Depression, dementia, and delirium

Fundamentals of Geriatric Medicine: A Case-based Approach

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 216-249

  Soriano, Rainier P ^a  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889976525     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-32326-8_13     Document Type: Chapter

References (117)

1. Inouye SK. Delirium. In: Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ, et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine, 4th ed. New York: Springer, 2003:1113-1122.
2. Kennedy GJ. Dementia. In: Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ, et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine, 4th ed. New York: Springer, 2003:1079-1094.
3. Koenig HG, Blazer DG II. Depression, Anxiety and Other Mood Disorders. In: Cassel CK, Leipzig RM, Cohen HJ, et al., eds. Geriatric Medicine, 4th ed. New York: Springer, 2003:1163-1184.
4. Ritchie K, Kildea D. Is senile dementia "age-related" or "ageing related"? - evidence from meta-analysis of dementia prevalence in the oldest old. Lancet 1995;346:931-934.
5. Katzman R. Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1986;314:964-973.
6. Grober E, Lipton RB, Hall C, et al Memory impairment on free and cued selective reminding predicts dementia. Neurology 2000;54:827-832.
7. Folstein M, Anthony JC, Parhad I, Duffy B., Gruenberg EM The meaning of cognitive impairment in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1985;33: 228-235.
8. Small GW, Rabins PV, Barry P.P., et al Diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. JAMA 1997;278:1363-1371.
9. Cutler NR, Haxby JV, Duara R, et al Brain metabolism as measured with serial assessment in a patient with familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1985;35:184.
10. Stahelin HB, Monsch AU, Spiegel R. Early diagnosis of dementia via a two-step screening and diagnostic procedure. International Psychogeriatrics 1997;9:123-130.
11. Huber SJ, Paulson GW The concept of subcortical dementia. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1313-1317.
12. Mahendra B. Depression and dementia: the multi-faceted relationship. Psychol Med 1985;15:227-236.
13. Heston LL, White JA, Mastri AR Pick's disease; clinical genetics and natural history. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987;44:409-411.
14. Folstein SE, Folstein MF Psychiatric features of Huntington's disease. Psychiatr Dev 1983;2:193-206.
15. Peterson R, Smith G, Waring S., et al Mild cognitive impairment; clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol 1999;56:303-308.
16. Nyenhuis DL, Gorelick PB Vascular dementia: a contemporary review of epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. J Am Geriatr Soc 1998;46:1437-1448.
17. Boss P, Caron W, Horbal J., Mortimer J. Predictors of depression in caregivers of dementia patients: boundary ambiguity and mastery. Family Process 1990;29:245-254.
18. Cohen D, Eisdorfer C. Depression in family members caring for a relative with Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:885-889.
19. Gallagher D, Rose J, Rivera P., et al Prevalence of depression in family caregivers. Gerontologist 1989;29:449-456.
20. Rogers SL, Friedhof LT, Apter J.T., et al The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Dementia 1996;7:293-303.
21. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Christine D. Effect of tacrine on behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: an open label study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1996;9:1-6.
22. Becker RE, Colliver JA, Markwell S.J., et al Effects of metrifonate on cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-month study. Alzheimer Dis Rel Disord 1998;12:54-67.
23. Knopman D, Schneider LS, Davis K, et al Long term tacrine (Cognex) treatment effects on nursing home placement and mortality: the Tacrine Study Group. Neurology 1996;47:166-177.
24. Livingston G, Katona C. How useful are cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease? A number needed to treat analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000;15:203-207.
25. Cameron I, Curran S, Newton P., et al Use of donepesil for the treatment of mild-moderate Alzheimer's disease: an audit of the assessment and treatment of patients in routine clinical practice. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2000; 15:887-891.
26. Vellas B, Inglis F, Potkin S., et al Interim results from an international clinical trial with rivastigmine evaluating a 2-week titration rate in mild to severe Alzheimer's disease patients. Int J Geriatric Psychopharm 1998;1:140-144.
27. Röseler M., Anand R, Cicin-Sain A, et al Efficacy and safety of rivastigmine in patients with Alzheimer's disease: international randomized controlled trial. Br Med J 1999;318:633-638.
28. Maelicke A, Albequerque EX Allosteric modulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as a treatment strategy for Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2000;11(SUPPL. 1):11-18.
