Handling emotions in human-computer dialogues

Handling Emotions in Human-Computer Dialogues

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-276

  Pittermann, Johannes ^a   Pittermann, Angela ^a   Minker, Wolfgang ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ULM   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889783228     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-3129-7     Document Type: Book

References (438)

1. Abdennaher S, Aly M, Bühler D, Minker W, Pittermann J (2007) BECAM tool-A semi-automatic tool for bootstrapping emotion corpus annotation and management. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Antwerp, Belgium
2. Abdi H, Valentin D, Edelman B (1999) Neural networks. Sage, Newbury Park, USA
3. Abelin A, Allwood J (2000) Cross linguistic interpretation of emotional prosody. In Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
4. Abrilian S, Devillers L, Buisine S, Martin J-C (2005) EmoTV1: Annotation of real-life emotions for the specification of multimodal affective interfaces. In: 11th international conference on human-computer interaction (HCII'2005), Las Vegas, USA
5. Ai H, Litman DJ, Forbes-Riley K, Rotaru M, Tetreault J, Purandare A (2006) Using system and user performance features to improve emotion detection in spoken tutoring dialogues. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 797-800
6. Alexandris C, Fotinea S-E (2004) Reusing language resources for speech applications involving emotion In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1383-1386
7. Allen J (1995) Natural Language Understanding. Benjamin Cummings, Menlo Park, USA
8. Alm CO, Sproat R (2005) Perceptions of emotions in expressive storytelling. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 533-536
9. Alter K, Rank E, Kotz SA, Pfeifer E, Besson M, Friederici AD, Matiasek J (1999) On the relations of semantic and acoustic properties of emotions. In: International congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), San Francisco, USA
10. Alter K, Rank E, Kotz SA, Toepel U, Besson M, Schirmer A, Friederici AD (2000) Accentuation and emotions-Two different systems? In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
11. Alvarez Martínez C, Barrientos Cruz A (2005) Emotion recognition in non-structured utterances for human-robot interaction. In: IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, Nashville, USA, pp 19-23
12. Amir N, Ron S, Laor N (2000) Analysis of an emotional speech corpus in Hebrew based on objective criteria. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
13. Andersson G, Paiva A, Arafa Y, Piedade M, Botelho L, Ramos P, Mourão D, Sengers P (2002) Shell for affective user modelling. SAFIRA Deliverable D3.2
14. André E (2000) The generation of multimedia presentations. In: Dale R, Moisl H, Somers H (eds) Handbook of natural language processing. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, pp 305-327
15. André E, Rehm M, Minker W, Bühler D (2004) Endowing spoken language dialogue systems with emotional intelligence. In: Tutorial and Research Workshop Affective Dialogue Systems, Irsee, Germany, pp 178-187
16. Androutsopoulos I, Aretoulaki M (2003) Natural language interaction. In: Mitkov R (ed) Handbook of computational linguistics, chapter 35. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp 629-649
17. Ang J, Dhillon R, Krupski A, Shriberg E, Stolcke A (2002) Prosody-based automatic detection of annoyance and frustration in human-computer dialog. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2037-2040
18. Anscombe E, Geach P (1970) Descartes philosophical writings. The Open University, Nelson
19. Arnold M (1960) Emotion and personality. Columbia University Press, New York, USA
20. Aubergé V, Audibert N, Rilliard A (2003) Why and how to control the authentic emotional speech corpora. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 185-188
21. Averill JR (1980) A constructivist view of emotion. In: Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds) Emotion: Theory, research and experience, vol 1. Academic, New York, USA, pp 305-339
22. Azzini I, Falavignat D, Gretter R, Lanzola G, Orlandi M (2001) First Steps Toward an Adaptive Spoken Dialogue System in Medical Domain. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark, pp 1327-1330
23. Baken RJ, Orlikoff RF (2000) Clinical measurements of speech and voice. Singular Thomson learning, San Diego, USA
24. Bakis R (1976) Continuous speech word recognition via centisecond acoustic states. In: Proceedings of the 91st annual meeting of the acoustical society America, Washington DC, USA
25. Banse R, Scherer KR (1996) Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. J Person Soc Psychol 70(3):614-636
26. Bard P (1934) On emotional expression after decortication with some remarks on certain theoretical views. Part II. Psychol Rev 41:424-449
27. Bartels A, Sendlmeier WF, Rolfes M, Burkhardt F (2006) Emo-DB. http://pascal.kgw.tu-berlin.de/emodb/
28. Batliner A, Fischer K, Huber R, Spilker J, Nöth E (2000) Desperately seeking emotions or: Actors, wizards, and human beings. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
29. Batliner A, Hacker C, Steidl S, Nöth E, D'Arcy S, Russell M, Wong LP (2004a) "You stupid tin box"-Children interacting with the AIBO robot: A cross-linguistic emotional speech corpus. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 171-174
30. Batliner A, Hacker C, Steidl S, Nöth E, Haas J (2004b) User states, user strategies, and system performance: How to match the one with the other. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 171-174
31. Batliner A, Steidl S, Hacker C, Nöth E, Niemann H (2005) Private emotions vs. social interaction-towards new dimensions in research on emotion. In: Carberry S, de Rosis F (eds) Proceedings of the workshop on adapting the interaction style to affective factors at UM'05, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
32. Baum LE, Eagon JA (1967) An inequality with applications to statistical estimation for probalistic functions of markov processes and to a model for ecology. Am Math Soc Bull 73:360-363
33. Baum LE, Petrie T, Soules G, Weiss N (1970) A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains. Ann Math Stat 41(1):164-171
34. Baum LE, Sell GR (1968) Growth functions for transformations on manifolds. Pac J Math 27:211-227
35. Beller G, Marty A (2006) Talkapillar: Outil d'analyse de corpus oraux. In: Rencontres Jeunes Rechercheurs RJC-ED268, Paris, France
36. Benyon D, Turner P, Turner S (2005) Designing interactive systems: People, activities, contexts, technologies. Addison-Wesley, Harlow, United Kingdom
