The effectiveness of condoms in reducing heterosexual transmission of HIV

Family Planning Perspectives

Volumn 31, Issue 6, 1999, Pages 272-279

  Davis, Karen R ^a   Weller, Susan C ^a  

^a University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONDOM; CONTRACEPTION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INCIDENCE; PREGNANCY; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION;

EID: 0346410285     PISSN: 00147354     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2991537     Document Type: Article

References (214)

1. Johnson AM and Laga M, Heterosexual transmission of HIV, AIDS, 1988, 2(suppl. 1):S49-S56; N'Galy B and Ryder RW, Epidemiology of HIV infection in Africa, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1988, 1(6):551-558; and Deschamps M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Haiti, Annals of Internal Medicine, 1996, 125(4):324-330.
2. Johnson AM and Laga M, Heterosexual transmission of HIV, AIDS, 1988, 2(suppl. 1):S49-S56; N'Galy B and Ryder RW, Epidemiology of HIV infection in Africa, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1988, 1(6):551-558; and Deschamps M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Haiti, Annals of Internal Medicine, 1996, 125(4):324-330.
3. Johnson AM and Laga M, Heterosexual transmission of HIV, AIDS, 1988, 2(suppl. 1):S49-S56; N'Galy B and Ryder RW, Epidemiology of HIV infection in Africa, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1988, 1(6):551-558; and Deschamps M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Haiti, Annals of Internal Medicine, 1996, 125(4):324-330.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Atlanta: CDC, Jan. 1990.
5. CDC, HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, Atlanta: CDC, Dec. 1998.
6. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion: condoms for prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1988, 37(9):133-137.
7. Surgeon General, Condom use for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV infection, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993, 269(22):2840; Update: barrier protection against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1993, 42(30):589-591 & 597; and Perspectives indisease prevention..., 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4).
8. Surgeon General, Condom use for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV infection, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993, 269(22):2840; Update: barrier protection against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1993, 42(30):589-591 & 597; and Perspectives indisease prevention..., 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4).
9. Surgeon General, Condom use for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV infection, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993, 269(22):2840; Update: barrier protection against HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 1993, 42(30):589-591 & 597; and Perspectives indisease prevention..., 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4).
10. Trussell J and Kost K, Contraceptive failure in the United States: a critical review of the literature, Studies in Family Planning, 1987, 18(5):237-283.
11. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
12. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
13. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
14. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
15. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
16. Vaughan B et al., Contraceptive efficacy among married women aged 15-44 years, Vital and Health Statistics, Series 23, No. 5, 1981; Schirm AL et al., Contraceptive failure in the United States: the impact of social, economic and demographic factors, Family Planning Perspectives, 1982, 14(2):68-74; Grady WR, Hayward MD and Yagi J, Contraceptive failure in the United States: estimates from the 1982 National Survey of Family Growth, Family Planning Perspectives, 1986, 18(5):200-209; Glass R, Vessey M and Wiggins P, Use-effectiveness of the condom in a selected family planning clinic population in the United Kingdom, Contraception, 1974, 10(6):591-598; Jones EF and Forrest JD, Contraceptive failure rates based on the 1988 NSFG, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):12-19; and Hatcher RA et al., Contraceptive Technology, 17th ed., New York: Ardent Media, 1998.
17. Hatcher RA et al., 1998, op. cit. (see reference 7).
18. Cates W Jr. and Stone KM, Family planning, sexually transmitted diseases and contraceptive choice: a literature update - part I, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(2):75-84.
19. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
20. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
21. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
22. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
23. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
24. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
25. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
26. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
27. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
28. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
29. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
30. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
31. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
32. Leeper MA and Conrardy M, Preliminary evaluations of REALITY, a condom for women to wear, Advances in Contraception, 1989, 5(4):229-235; Albert AA, Hatcher RA and Graves W, Condom use and breakage among women in a municipal hospital family planning clinic, Contraception, 1991, 43(2):167-176; Consumers Union, Can you rely on condoms? Consumer Reports, 1989, pp. 135-142; Trussell J, Warner DL and Hatcher RA, Condom slippage and breakage rates, Family Planning Perspectives, 1992, 24(1):20-23; Steiner M et al., Can condom users likely to experience condom failure be identified? Family Planning Perspectives, 1993, 25(5):220-223 & 226; Grady WR and Tanfer K, Condom breakage and slippage among men in the United States, Family Planning Perspectives, 1994, 26(3):107-112; Lindberg LD et al., Young men's experience with condom breakage, Family Planning Perspectives, 1997, 29(3):128-131 & 140; Rugpao S et al., Condom breakage during commercial sex in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Contraception, 1993, 48(6):537-547; Rugpao S et al., Multiple condom use and decreased condom breakage and slippage in Thailand, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1997, 14(2):169-173; Sparrow MJ and Lavill K, Breakage and slippage of condoms in family planning clients, Contraception, 1994, 50(2):117-129; Messiah A et al., Condom breakage and slippage during heterosexual intercourse: a French national study, American Journal of Public Health, 1997, 87(3):421-424; Richters J, Gerofi J and Donovan B, Why do condoms break or slip off in use? an exploratory study, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1995, 6(1):11-18; de Graaf R et al., The effectiveness of condom use in heterosexual prostitution in the Netherlands, AIDS, 1993, 7(2):265-269; and Albert AE et al., Condom use among female sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels, American Journal of Public Health, 1995, 85(11):1514-1519.