29. Reisberg B, Doody R, Stoffler A., et al Memantine Study Group. Memantine in moderate-to-severe Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 2003;348(14): 1333-1341.
30. Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas R.G., et al A controlled trial of selegiline, alphatocopherol, or both as treatment or Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1216-1222.
31. Marden K, Sano M. Estrogen to treat Alzheimer's disease: Too little, too late? So what's a woman to do? Neurology 2000;54:2035-2036.
32. Teri L, Rabins P, Whitehouse P., et al Management of behavior disturbance in Alzheimer disease: Current knowledge and future directions. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1992;6:77-88.
33. Koenig HG, Meador KG, Shelp F, et al Depressive disorders in hospitalized medically ill patients: a comparison of young and elderly men. J Am Geriatr Soc 1991;39:881-890.
34. Koenig HG, George LK, Peterson B.L., et al Depression in medically ill hospitalized older adults: prevalence, correlates, and course of symptoms based on six diagnostic schemes. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:1376-1383.
35. Hyer L, Blazer DG Depressive symptoms: impact and problems in long term care facilities. Int J Behav Geriatr 1982;1(3):33-35.
36. Parmelee PA, Katz IR, Lawton MP Depression among institutionalized aged: assessment and prevalence estimation. J Gerontol 1989;44:M22-M29.
37. Weissman MM, Bruce ML, Leaf P.J., et al Affective disorders. In: Robins LN, Regier DA, eds. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study. New York: Free Press, 1991:53.
38. Rovner BW, German P, Brant L.J., et al Depression and mortality in nursing homes. JAMA 1991;265:993-996.
39. Bebbington PE, Dunn G, Jenkins R., et al The influence of age and sex on the prevalence of depressive conditions: report from the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Psychosom Med 1998;28:9-19.
40. Blazer DG, Hughes DC, George LK The epidemiology of depression in an elderly community population. Gerontologist 1987;27:281-287.
41. Goldberg EL, Van Natta P, Comstock GW Depressive symptoms, social networks and social support of elderly women. Am J Epidemiol 1985; 121:448-456.
42. Murrell SA, Himmelfarb S, Wright K. Prevalence of depression and its correlates in older adults. Am J Epidemiol 1983;117:173-185.
43. Meyers BS, Kalayam B, Mei-Tal V. Late-onset delusional depression: a distinct clinical entity? J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:347-349.
44. Koenig HG, Kvale JN, Ferrel C. Religion and well-being in later life. Gerontologist 1988;28:18-28.
45. Koenig HG, Cohen HJ, Blazer D.G., et al Religious coping and depression in elderly hospitalized medically ill men. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149: 1693-1700.
46. Braam AW, Beekman ATF, Deeg DJH, et al Religiosity as a protective or prognostic factor of depression in later life; results from the community survey in the Netherlands. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997;96:199-205.
47. Koenig HG, George LK, Peterson BL Religiosity and remission from depression in medically ill older patients. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155:536-542.
48. Koenig HG. The Healing Power of Faith. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
49. Sheikh JI, Yesavage JA Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS): recent evidence and development of a shorter version. In: Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention. New York: Haworth, 1986:165-173.
50. Beekman AT, Deeg DJ, Braam A.W., Smit JH, Van Tilburg, W. Consequences of major and minor depression in later life: a study of disability, well-being and service delivery. Psychol Med 1997;27:1397-1409.
51. Weissman MM, Leaf PJ, Tischler G.L., et al Affective disorders in five United States communities. Psychol Med 1988;18:141-153.
52. De Alarcon R. Hypochondriasis and depression in the aged. Gerontology. 1964;6:266-277.
53. Beck AT, Rush J, Shaw B., et al Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford, 1979.
54. Lewinsohn P. A behavioral approach to depression. In: Friedman R, Katz M, eds. The Psychology of Depression: Contemporary Theory and Research. New York: Wiley, 1974:157-176.
55. Klerman GL, Weissman MM, Rounsaville B.J., et al, eds. Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Depression. New York: Basic Books, 1984.
56. Arean PA, Perri MG, Nezu A.M., et al Comparative effectiveness of social problem-solving therapy and reminiscence therapy as treatments for depression in older adults. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993;61:1003-1010.
57. Myers WA. New Techniques in the Psychotherapy of Older Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1991.
58. Nies A, Robinson DS, Friedman M.J., et al Relationship between age and tricyclic antidepressant pharmacokinetics and plasma levels. Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:790-793.