37. Beringer N, Kartal U, Louka K, Schiel F, Türk U (2002) PROMISE-A procedure for multimodal interactive system evaluation. In: Proceedings of the LREC workshop on multimodal resources and multimodal systems evaluation, Las Palmas, Spain, pp 77-80
38. Bernsen NO, Dybkjær H, Dybkjær L (1994) Wizard of Oz prototyping: How and when? In: CCI working papers in cognitive science and HCI, WPCS-94-1. Centre for Cognitive Science, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
39. Boersma P (2001) Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot Int 5(9/10):341-345
40. Boersma P (2002) Praat Website. http://www.praat.org/
41. Bogert BP, Healy MJR, Tukey JW (1963) The quefrency alanysis of time series for echoes: Cep-strum, pseudo-autocovariance, cross-cepstrum, and Saphe cracking. In: Rosenblatt M (ed) Proceedings of the symposium on time series analysis, Providence, USA, pp 209-243
42. Bolinger D (1989) Intonation and its uses. Stanford University Press, Stanford, USA
43. Bosma W, André E (2004) Exploiting emotions to disambiguate dialogue acts. In: International conference on intelligent user interfaces (IUI), ACM Press, Funchal, Portugal, pp 85-92
44. Bourgeois J (2005) An LMS viewpoint on the local stability of second order blind source separation. In: IEEE workshop on statistical signal processing, Bordeaux, France, pp 1096-1101
45. Bourgeois J, Freudenberger J, Lathoud G (2005) Implicit control of noise canceller for speech enhancement. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 2065-2068
46. Braun A, Katerbow M (2005) Emotions in dubbed speech: An intercultural approach with respect to F0. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 521-524
47. Brennan SE, Hulteen EA (1995) Interaction and feedback in a spoken language system: A theoretical framework. Knowl Syst 9:143-151
48. Brown P, Levinson SC (1987) Politeness-Some universals in language Use. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
49. Bühler D, Hamerich SW (2005) Towards VoiceXML compilation for portable embedded applications in ubiquitous environments. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 3397-4000
50. Bühler D, Riegler M (2005) Integrating dialogue management and domain reasoning. In: Proceedings of SPECOM, Patras, Greece, pp 409-412
51. Bui TH, Zwiers J, Poel M, Nijholt A (2006) Toward affective dialogue modeling using partially observable Markov decision processes. In: Proceedings of workshop emotion and computing, 29th annual German conference on artificial intelligence, Bremen, Germany
52. Burkhardt F, Ajmera J, Englert R, Stegmann J, Burleson W (2006a) Detecting anger in automated voice portal dialogs. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1053-1056
53. Burkhardt F, Audibert N, Malatesta L, Türk O, Arslan L, Aubergé V (2006b) Emotional prosody-Does culture make a difference? In: 3rd international conference on speech prosody, Dresden, Germany, pp 245-248
54. Burkhardt F, Paeschke A, Rolfes M, Sendlmeier WF, Weiss B (2005) A database of german emotional speech. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1517-1520
55. Burton RR (1976) Semantic grammar: An engineering technique for constructing natural language understanding systems. Technical report 3353, Bolt Beranek & Newman, Inc, Cambridge, USA
56. Burzio L (1993) English stress, vowel length, and modularity. J Linguist 29(2):359-418
57. Busso C, Narayanan S (2006) Interplay between linguistic and affective goals in facial expression during emotional utterances. In: Proceedings of 7th international seminar on speech production (ISSP), Ubatuba, Brazil, pp 549-556
58. Campbell JP (1997) Speaker recognition: A tutorial. Proc IEEE 85(9):1437-1462
59. Campbell N (2000) Databases of emotional speech. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
60. Campbell N (2002) The Recording of emotional speech-JST/CREST database research. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), vol 6. Las Palmas, Spain, pp 2029-2032
61. Campbell N, Devillers L, Douglas-Cowie E, Aubergé V, Batliner A, Tao J (2006) Resources for the processing of affect in interactions. In: ELRA (ed) International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC) Genova, Italy, pp 25-28
62. Cannon WB (1927) The James-Lange theory of emotion: A critical examination and an alternative theory. Am J Psychol 39:106-124
63. Carletta JC (1996) Assessing the reliability of subjective codings. Computat Ling 22(2):249-254
64. Carlson R, Granström B (1977) Speech synthesis. In: Hardcastle WJ, Laver J (eds) The handbook of phonetic sciences. Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom, pp 768-788
65. Carofiglio V, de Rosis F (2005) In favour of cognitive models of emotions. In: Workshop on mind-minding agents at AISB, Hatfield, United Kingdom
66. Carofiglio V, de Rosis F, Grassano R (2002) Mixed emotion modeling. In: Proceedings of the AISB02 symposium on animating expressive characters for social interactions, London, United Kingdom, pp 5-10. The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour
67. Carofiglio V, de Rosis F, Grassano R (2003) Dynamic models of mixed emotion activation. In: Cañamero L, Aylett R (eds) Animating expressive characters for social interactions. John Benjamins, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
68. Cauldwell RT (2000) Where did the anger go? The role of context in interpreting emotion in speech. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
69. Chateau N, Maffiolo V, Blouin C (2004) Analysis of emotional speech in voice mail messages: The influence of speakers' gender. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
70. Chu S-W, O'Neill I, Hanna P, McTear M (2005) An approach to multi-strategy dialogue management. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 865-868
71. Chuang Z-J, Wu C-H (2004) Emotion recognition using acoustic features and textual content. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME), vol 1. Taipei, Taiwan, pp 53-56
72. Chung S (2000) L'expression et la perception de l'émotion extraite de la parole spontanée: Evidences du coréen et de l'anglais. PhD thesis Université, de la Sorbonne Nouvelle, Paris III
73. Clavel C, Vasilescu I, Devillers L, Ehrette T (2004) Fiction Database for Emotion Detection in Abnormal Situations. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
74. Clavel C, Vasilescu I, Devillers L, Ehrette T, Richard G (2006) Fear-type emotions of the SAFE corpus: Annotation issues. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1099-1104
75. Cohen J (1960) A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educ Psychol Measure 20:37-40
76. Cohen MH, Giangola JP, Balogh J (2004) Voice user interface design. Addison-Wesley, Harlow, United Kingdom
