2013 790154
33. B.Y. Holt, M. Kilbourne-Brook, A. Stone, P. Harrison, and W.C. Shields Multipurpose prevention technologies for sexual and reproductive health: gaining momentum and promise Contraception 81 2010 177 180
34. T.J. Johnson, M.R. Clark, T.H. Albright, J.S. Nebeker, A.L. Tuitupou, J.T. Clark, J. Fabian, R.T. McCabe, N. Chandra, G.F. Doncel, D.R. Friend, and P.F. Kiser A 90-day tenofovir reservoir intravaginal ring for mucosal HIV prophylaxis Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2012 6272 6283
35. T.J. Johnson, K.M. Gupta, J. Fabian, T.H. Albright, and P.F. Kiser Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 39 2010 203 212
36. Kelly, L., Carr, D., Clark, M.R., Friend, D., Halliday, J., Livingstone, M., Ross, A., Salim, F., Trager, Laal, S., Wills, K., 2011. In vivo release in sheep of a dual loaded microbicide polyurethane vaginal ring. In: AAPS Annual Meeting and Exposition, T2258.
37. J. Kenney, A. Rodríguez, L. Kizima, S. Seidor, R. Menon, N. Jean-Pierre, P. Pugach, K. Levendosky, N. Derby, A. Gettie, J. Blanchard, M. Piatak, J.D. Lifson, G. Paglini, T.M. Zydowsky, M. Robbiani, and J.A. Fernández Romero A modified zinc acetate gel, a potential nonantiretroviral microbicide, is safe and effective against simian-human immunodeficiency virus and herpes simplex virus 2 infection in vivo Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57 2013 4001 4009
38. P.F. Kiser, T.J. Johnson, and J.T. Clark State of the art in intravaginal ring technology for topical prophylaxis of HIV infection AIDS Rev. 14 2012 62 77
39. S. Koetsawang, G. Ji, U. Krishna, A. Cuadros, G.I. Dhall, R. Wyss, J. Rodriquez la Puenta, A.T. Andrade, T. Khan, and E.S. Kononova Microdose intravaginal levonorgestrel contraception: a multicentre clinical trial. I. Contraceptive efficacy and side effects. World Health Organization. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation Contraception 41 1990 105 124
40. S. Koetsawang, G. Ji, U. Krishna, A. Cuadros, G.I. Dhall, R. Wyss, J. Rodriquez la Puenta, A.T. Andrade, T. Khan, and E.S. Kononova Microdose intravaginal levonorgestrel contraception: a multicentre clinical trial. II. Expulsions and removals. World Health Organization. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation Contraception 41 1990 125 141 (Pubitemid 20060854)
41. S. Koetsawang, G. Ji, U. Krishna, A. Cuadros, G.I. Dhall, R. Wyss, J. Rodriquez la Puenta, A.T. Andrade, T. Khan, and E.S. Kononova Microdose intravaginal levonorgestrel contraception: a multicentre clinical trial. III. The relationship between pregnancy rate and body weight. World Health Organization. Task force on long-acting systemic agents for fertility regulation Contraception 41 1990 143 150 (Pubitemid 20060855)
42. M.E. Kruk, and N. Schwalbe The relation between intermittent dosing and adherence: preliminary insights Clin. Ther. 28 2006 1989 1995 (Pubitemid 46215746)
43. B.M. Landgren, E. Johannisson, B. Masironi, and E. Diczfalusy Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic investigations with vaginal devices releasing levonorgestrel at a constant, near zero order rate Contraception 26 1982 567 585 (Pubitemid 13190946)
44. R.A. Lewis, D. Taylor, M.F. Natavio, A. Melamed, J. Felix, and D. Mishell Jr. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability Contraception 82 2010 491 496
45. Livingstone, E., Carr, D., Clark, M.R., Friend, D., Halliday, J., Kelly, L., Ross, F., Salim, F., Trager, L., Wills, K., 2011. Development of a dual loaded microbicide polyurethane vaginal ring. In: American Association of Pharmaceutical Sciences Annual Meeting and Exposition Washington, DC.