59. Tyrer P, Murphy S. The place of benzodiazepines in psychiatric practice. Br J Psychiatry 1987;151:719-723.
60. Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, Abernathy DR Current status of ben zodiazepines: clinical use of benzodiazepines. N Engl J Med 1983;309:410-416.
61. Abrams R. Electroconvulsive Therapy, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
62. Salzman C. Electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1982;5:191-197.
63. Zervas IM, Calev A, Jandorf L. Age-dependent effects of electroconvulsive therapy on memory. Convulsive Ther 1993;9:39-42.
64. Baldwin RC, Jolley DJ The prognosis of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1986;149:574-583.
65. Post F. The management and nature of depressive illness in late life: a followthrough study. Br J Psychiatry 1972;121:393-404.
66. Murphy E, Smith R, Lindesay J., et al Increased mortality rates in late-life depression. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:347-353.
67. Murphy E. The prognosis of depression in old age. Br J Psychiatry 1983;142:111-119.
68. Black DW, Warrack G, Winokur G. The Iowa record-linkage study II: excess mortality among patients with organic mental disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1885;42:78-81.
69. Fields SD, Mackenzie DR, Charlson M.E., et al Cognitive impairment: can it predict the course of hospitalized patients? J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34:579-585.
70. Guze SB, Cantwell DP The prognosis in "organic brain" syndromes. Am J Psychiatr 1964;120:878-881.
71. Guze SB, Daengsurisri S. Organic brain syndromes: prognostic significance in general medical patients. Arch Gen Psychiatr 1967;17:365-366.
72. Rabins PV, Folstein MF Delirium and dementia: diagnostic criteria and fatality rates. Br J Psychiatr 1982;140:149-153.
73. Roth M. The natural history of mental disorder in old age. J Ment Sci 1955;101:281-303.
74. Trzepacz PT, Teague GB, Lipowski ZJ Delirium and other organic mental disorders in a general hospital. Gen Hosp Psychiatr 1985;7:101-106.
75. Williams M, Campbell EB, Raynor W.J., et al Predictors of acute confusional states in hospitalized elderly patients. Res Nurs Health 1985;8:31-40.
76. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical Abstract of the United States, 116th ed. Washington, DC: 1996:165.
77. Elie M, Cole MG, Primeau F.J., Bellavance F. Delirium risk factors in elderly hospitalized patients. J Gen Intern Med 1998;13:204-212.
78. Foreman MD. Confusion in the hospitalized elderly: incidence, onset and associated factors. Res Nurs Health 1989;12:21-29.
79. Gustafson Y, Berggen D, Brannstrom B., et al Acute confusional states in elderly patients treated for femoral fracture. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988; 36:525-530.
80. Rogers MP, Liang MH, Daltroy L.H., et al Delirium after elective orthopedic surgery: risk factors and natural history. Int J Psychiatr Med 1989;19:109-121.
81. Schor J, Levkoff SE, Lipsitz L.A., et al Risk factors for delirium in hospitalized elderly. JAMA 1992;267:827-831.
82. Inouye SK. The dilemma of delirium: clinical and research controversies regarding diagnosis and evaluation of delirium in hospitalized elderly medical patients. Am J Med 1994;97:278-288.
83. Koponen H, Partanen J, Paakkonen A., et al EEG spectral analysis in delirium. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:980-985.
84. Foy A, O'Connell D, Henry D, et al Benzodiazepine use as a cause of cognitive impairment in elderly hospital inpatients. J Gerontol Med Sci 1995;50A: M99-M106.
85. Marcantonio ER, Goldman L, Mangione C.M., et al A clinical prediction rule for delirium after elective noncardiac surgery. JAMA 1994;271:134-139.
86. Bates DW, Cullen DJ, Laird N, et al Incidence of adverse drug events and potential adverse drug events: implications for prevention. JAMA 1995; 274:29-34.
87. Lindley CM, Tully MP, Paramsothy V, et al Inappropriate medication is a major cause of adverse drug reactions in elderly patients. Age Ageing 1992;21:294-300.
88. Brook RH, Kamberg CJ, Mayer-Oakes A, et al Appropriateness of acute medical care for the elderly: an analysis of the literature. Health Policy 1990;14:225-242.