77. Cohen PR (1995) Empirical methods for artificial intelligence. MIT Press, Boston, USA
78. Conati C, Gertner A, VanLehn K (2002) Using Bayesian networks to manage uncertainty in student modeling. J User Model User-Adapted Interact 12(4):371-417
79. Cornelius RR (2000) Theoretical approaches to emotion. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
80. Cowie R (2000) Describing the emotional states expressed in speech. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
81. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E (1996) Automatic statistical analysis of the signal and prosodic signs of emotion in speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), vol 3. Philadelphia, USA, pp 1989-1992
82. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Apolloni B, Taylor J, Romano A, Fellenz W (1999a) What a neural net needs to know about emotion words. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IMACS international multiconference on circuits, systems, communications and computers (CSCC '99), Athens, Greece, pp 5311-5316
83. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Cox C, Cemgil AT (2004) D09: Final version of non-verbal speech parameter extraction module. ERMIS project IST-2000-29319
84. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Romano A (1999b) Changing emotional tone in dialogue and its prosodic correlates. In: ESCA tutorial and research workshop on dialogue and prosody, Veldoven, the Netherlands, pp 41-46
85. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Savvidou S, McMahon E, Sawey M, Schröder M (2000) "Feeltrace": An instrument for recording perceived emotion in real time. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
86. Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Tsapatsoulis N, Votsis G, Kollias SD, Fellenz WA, Taylor JG (2001) Emotion recognition in human-computer interaction. IEEE Signal Proc Mag 12:32-80
87. Cowie R, Schröder M (2004) Piecing together the emotion jigsaw. In: Workshop on multimodal interaction and related machine learning algorithms (MLMI04), Martigny, Switzerland, pp 305-317
88. Craggs R (2004) Annotating emotion in dialogue-Issues and approaches. In: 7th annual CLUK research colloquium, Birmingham, United Kingdom
89. Craggs R, McGee Wood M (2003) Annotating emotion in dialogue. In: Proceedings of the 4th SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue, Sapporo, Japan
90. Cristiani N, Shawe-Taylor J (2000) An introduction to support vector machines and other kernel-based learning methods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
91. Crystal D (1969) Prosodic systems and intonation in English. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
92. D'Alessandro C, Mertens P (1995) Automatic pitch contour stylization using a model of tonal perception. Comput Speech Lang 9(3):257-288
93. Dan-Ning Jiang L-HC (2004) Classifying emotion in Chinese speech by decomposing prosodic features. In: International conference on speech and language processin (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
94. Darwin C (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London, United Kingdom
95. Dasarathy BV (1991) Nearest neighbor (NN) norms: NN pattern classification techniques. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos, USA
96. De Mori R (1998) Spoken dialogue with computers. Academic Press, Orlando, USA
97. Dellaert F, Polzin T, Waibel A (1996) Recognizing emotion in speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Philadelphia, USA, pp 1970-1973
98. Deller Jr. JR, Proakis JG, Hansen JH (1993) Discrete-time processing of speech signals. Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, USA
99. Delorme F, Lehuen J (2003) Dialog planning and domain knowledge modeled in terms of tasks and methods-A flexible framework for dialog managing. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on methodologies for intelligent systems, Maebashi City, Japan, pp 689-693
100. Descartes (1649) Les Passions de l'âme. Paris, France
101. Devillers L, Cowie R, Martin J-C, Douglas-Cowie E, Abrilian S, McRorie M (2006) Real life emotions in French and English TV video clips: An integrated annotation protocol combining continous and discrete approaches. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1105-1110
102. Devillers L, Lamel L, Vasilescu I (2003) Emotion detection in task-oriented spoken dialogues. In: proceedings of the IEEE international conference on multimedia and expo (ICME), vol 3. Baltimore, USA, pp 549-552
103. Devillers L, Vasilescu I, Lamel L (2002) Annotation and detection of emotion in a task-oriented human-human dialog corpus. In: ISLE Workshop on dialogue tagging, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
104. Douglas-Cowie E, Cowie R, Schröder M (2000) A new emotion database: Considerations, sources and scope. In: proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
105. Duff D, Gates B, LuperFoy S (1996) An architecture for spoken dialogue management. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), vol 2. Philadelphia, USA, pp 1025-1028
106. Durbin R, Eddy SR, Krogh A, Mitchison G (1999) Biological sequence analysis: Probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
107. Dybkjær L, Bernsen NO (2001) Usability evaluation in spoken language dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the ACL workshop on evaluation methodologies for language and dialogue systems, Toulouse, France, pp 9-18
108. Ecma International (1999) ECMAScript language specification. ECMA Standard 262, 3rd Edition
109. Ecma International (2005) ECMAScript for XML (E4X) specification. ECMA Standard 357, 2nd Edition
110. Ekman P (1977) Biological and cultural contributions to body and facial movement. In: Blacking J (ed) The anthropology of the body. Academic, London, United Kingdom, pp 34-84
111. Ekman P (1992) An argument for basic emotions. Cogn Emot 6(3-4):169-200
112. Ekman P (1999) Basic emotions. In: Dalgleish T, Power M (eds) Handbook of cognition and emotion. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., New York, USA, pp 301-320
113. Ekman P, Friesen WV, Ellsworth P (1982) What emotion categories or dimensions can observers judge from facial behaviour? In: Ekman P (ed) Emotion in the human face. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp 39-55
114. Engberg IS, Hansen AV, Andersen O, Dalsgaard P (1997) Design, recoding and verification of a danish emotional speech database. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Rhodes, Greece, pp 1695-1698
115. Fakotakis N (2004) Corpus design, recording and phonetic analysis of Greek emotional database. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1391-1394