46. I. Major, P. Boyd, M. Kilbourne-Brook, G. Saxon, J. Cohen, and R.K. Malcolm A modified SILCS contraceptive diaphragm for long-term controlled release of the HIV microbicide dapivirine Contraception 88 2013 58 66
47. K. Malcolm, S.M. Fetherston, C.F. McCoy, P. Boyd, and I. Major Vaginal rings for delivery of HIV microbicides Int. J. Women's Health 4 2012 595 605
48. R.K. Malcolm, and S.M. Fetherston Delivering on MPTs: addressing the needs, rising to the challenges and making the opportunities Contraception 88 2013 321 325
49. E. Mandelin, H. Koistinen, R. Koistinen, B. Affandi, and M. Seppala Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device-wearing women express contraceptive glycodelin A in endometrium during midcycle: another contraceptive mechanism? Hum. Reprod. 12 1997 2671 2675 (Pubitemid 28031728)
50. D. Mansour, P. Inki, and K. Gemzell-Danielsson Efficacy of contraceptive methods: a review of the literature Eur. J. Contracept. Reprod. Health Care 15 2010 4 16
51. Marrazzo, J.M., Ramjee, G., Nair, G., Palanee, T., Mkhize, B., Nakabbiito, C., Taljaard, M., Piper, J., Gomez Feliciano, K., Chirenje, M., 2013. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in women: daily oral tenofovir, oral tenofovir/emtricitabine, or vaginal tenofovir gel in the VOICE study (MTN-003). In: 2013 Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Atlanta, GA.
52. Min, S., DeJesus, E., McCurdy, L., Richmond, G., Torres, J., Ford, S., Chen, S., Lou, Y., Bomar, M., Cyr, T., Fujiwara, T., St. Clair, M., Piscitelli, S., 2009. Pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety in healthy and HIV-infected subjects and short term antiviral efficacy of S/GSK1265744, a next generation once-daily HIV integrase inhibitor. In: 49th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, San Francisco, CA.
53. E. Montgomery, A. van der Straten, H. Cheng, L. Wegner, G. Masenga, C. von Mollendorf, L. Bekker, S. Ganesh, K. Young, J. Romano, A. Nel, and C. Woodsong Vaginal ring adherence in sub-Saharan Africa: expulsion, removal, and perfect use AIDS Behav. 16 2012 1787 1798
54. J.A. Moss, A.M. Malone, T.J. Smith, S. Kennedy, E. Kopin, C. Nguyen, J. Gilman, I. Butkyavichene, K.L. Vincent, M. Motamedi, D.R. Friend, M.R. Clark, and M.M. Baum Simultaneous delivery of tenofovir and acyclovir via an intravaginal ring Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56 2012 875 882
55. A. Novák, C. de la Loge, L. Abetz, and E.A. van der Meulen The combined contraceptive vaginal ring, nuvaring®: an international study of user acceptability Contraception 67 2003 187 194 (Pubitemid 36255655)
56. S. Pentlicky, M. Rosen, P.S. Coffey, M. Kilbourne-Brook, A. Shaunik, C.A. Schreiber, and K. Barnhart An exploratory, randomized, crossover MRI study of microbicide delivery with the SILCS diaphragm compared to a vaginal applicator Contraception 87 2013 187 192
57. C. Renzi, J.M. Douglas, M. Foster, C.W. Critchlow, R. Ashley-Morrow, S.P. Buchbinder, B.A. Koblin, D.J. McKirnan, K.H. Mayer, and C.L. Celum Herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus acquisition in men who have sex with men J. Infect. Dis. 187 2003 19 25 (Pubitemid 36034467)
58. S.J. Reynolds, A.R. Risbud, M.E. Shepherd, J.M. Zenilman, R.S. Brookmeyer, R.S. Paranjape, A.D. Divekar, R.R. Gangakhedkar, M.V. Ghate, R.C. Bollinger, and S.M. Mehendale Recent herpes simplex virus type 2 infection and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 acquisition in India J. Infect. Dis. 187 2003 1513 1521 (Pubitemid 36578957)
59. S. Rose, A. Chaudhari, and C.M. Peterson Mirena (levonorgestrel intrauterine system): a successful novel drug delivery option in contraception Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61 2009 808 812
60. Z.F. Rosenberg, and B. Devlin Future strategies in microbicide development Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 26 2012 503 513
61. F. Roumen, T. Dieben, R. Assendorp, and P. Bouckaert The clinical acceptability of a non-medicated vaginal ring Contraception 42 1990 201 207 (Pubitemid 20229684)
62. J. Sahota, P.M. Barnes, E. Mansfield, J.L. Bradley, and R.J. Kirkman Initial UK experience of the levonorgestrel-releasing contraceptive intravaginal ring. Advances in contraception Off. J. Soc. Adv. Contracept. 15 1999 313 324
63. J.L. Schwartz, S.A. Ballagh, M.D. Creinin, R.W. Rountree, M. Kilbourne-Brook, C.K. Mauck, and M.M. Callahan SILCS diaphragm: postcoital testing of a new single-size contraceptive device Contraception 78 2008 237 244