89. Owens NJ, Sherburne NJ, Silliman R.A., et al The Senior Care Study: the optimal use of medications in acutely ill older patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:1082-1087.
90. Millar HR. Psychiatric morbidity in elderly surgical patients. Br J Psychiatry 1981;38:17-20.
91. Flint FJ, Richards SM Organic basis of confusional states in the elderly. Br Med J 1956;2:1537-1539.
92. Sirois F. Delirium: 100 cases. Can J Psychiatry 1988;33:375-378.
93. Seymour DG, Henschke RD, Cape T, et al Acute confusional states and dementia in the elderly: the role of dehydration/volume depletion, physical illness and age. Age Ageing 1980;8:137-146.
94. Sier HC, Hartnell J, Morley J.E., et al Primary hyperparathyroidism and delirium in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1988;36:157-170.
95. Blackburn T, Dunn M. Cystocerebral syndrome: acute urinary retention presenting as confusion in elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150:2577-2578.
96. Creditor MC. Hazards of hospitalization of the elderly. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:219-223.
97. Lazarus BA, Murphy JB, Colletta E.M., et al The provision of physical activity to hospitalized elderly patients. Arch Intern Med 1991;51: 2452-2456.
98. Becker PM, McVey LJ, Saltz C.C., et al Hospital-acquired complications in a randomized controlled clinical trial of a geriatric consultation team. JAMA 1982;257:2313-2317.
99. Steel K, Gertman PM, Crescenzi C, et al Iatrogenic illness on a general medicine service at a university hospital. N Engl J Med 1981;304:638-642.
100. Trzepacz PT. Is there a final common neural pathway in delirium? Focus on acetylcholine and dopamine. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry 2000;5:132-148.
101. Van der Mast RC. Pathophysiology of delirium. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1998;11:138-145.
102. McIntosh TK, Bush HL, Yeston N.S., et al Beta-endorphin, cortisol, and postoperative delirium: a preliminary report. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985;10:303-313.
103. Blass JP, Gibson GE, Duffy T.E., et al Cholinergic dysfunction: a common denominator in metabolic encephalopathies. In: Pepeu G, Ladinsky H, eds. Cholinergic Mechanisms. New York: Plenum Press, 1981:921-928.
104. Flacker JM, Lipsitz LA Large neutral amino acid changes and delirium in febrile elderly medical patients. J Gerontol Biol Sci 2000;55A: B249-B252.
105. Liptzin B, Levkoff SE An empirical study of delirium subtypes. Br J Psychiatry 1992;161:843-845.
106. van Hemert A.M., van der Mast RC, Hengeveld MW, et al. Excess mortality in general hospital patients with delirium: a 5-year follow-up of 519 patients seen in psychiatric consultation. J Psychosom Res 1994;38(4)339-346.
107. Murray AM, Levkoff SE, Wetle T.T., et al Acute delirium and functional decline in the hospitalized elderly patients. J Gerontol Med Sci 1993;48: M181-M186.
108. Rockwood K, Cosway S, Stolee P., et al Increasing the recognition of delirium in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:252-256.
109. Thomas RI, Cameron DJ, Fahs MC A prospective study of delirium and prolonged hospital stay: exploratory study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45:937-940.
110. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
111. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, Balkin S, Siegal AP, Horwitz RI Clarifying confusion: the Confusion Assessment Method; a new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:941-948.
112. Williams-Russo P., Urquhart BL, Sharrock N.E., et al Post-operative delirium: predictors and prognosis in elderly orthopedic patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1992;40:759-767.
113. Brannstron B, Gustafson Y, Norberg A., et al ADL performance and dependency on nursing care in patients with hip fractures and acute confusion in a task allocation care system. Scand J Caring Sci 1988;5:3-11.
114. Molloy DW, Alemayehu E, Roberts R. A standardized Mini-Mental State Examination (SMMSE): its reliability compared to the traditional MiniMental Sate Examination (MMSE). Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:102-105.
115. Inouye SK. Delirium and other mental status problems in the older patients. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 2004:19-22.
116. Kennedy GJ. Geriatric Mental Health Care: A Treatment Guide for Health Professionals. New York: Guilford, 2000:48.
117. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST, Charpentier P.A., et al A multicomponent intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients. N Engl J Med 1999; 340:669-676.