116. Fallside F, Woods WA (1985) Computer speech processing. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, USA
117. Fék M, Németh G, Olaszy G, Gordos G (2004) Design of a hungarian emotional database for speech analysis and synthesis. In: Proceedings of affective dialogue systems, tutorial and research workshop, ADS 2004, Kloster Irsee, Germany, pp 113-116
118. Feldman JA, Ballard DH (1982) Connectionist models and their properties. Cogn Sci 6(3):205-254
119. Fernandez R, Picard RW (2003) Modeling drivers' speech under stress. Speech Commun 40: 145-149
120. Fillmore CJ (1968) The case for case. In: Bach E, Harms R (eds) Universals in linguistic theory. Holt, Rhinehart and Winston, New York, USA, pp 1-88
121. Fiscus JG (1997) A post-processing system to yield reduced word error rates: Recogniser output voting error reduction (ROVER). In: Proceedings of the IEEE workshop on automatic speech recognition and understanding, Santa Barbara, USA, pp 347-352
122. Fleiss JL (1971) Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychol Bull 76(5): 378-382
123. Forbes-Riley KM, Litman DJ (2004) Predicting emotion in spoken dialogue from multiple knowledge sources. In: Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the north american chapter of the association for computational linguistics (NAACL-HLT) 201-208
124. Fotinea S-E, Bakamidis S, Athanaselis T, Dologlou I, Carayannis G, Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Fragopanagos NF, Taylor JG (2003) Emotion in speech: Towards an integration of linguistic, paralinguistic, psychological analysis. In: Joint international conference ICANN/ICONIP, Istanbul, Turkey, pp 1125-1132
125. Fox NA (1992) If it's not left it's right. Am Psychol 46:863-872
126. France DJ, Shiavi RG, Silverman S, Silverman M, Wilkes DM (2000) Acoustical properties of speech as indicators of depression and suicidal risk. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 47(7):829-837
127. Frederking RE (1996) Grice's maxims: Do the right thing. In: Working notes of the AAAI'96 spring symposium on computational implicature: Computational approaches to interpreting and generating conversational implicature, Palo Alto, USA, pp 21-26
128. Freund Y, Schapire RE (1997) A decision-theoretic generalization of on-line learning and an application to boosting. J Comput Syst Sci 55(1):119-139
129. Frijda NH (1970) Emotion and recognition of emotion. In: Arnold M (ed) Feelings and emotions. Academic, New York, USA
130. Frijda NH (1986) The emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
131. Fujisawa T, Cook ND (2004) Identifying emotion in speech prosody using acoustical cues of harmony. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
132. Gharavian D, Ahadi SM (2005) The effect of emotion on Farsi speech parameters: A statistical evaluation. In: Proceedings of SPECOM, Patras, Greece, pp 463-466
133. Gibbon D, Lüngen H (1999) Consistent vocabularies for spoken language machine translation systems. In: Multilinguale Corpora. Codierung, Strukturierung, Analyse, Frankfurt, Germany, pp 169-178
134. Glass J, Goddeau D, Hetherington L, McCandless M, Pao C, Phillips M, Polifroni J, Seneff S, Zue V (1995) The MIT ATIS system: December 1994 progress report. In: Proceedings of the ARPA spoken language systems technology workshop, Austin, USA
135. Glass J, Seneff S (2003) Flexible and personalizable mixed-initiative dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the HLT-NAACL 2003 workshop on research directions in dialogue processing, Edmonton, Canada
136. Gmytrasiewicz PJ, Lisetti CL (2000) Using decision theory to formalize emotions for multi-agent system applications: Preliminary report. In: 4th international conference on multi-agent systems, Boston, USA, pp 391-392
137. González-Bernal JA, López-López A, Muñoz-Arteaga J, Montes y Gómez M, Reyes-García CA, Villaseñor-Pineda L (2002) Natural language dialogue system for information retrieval. In: Proceedings of the international workshop on research and development of human communication technologies for conversational interaction and learning, Puebla, Mexico
138. Gorin AL, Riccardi G, Wright JH (1997) How may I help you? Speech Commun 23(1/2):113-127
139. Gratch J, Marcella S (2004) A domain-independent framework for modeling emotion. J Cogn Syst Res 5(4):269-306
140. Gray JA (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom
141. Greasley P, Sherrard C, Waterman M (2000) Emotion in language and speech: Methodological issues in naturalistic approaches. Lang Speech 43:355-375
142. Grice HP (1975) Logic and conversation. In: Cole P, Morgan JL (eds) Syntax and semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts. Academic, New York, USA, pp 41-58
143. Gussenhoven C (2004) The phonology of tone and intonation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
144. Gutiérrez-Arriola JM, Montero JM, Vallejo JA, Córdoba R, San-Segundo R, Pardo JM (2001) A new multi-speaker formant synthesizer that applies voice conversion techniques. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark, pp 357-360
145. Hagen E, Popowich F (2000) Flexible speech act based dialogue management. In: Dybkjær L, Hasida K Traum D (eds) Proceedings of the first SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue. Association for computational linguistics, Somerset, NJ, pp 131-140
146. Hajdinjak M, Mihelic F (2006) The Paradise evaluation framework: Issues and findings. Computat Linguist 32(2):263-272
147. Hansen JH, Bou-Ghazale SE, Sarikaya R, Pellom B (1998) Getting started with the SUSAS: Speech under simulated and actual stress database. Technical report RSPL-98-10, Robust Speech Processing Laboratory, Duke University, Durham, USA
148. Hassel L, Hagen E (2005) Adaptation of an automotive dialogue system to users' expertise. In: 6th SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue, Lisbon, Portugal, pp 222-226
149. Henton C (2005) Bitter pills to swallow. ASR and TTS have drug problems. Int J Speech Technol 8(3):247-257
150. Hermansky H (1990) Perceptual linear predictive (PLP) analysis of speech. J Acoust Soc Am 87(4):1738-1752
151. Hermansky H, Morgan N (1994) RASTA processing of speech. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 2(4):578-589
152. Hillard D, Hoffmeister B, Ostendorf M, Schlüter R, Ney H (2007) iROVER: Improving system combination with classification. In: Proceedings of the human language technology conference of the north American chapter of the association for computational linguistics (NAACL-HLT), Rochester, USA, pp 44-51
153. 0 contours using generation process model for emotional speech synthesis. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