64. R. Sitruk-Ware, V. Brache, R. Maguire, H. Croxatto, N. Kumar, S. Kumar, J.C. Montero, A.M. Salvatierra, D. Phillips, and A. Faundes Pharmacokinetic study to compare the absorption and tolerability of two doses of levonorgestrel following single vaginal administration of levonorgestrel in Carraguard gel: a new formulation for "dual protection" contraception Contraception 75 2007 454 460 (Pubitemid 46764305)
65. S. Skoler-Karpoff, G. Ramjee, K. Ahmed, L. Altini, M.G. Plagianos, B. Friedland, S. Govender, A. De Kock, N. Cassim, T. Palanee, G. Dozier, R. Maguire, and P. Lahteenmaki Efficacy of Carraguard for prevention of HIV infection in women in South Africa: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Lancet 372 2008 1977 1987
66. D.J. Smith, S. Wakasiaka, T.D.M. Hoang, J.J. Bwayo, C. del Rio, and F.H. Priddy An evaluation of intravaginal rings as a potential HIV prevention device in urban Kenya: behaviors and attitudes that might influence uptake within a high-risk population J. Women's Health 17 2008 1025 1034 15409996
67. J.M. Smith, R. Rastogi, R.S. Teller, P. Srinivasan, P.M.M. Mesquita, U. Nagaraja, J.M. McNicholl, R.M. Hendry, C.T. Dinh, A. Martin, B.C. Herold, and P.F. Kiser Intravaginal ring eluting tenofovir disoproxil fumarate completely protects macaques from multiple vaginal simian-HIV challenges Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2013 10.1073/pnas.1311355110
68. Spreen, W., Ford, S.L., Chen, S., Gould, E., Wilfret, D., Subich, D., Taishi, T., 2012. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of the HIV integrase inhibitor S/GSK1265744 long acting parenteral nanosuspension following single dose administration to healthy adults. In: 19th International AIDS Conference, Washington, DC.
69. D. Tan Potential role of tenofovir vaginal gel for reduction of risk of herpes simplex virus in females Int. J. Womens Health 4 2012 341 350
70. K. Terrazas-Aranda, Y. Van Herrewege, P.J. Lewi, J. Van Roey, and G. Vanham In vitro pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis using HIV inhibitors as microbicides against cell-free or cell-associated HIV-1 infection Antivir. Chem. Chemother. 18 2007 141 151 (Pubitemid 47167766)
71. A.R. Thurman, M.R. Clark, and G.F. Doncel Multipurpose prevention technologies: biomedical tools to prevent HIV-1, HSV-2, and unintended pregnancies Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 2011 2011 1 10
72. G. van ′t Klooster, E. Hoeben, H. Borghys, A. Looszova, M.-P. Bouche, F. van Velsen, and L. Baert Pharmacokinetics and disposition of rilpivirine (tmc278) nanosuspension as a long-acting injectable antiretroviral formulation Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54 2010 2042 2050
73. A. van der Straten, E. Montgomery, H. Cheng, L. Wegner, G. Masenga, C. von Mollendorf, L. Bekker, S. Ganesh, K. Young, J. Romano, A. Nel, and C. Woodsong High acceptability of a vaginal ring intended as a microbicide delivery method for HIV prevention in African women AIDS Behav. 16 2012 1775 1786
74. Y. Van Herrewege, J. Michiels, J. Van Roey, K. Fransen, L. Kestens, J. Balzarini, P. Lewi, G. Vanham, and P. Janssen In vitro evaluation of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors UC-781 and TMC120-R147681 as human immunodeficiency virus microbicides Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48 2004 337 339 (Pubitemid 38040219)
75. L. Vibholm, L.S. Reinert, O.S. Sogaard, S.R. Paludan, L. Ostergaard, M. Tolstrup, and J. Melchjorsen Antiviral and immunological effects of tenofovir microbicide in vaginal herpes simplex virus 2 infection AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 28 2012 1404 1411
76. A. Wald, and K. Link Risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection in herpes simplex virus type 2-seropositive persons: a meta-analysis J. Infect. Dis. 185 2002 45 52 (Pubitemid 34043015)
77. J.N. Wasserheit Epidemiological synergy. Interrelationships between human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases Sex. Transm. Dis. 19 1992 61 77 (Pubitemid 23101885)
78. A.D. Woolfson, R.K. Malcolm, and R. Gallagher Drug delivery by the intravaginal route Crit. Rev. Ther. Drug Carrier Syst. 17 2000 509 555
79. World Health Organization, and the World Bank, 2007. Maternal Mortality in 2005: Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank. Development