33. Perspectives in disease prevention..., 1988, op. cit. (see reference 4).
34. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
35. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
36. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
37. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
38. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
39. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, Viral leakage risk differences in latex condoms, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1994, 10(6):701-710; Carey RF et al., Effectiveness of latex condoms as a barrier to human immunodeficiency virus-sized particles under conditions of simulated use, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1992, 19(4):230-234; Van de Perre P, Jacobs D and Sprecher-Goldberger S, The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses, AIDS, 1987, 1(1):49-52; Judson FN et al., In vitro evaluations of condoms with and without nonoxynol 9 as physical and chemical barriers against chlamydia trachomatis, herpes simplex virus type 2, and human immunodeficiency virus, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1989, 16(2):51-56; Rietmeijer CAM et al., Condoms as physical and chemical barriers against human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(12):1851-1853; and Lytle CD et al., Virus leakage through natural membrane condoms, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 1990, 17(2):58-62.
40. Voeller B, Nelson J and Day C, 1994, op. cit. (see reference 12).
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58. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
59. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988,
60. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
61. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
62. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
63. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
64. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
65. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
66. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
67. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
68. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
69. Goedert JJ et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus: association with severe depletion of T-helper lymphocytes in men with hemophilia, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1987, 3(4): 355-361; Ragni MV et al., HIV heterosexual transmission in hemophilia couples: lack of relation to T4 number, clinial diagnosis, or duration of HIV exposure, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1989, 2(6):557-563; Padian N et al., Male-to-female transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 258(6):788-790; Kim HC et al., Human immunodeficiency virus infection in sexually active wives of infected hemophilic men, American Journal of Medicine, 1988, 85(4):472-476; Roumelioutou-Karayannis A et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in Greece, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 1988, 4(3):233-236; Smiley ML et al., Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to sexual partners of hemophiliacs, American Journal of Hematology, 1988, 28(1):27-32; Johnson AM et al., Transmission of HIV to heterosexual partners of infected men and women, AIDS, 1989, 3(6):367-372; European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV, Comparison of female to male and male to female transmission of HIV in 563 stable couples, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6830):809-813; Nicolosi A et al., The efficiency of male-to-female and female-to-male sexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus: a study of 730 stable couples, Epidemiology, 1994, 5(6):570-575; Guimaraes MDC et al., HIV infection among female partners of seropositive men in Brazil, American Journal of Epidemiology, 1995, 142(5):538-547; Nagachinta T et al., Risk factors for HIV-1 transmission from HIV-seropositive male blood donors to their regular female partners in northern Thailand, AIDS, 1997, 11(14):1765-1772; Seidlin M et al., Heterosexual transmission of HIV in a cohort of couples in New York City, AIDS, 1993, 7(9):1247-1254; and Padian N, Shiboski SC and Jewell NP, Female-to-male transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991, 266(12):1664-1667.
70. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
71. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
72. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
73. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
74. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
75. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
76. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
77. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
78. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
79. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
80. van der Ende ME, Rothbarth P and Stibbe J, Heterosexual transmission of HIV by haemophiliacs, British Medical Journal, 1988, 297(6656):1102-1103; Laurian Y, Peynet J and Verroust F, HIV infection in sexual partners of HIV-seropositive patients with hemophilia, letter, New England Journal of Medicine, 1989, 320(3):183; Peterman TA et al., Risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission from heterosexual adults with transfusion-associated infections, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1988, 259(1):55-58; Kamenga M et al., Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling center in Zaire, AIDS, 1991, 5(1):61-67; Allen S et al., Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa, British Medical Journal, 1992, 304(6842):1605-1609; Saracco A et al., Man-to-woman sexual transmission of HIV: longitudinal study of 343 steady partners of infected men, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1993, 6(5):497-502; De Vincenzi I et al., A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners, New England Journal of Medicine, 1994, 331(6):341-346; Hira SK et al., Condom and nonoxynol-9 use and the incidence of HIV infection in serodiscordant couples in Zambia, International Journal of STD & AIDS, 1997, 8(4):243-250; Fischl MA et al., Evaluation of heterosexual partners, children, and household contacts of adults with AIDS, Journal of the American Medical Association, 1987, 257(5):640-644; Siddiqui NS et al., No seroconversions among steady sex partners of methadone-maintained HIV-1-seropositive injecting drug users in New York City, AIDS, 1992, 6(12):1529-1533; O'Brien TR et al., Heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 from transfusion recipients to their sex partners, Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 1994, 7(7):705-710; and Deschamps M et al., 1996, op. cit. (see reference 1).
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