154. Holzapfel H, Fügen C, Denecke M, Waibel A (2002) Integrating emotional cues into a framework for dialogue management. In: proceedings of the international conference on multimodal interfaces, Pittsburgh, USA, pp 141-148
155. Howard RA (1971) Dynamic probabilistic systems, Vol 1: Markov chains. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, USA
156. Hunt A, McGlashan S (2004) Speech recognition grammar specification, Version 1.0. http://www.w3.org/TR/speech-grammar/
157. Hurtado LF, Griol D, Segarra E, Sanchis E (2006) A stochastic approach for dialog management based on neural networks. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 49-52
158. Iida A, Campbell N, Higuchi F, Yasumura M (2003) A corpus-based speech synthesis system with emotion. Speech Commun 40:161-187
159. Ikehara S, Miyazaki M, Shirai S, Yokoo A, Nakaiwa H, Ogura K, et al (1999) A japanese lexicon. Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo, Japan
160. Ioannou SV, Raouzaiou AT, Tzouvaras VA, Mailis TP, Karpouzis KC, Kollias SD (2005) Emotion recognition through facial expression analysis based on a neurofuzzy network. Neural Networks 18:423-435
161. Iriondo I, Guaus R, Rodríguez A, Lázaro P, Montoya N, Blanco JM, Bernandas D, Oliver JM, Tena D, Longhi L (2000) Validation of an acoustical modelling of emotional expression in spanish using speech synthesis techniques. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
162. Isard SD, Miller DA (1986) Diphone synthesis techniques. In: Proceedings of IEE international conference on speech input/output, London, United Kingdom, pp 77-82
163. Ito A, Shimada K, Suzuki M, Makino S (2006) A user simulator based on VoiceXML for evaluation of spoken dialog systems. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1045-1048
164. ITU-T P.supp24 (2005) P-series recommendation-Supplement 24. Parameters describing the interaction with spoken dialogue systems
165. Iwai A, Yano Y, Okuma S (2004) Complex emotion recognition system for a specific user using SOM based on prosodic features. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
166. Izard CE (1971) The face of emotion. Appleton century crofts, New York, USA
167. James W (1884) What is an emotion? Mind, 9:188-205
168. Jelinek F, Lafferty J, Magerman DM, Ratnaparkhi A, Roukos S. (1994) Decision tree parsing using a hidden derivation model. In: Proceedings of the ARPA workshop on human language technology, pp 260-265
169. Jelinek F, Lafferty J, Mercer R (1992) Basic methods of probabilistic context free grammars. Speech recognition and understanding. Recent advances, 75:345-360
170. Jiang X, Tian L, Han M (2005) Separability and recognition of emotion states in multilingual speech. In: Proceedings of the international conference on communications, circuits and systems, vol 2. Hong Kong, China, pp 861-864
171. Johannesson R (1988) Informationsteori-Grundvalen för telekommunikation. Studenlitteratur AB, Lund, Sweden
172. Johnston M, Bangalole S, Vasireddy G, Stent A, Eblen P, Walker MA, Whittaker S, Maloor P (2002) MATCH: An architecture for multimodal dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the 40th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL2002), Philadelphia, USA, pp 376-383
173. Johnstone T, Scherer KR (1999) The effects of emotions on voice quality. In: International congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), San Francisco, USA, pp 2029-2032
174. Jokinen K, Kerminen A, Kaipainen M, Jauhiainen T, Wilcock G, Turunen M, Hakulinen J, Kuusisto J, Lagus K (2002) Adaptive dialogue systems-interaction with interact. In: Proceedings of the 3rd SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue, Philadelphia, USA, pp 64-73
175. Jönsson A, Dahlbäck N (2000) Distilling dialogues-A method using natural dialogue corpora for dialogue systems development. In: 6th applied natural language processing conference (ANLP), Seattle, USA, pp 44-51
176. Juang B-H, Rabiner LR (1991) Hidden markov models for speech recognition. Technometrics 33(3):251-272
177. Jun S-A (2005) Prosodic typology. The phonology of intonation and phrasing. Oxford University Press, New York, USA
178. Kalman RE (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Trans ASME J Basic Eng 82:35-45
179. Kamm C, Narayanan S, Dutton D, Ritenour R (1997) Evaluating spoken dialog systems for telecommunication systems. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EU-ROSPEECH), Rhodes, Greece, pp 22-25
180. Karlsson I (1999) Within-speaker variability in the VeriVox database. In: Proceedings of the twelfth swedish phonetics conference (Fonetik 99), number 81 in Gothenburg Papers in Theoretical Linguistics, Gothenburg, Sweden, pp 93-96
181. Kehrein R (2001) Linguistische und psychologische Aspekte der Erforschung des prosodischen Emotionsausdrucks. In: Germanische Linguistik (GL), 157-158:91-123
182. Kim EH, Hyun KH, Kwak YK (2005) Robust emotion recognition feature,
183. Kim I-S (2006) Automatic speech recognition: Reliability and pedagogical implications for teaching pronunciation. Educ Technol Soc 9(1):322-334
184. Kim J, André E (2006) Emotion recognition using physiological and speech signal in short-term observation. In: Tutorial and research workshop on perception and interactive technologies (PIT06), Irsee, Germany, pp 53-64
185. Kim KH, Bang SH, Kim SR (2004a) Emotion recognition system using short-term monitoring of physiological signals. Med Biol Eng Comput 42:419-427
186. Kim S-J, Kim K-K, Hahn M (2004b) Study on emotional speech features in Korean with its application to voice color conversion. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
187. Kipp M (2001) ANVIL-A generic annotation tool for multimodal dialogue. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark, pp 1367-1370
188. Klasmeyer G (1996) Perceptual cues for emotional speech. In: Workshop on the auditory basis of speech perception, Keele, United Kingdom, pp 154-157
189. Klasmeyer G, Johnstone T, Bänzinger T, Sappok C, Scherer KR (2000) Emotional voice variability in speaker verification. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
190. Kleinginna PR, Kleinginna AM (1981) A categorized list of emotion definitions, with suggestions for a consensual definition. Motivat Emot 5(4):345-359
191. Kochanski G, Grabe E, Coleman J, Rosner B (2005) Loudness predicts prominence: Fundamental frequency lends little. J Acoust Soc Am 118(2):1038-1054
192. Koike K, Suzuki H, Saito H (1998) Prosodic parameters in emotional speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Sydney, Australia, pp 679-682
193. Komatani K, Kawahara T (2000) Flexible mixed-initiative dialogue management using concept-level confidence measures of speech recognizer output. In: Proceedings of the 18th conference on computational linguistics, Saarbrücken, Germany, pp 467-473
194. Krahmer E, Landsbergen J, Pouteau X (1997) How to obey the 7 commandments for spoken dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the (E)ACL workshop on interactive spoken dialog systems, Madrid, Spain, pp 82-89
195. Kshirsagar S, Magnenat-Thalmann N (2002) A Multilayer Personality Model. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international symposium on smart graphics, Hawthorne, USA, pp 107-115
196. Kumar R, Rosé CP, Litman DJ (2006) Identification of confusion and surprise in spoken dialog using prosodic features. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1842-1845
197. Kwon O-W, Chan K, Hao J, Lee T-W (2003) Emotion recognition by speech signals. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 125-128
198. Ladd DR (1996) Intonational phonology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
199. Lamere P, Kwok P, Walker W, Gouvea E, Singh R, Raj B, Wolf P (2003) Design of the CMU Sphinx-4 decoder. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EURO-SPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 1191-1184
200. Lange CG (1885) Om Sindsbevægelser. Et psyko-fysiologisk Studie. Rasmussen, Copenhagen, Denmark
201. Larson JA (2001) VoiceXML 2.0 and the W3C Speech Interface Framework. In: IEEE Workshop on automatic speech recognition and understanding (ASRU), Madonna di Campiglio, Italy, pp 5-8
202. Larson JA (2002) VoiceXML: Introduction to developing speech applications. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, USA
203. Larsson S (2000) Godis Demo. http://www.ling.gu.se/leifg/WebDemos/godis2. 0a/
204. Larsson S, Berman A, Grönqvist L, Kronlid F (2002) TRINDIKIT 3.0 Manual, D6.4, Siridus Project
205. Larsson S, Traum D (2000) Information state and dialogue management in the TRINDI dialogue move engine toolkit. Nat Lang Eng 6:323-340
206. Laskowski K, Burger S (2006) Annotation and analysis of emotionally relevant behavior in the ISL meeting corpus. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1111-1116
207. Laukka P (2004) Vocal expression of emotion. PhD thesis, Uppsala University
208. Lazarus RS (1982) Thoughts on the relations between emotion and cognition. Am Psychol 37:1019-1024
209. Lazarus RS (1991) Emotion and adaptation. Oxford University Press, New York, USA
210. Lazarus RS, Smith CA (1988) Knowledge and appraisal in the cognition-emotion relationship. Cogn Emot 2:281-300
211. Lecœuche R (2001) Learning optimal dialogue management rules by using reinforcement learning and inductive logic programming. In: Proceedings of the 2nd meeting of the NAACL, Pittsburgh, USA
212. Lee CM, Narayanan S (2003) Emotion recognition using a data-driven fuzzy interference system. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 157-160
213. Lee CM, Yildirim S, Bulut M, Kazemzadeh A, Busso C, Deng Z, Lee S, Narayanan S (2004) Emotion recognition based on phoneme classes. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
214. Lee S, Bresch E, Adams J, Kazemzadeh A, Narayanan S (2006) A study of emotional speech articulation using a fast magnetic resonance imaging technique. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 2234-2237
215. Lee S, Yildirim S, Kazemzadeh A, Narayanan S (2005) An articulatory study of emotional speech production. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 497-500
216. Lefèvre F Gauvain J-L Lamel L (2001) Improving genericity for task-independent speech recognition. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark 1241-1244
217. Lesher GW, Moulton BJ, Higginbotham DJ (1999) Effects of ngram order and training text size on word prediction. In: Proceedings of the RESNA 1999 annual conference, Long Beach, USA, pp 52-54
218. Levenshtein VI (1966) Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, reversals. Sov Phys Doklady 10(8):707-710
219. Levin E, Narayanan S, Pieraccini R, Biatov K, Bocchieri E, Di Fabbrizio G, Eckert W, Lee S, Pokrovsky A, Rahim M, Ruscitti P, Walker M (2000a) The AT&T DARPA communicator mixed-initiative spoken dialog system. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Beijing, China, pp 122-125
220. Levin E, Pieraccini R (1995) "CHRONUS", the next generation. In: Proceedings of the DARPA Speech and Natural Language Workshop, Austin, USA, pp 269-271
221. Levin E, Pieraccini R, Eckert W (2000b) A Stochastic Model of Human Machine Interaction for Learning Dialog Strategies. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 8(1):11-23
222. Li J, Najmi A, Gray RM (2000) Image classification by a two-dimensional hidden Markov model. IEEE Trans Signal Process 48(2):517-533
223. Li Y, Zhao Y (1998) Recognizing Emotions in Speech Using Short-term and Long-term Features. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Sydney, Australia, pp 2255-2258
224. Linhard K, Haulick T (1999) Noise subtraction with parametric recursive gain curves. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Budapest, Hungary, pp 2611-2614
225. Lippmann RP (1997) Speech recognition by machines and humans. Speech Commun 22(1):1-15
226. Liscombe J, Riccardi G, Hakkani-Tür D (2005) Using context to improve emotion detection in spoken dialog systems. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1845-1848
227. Liscombe J, Venditti J, Hirschberg J (2003) Classifying subject ratings of emotional speech using acoustic features. In: Proceedings of the 8th European conference on speech communication and technology, Geneva, Switzerland, pp 725-728
228. Litman DJ, Kearns MS, Singh SB, Walker MA (2000) Automatic optimization of dialogue management. In: Proceedings of the 17th conference on computational linguistics, Saarbrücken, Germany, pp 502-508
229. Litman DJ, Pan S (2002) Designing and evaluating an adaptive spoken dialogue system. User Model User-Adapted Interact 12:111-137
230. Lopes Rodrigues LM, Carvalho M (2004) Emotional and motivational ITS architecture. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on advanced learning techniques (ICALT), Joensuu, Finland, pp 276-280
231. López-Jaquero V, Montero F, Fernández-Caballero A, Lozano MD (2005) Towards adaptive user interfaces generation. In: Camp O, Filipe JBL, Hammoudi S, Piattini M, (eds) Enterprise systems V. Springer, the Netherlands, pp 226-232
232. Luengo I, Navas E, Hernáez I, Sánchez J (2005) Automatic emotion recognition using prosodic parameters. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 493-496
233. Luper Foy S, Loehr D, Duff D, Miller K, Reeder F, Harper L (1998) An architecture for dialogue management, context tracking, pragmatic adaptation in spoken dialogue systems. In: Proceedings of the 17th international conference on computational linguistics, Montreal, Canada, pp 794-801.
234. Ma X, Lee H, Bird S, Maeda K (2002) Models and tools for collaborative annotation. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Las Palmas, Spain, pp 2066-2073
235. Macherey K, Ney H (2003) Features for tree based dialogue management. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 601-604
236. Makarova V, Petrushkin VA, Ruslana VA (2002) A database of russian emotional utterances. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2041-2044
237. Makhoul J (1975) Linear prediction: A tutorial review. Proc IEEE 63(4):561-580
238. Marin J-M, Mengersen K, Robert CP (2005) Bayesian modelling and inference on mixtures of distributions. In: Dey D, Dao CR (eds) Handbook of statistics, vol 25. Elsevier-Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
239. Markov AA (1907) Extension of the limit theorems of probability theory to a sum of variables connected in a chain (in Russian). Bulletin of the imperial academy of sciences, XXII. reprinted and translated to English in Appendix B of Howard (1971)
240. Martin J-C, Caridakis G, Devillers L, Karpouzis K, Abrilian S (2006) Manual annotation and automatic image processing of multimodal emotional behaviours: Validating the annotation of TV interviews. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1127-1132
241. Martinovski B, Traum D (2003) Breakdown in human-machine interaction: The error is the clue. In: Proceedings of the ISCA tutorial and research workshop on Error handling in dialogue systems, pp 11-16
242. Masters T (1994) Signal and image processing with neural networks. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, USA
243. Matsumoto K, Minato J, Ren F, Kuroiwa S (2005) Estimating human emotions using wording and sentence patterns. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on information acquisition, Hong Kong and Macau, China, pp 421-426
244. Matsunaga S, Sakaguchi S, Yamashita M, Miyahara S, Nishitani S, Shinohara K (2006) Emotion detection in infants' cries based on a maximum likelihood approach. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1834-1837
245. McCulloch W, Pitts W (1943) A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bull Math Biophys 7:115-133
246. McDougall W (1926) An introduction to social psychology. Luce, Boston, USA
247. McGilloway S, Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E (1995) Prosodic signs of emotion in speech: Preliminary results from a new technique for automatic statistical analysis. In: International congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), vol 1. Stockholm, Sweden, pp 250-253
248. McGilloway S, Cowie R, Douglas-Cowie E, Gielen S, Westerdijk M, and Stroeve S (2000) Approaching automatic recognition of emotion from voice: A rough benchmark. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
249. McMahon E, Cowie R, Kasderidis S, Taylor JG, Kollias S (2003) What chance that a DC could recognise hazardous mental states from sensor outputs? In: DC Tales, Santorini, Greece
250. McTear MF (2004) Spoken dialogue technology-Toward the conversational user interface. Springer, London, United Kingdom
251. Meng H, Pittermann J, Pittermann A, Minker W (2007) Combined speech-emotion recognition for spoken human-computer interfaces. In: IEEE international conference on signal processing and communications (ICSPC), Dubai, United Arab Emirates
252. Miceli M, de Rosis F, Poggi I (2006) Emotional and non-emotional persuasion. Appl Artif Intell Int J 20(10):849-879
253. Miller S, Bobrow R, Ingria R, Schwartz R (1994) Hidden understanding models of natural language. In: Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL1994), Las Cruces, USA, pp 25-32
254. Minker W, Albalate A, Bühler D, Pittermann A, Pittermann J, Strauss P-M, Zaykovskiy D (2006a) Recent trends in spoken language dialogue systems. In: ITI 4th international conference on information and communications technology (ICICT 2006), Cairo, Egypt
255. Minker W, Pittermann J, Pittermann A, Strauss P-M, Bühler D (2006b) Next-generation human-computer interfaces-Towards intelligent, adaptive and proactive spoken language dialogue systems. In:2nd IEE international conference on intelligent environments, Athens, Greece
256. Minker W, Waibel A, Mariani J (1999) Stochastically-based semantic analysis, vol 514 of The Kluwer international series in engineering and computer science. Kluwer, Boston, USA
257. Miwa H, Umetsu T, Takanishi A, Takanobu H (2000) Robot personalization based on the mental dynamics. In: IEEE/RSJ conference on intelligent robots and systems, vol 1, pp 8-14
258. Montero JM, Gutiérrez-Arriola J, Colás J, Macías-Guarasa J, Enríquez E, Pardo JM (1999) Development of an emotional speech synthesiser in spanish. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Budapest, Hungary, pp 2099-2102
259. Mowrer OH (1960) Learning theory and behaviour. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, New York, USA
260. Mozziconacci S. JL, Hermes DJ (1999) Role of intonation patterns in conveying emotion in speech. In: International congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), San Francisco, USA, pp 2001-2004
261. Nasoz F, Alvarez K, Lisetti CL, Finkelstein N (2003) Emotion recognition from physiological signals for presence technologies. Int J Cogn Technol Work 6(1):4-14
262. Nass C, Lee KM (2001) Does computer-synthesized speech manifest personality? Experimental tests of recognition, similarity-attraction, consistency-attraction. J Exper Psychol Appl 7(3):171-181
263. Navas E, Castelruiz A, Luengo I, Sánchez J, Hernáez I. (2004a) Designing and recording an audiovisual database of emotional speech in Basque. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1387-1390
264. Navas E, Hernaéz I, Castelruiz A, Luengo I (2004b) Obtaining and evaluating an emotional database for prosody modelling in standard Basque. In: Sojka P Kopec?ek I Pala K (eds) Proceedings of the 7th international conference on text, speech and dialogue (TSD). Springer, Brno, Czech Republic, pp 393-400
265. Navas E, Hernáez I, Luengo I (2006) An objective and subjective study of the role of semantics and prosodic features in buidling corpora for emotional TTS. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Proces 14(4):1117-1127
266. Neiberg D, Elenius K, Laskowski K (2006) Emotion recognition in spontaneous speech using GMMs. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 809-812
267. Nicholson J, Takahashi K, Nakatsu R (1999) Emotion recognition in speech using neural networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th international conference on neural information processing (ICONIP), vol 2. Perth, Australia, pp 495-501
268. Nisimura R, Omae S, Kawahara H, Irino T (2006) Analyzing dialogue data for real-world emotional speech classification. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1822-1825
269. Nogueiras A, Moreno A, Bonafonte A, no J. BM (2001) Speech emotion recognition using hidden Markov models. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EURO-SPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark, pp 2679-2682
270. Nuttall AH (1981) Some windows with very good sidelobe behavior. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Proces ASSP-29(1):84-91
271. Nwe TL, Wei FS, De Silva LC (2001) Speech based emotion classification. In: Proceedings of the IEEE region 10 international conference on electrical and electronic technology (TENCON), vol 1. Phuket Island, Singapore, pp 297-301
272. Oatley K, Jenkins JM (1996) Understanding emotions. Blackwell, Oxford, United Kingdom
273. Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (1987) Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cogn Emot 1:29-50
274. Oatley K, Johnson-Laird PN (1995) Communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models & implications for social interaction. In: Martin LL, Tesser A (eds) Goals and affect. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, USA
275. O'Brien D, Monaghan A. IC (2001) Concatenative synthesis based on a harmonic model. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process, 9(1):11-20
276. Okada N, Inui K, Tokuhisa M (1999) Towards affective integration of vision, behavior, speech processing. In: Proceedings of integration of speech and image understanding, Corfu, Greece, pp 49-77
277. O'Malley MH (1990) Text-to-speech conversion technology. Computer 23(8):17-23
278. O'Neill I, Hanna P, Liu X, McTear M (2003) The queen's communicator: An object-oriented dialogue manager. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 593-596
279. Oppenheim AV, Schafer RW (2004) From frequency to quefrency: A history of the cepstrum. IEEE Signal Proces Mag 21(5):95-106
280. Ortony A, Clore G, Foss M (1987) The referential structure of the affective lexicon. Cogn Sci 11:341-346
281. Ortony A, Clore GL, Collins A (1988) The cognitive structure of emotions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
282. Ortony A, Turner TJ (1990) What's basic about basic emotions. Psychol Rev 97(3):315-331
283. Osgood CE, Suci GJ, Tanenbaum PH (1957) The measurement of meaning. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, USA
284. Oudeyer P-Y (2003) The production and recognition of emotions in speech: Features and algorithms. Int J Hum-Comput St 59(1-2):157-183
285. Oviatt SL (1997) Multimodal interactive maps: Designing for human performance. Hum-Comput Int (Special Issue on Multimodal Interfaces) 12:93-129
286. Oviatt SL (2000) Taming recognition errors with a multimodal interface. Commun ACM 43(9): 45-51
287. Page L, Brin S, Motwani R, Winograd T (1998) The PageRank citation ranking: Bringing order to the Web. Technical report, Stanford digital library technologies project
288. Panksepp J (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. Behav Brain Sci 5:407-467
289. Pao T-L, Chen Y-T, Yeh J-H, Lu J-J (2004) Detecting emotions in mandarin speech. In: Proceedings of the 16th conference on computational linguistics and speech processing ROCLING, Taipei, Taiwan
290. Park C-H, Si K-B (2003) Emotion recognition and acoustic analysis from speech signal. In: Proceedings of the international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN), vol 4. Portland, USA, pp 2594-2598
291. Parunak H. VD, Bisson R, Brueckner S, Matthews R, Sauter J (2006) A model of emotions for situated agents. In: Proceedings of the fifth international joint conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems, Hakodate, Japan
292. Pereira C (2000) Dimensions of emotional meaning in speech. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
293. Peter C, Beale R (eds) (2008) Affect and emotion in human-computer interaction: From theory to applications. (Lecture notes in computer science) Springer, Berlin, Germany
294. Peter C, Herbon A (2006) Emotion representation and physiology assignments in digital systems. Interact Comput 18(2):139-170
295. Peter G, Rösner D (1994) User-model-driven generation of instructions. User Model User-Adapted Interact 3(4):289-319
296. Picard RW (2000a) Affective computing. The MIT Press, Cambridge, USA
297. Picard RW (2000b) Toward computers that recognize and respond to user emotion. IBM Syst J 39(3,4):705-718
298. Pierrehumbert J, Hirschberg J (1990) The meaning of intonational contours in the interpretation of discourse. In: Cohen PR, Morgan J, Pollack ME (eds) Intentions in communication. MIT Press, Cambridge, USA, pp 271-311
299. Pittermann A, Pittermann J (2006a) Getting bored with HTK? Using HMMs for emotion recognition. In: 8th international conference on signal processing (ICSP), vol 1. Guilin, China, pp 704-707
300. Pittermann J, Minker W, Pittermann A, Bühler D (2007a) ProblEmo-Problem solving and emotion awareness in spoken dialogue systems. In: 3rd IET international conference on intelligent environments, Ulm, Germany
301. Pittermann J, Pittermann A (2006b) A post-processing approach to improve emotion recognition rates. In: 8th international conference on signal processing (ICSP), vol 1. Guilin, China, pp 708-711
302. Pittermann J, Pittermann A (2006c) An 'emo-statistical' model for flexible dialogue management. In: 8th international conference on signal processing (ICSP), vol 2. Guilin, China, pp 1599-1602
303. Pittermann J, Pittermann A (2006d) Integrating emotion recognition into an adaptive spoken language dialogue system. In: 2nd IET international conference on intelligent environments, vol 1. Athens, Greece, pp 197-202
304. Pittermann J, Pittermann A (2007) A data-oriented approach to integrate emotions in adaptive dialogue management. In: International conference on intelligent user interfaces (IUI), Honolulu, USA, pp 270-273
305. Pittermann J, Pittermann A, Meng H, Minker W (2007b) Towards an emotion-sensitive spoken dialogue system-Classification and dialogue modeling. In: 3rd IET international conference on intelligent environments, Ulm, Germany
306. Pittermann J, Pittermann A, Minker W (2007c) Design and implementation of adaptive dialogue strategies for speech-based interfaces. J Ubiquitous Comput Intell 1(2):145-152
307. Pittermann J, Pittermann A, Schmitt A, Minker W (2008a) Comparing evaluation criteria for (automatic) emotion recognition. In: 4th IET international conference on intelligent environments, Seattle, USA
308. Pittermann J, Rittinger A, Minker W (2005) Flexible dialogue management in intelligent human-machine interfaces. In: The IEE international workshop on intelligent environments, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
309. Pittermann J, Schmitt A, Fawzy El Sayed N (2008b) Integrating linguistic cues into speech-based emotion recognition. In: 4th IET international conference on intelligent environments, Seattle, USA
310. Plutchik R (1980a) A generalpsychorevolutionary theory of emotion. In: Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds) Emotion: Theory, research, experience: Vol. 1. Theories of emotion. Academic, New York, USA, pp 3-31
311. Plutchik R (1980b) Emotion: A psychorevolutionary synthesis. Harper & Row, New York, USA
312. Plutchik R (1994) The psychology and biology of emotion. Harper Collins College Publishers, New York, USA
313. Polifroni J, Chung G (2002) Promoting portability in dialogue management. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2721-2724
314. Polzin TS, Waibel A (1998) Detecting emotions in speech. In: Proceedings of the CMC, Tilburg, The Netherlands
315. Polzin TS, Waibel A (2000) Emotion-sensitive human-computer interfaces. In: ITRW on speech and emotion, ISCA, pp 201-206
316. Potapova R, Potapov V (2005) Identification of prosodic features of emotional state of a speaker. In: Proceedings of SPECOM, Patras, Greece, pp 25-32
317. Power M, Dalgleish T (1997) Cognition and emotion: From order to disorder. Pschology Press, Hove, United Kingdom
318. Rabiner LR (1989) A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition. Proc IEEE 77(2):257-286
319. Rank E, Pirker H (1998) Generating emotional speech with a concatenative synthesizer. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Sydney, Australia
320. Rao AS, Georgeff MP (1991) Modeling agents within a BDI architecture. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on principles of knowledge representation and reasoning (KR-91), pp 473-484
321. Razak AA, Komiya R, Abidin M. IZ (2005) Comparison between fuzzy and NN method for speech emotion recognition. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international symposium on information technology and applications (ICITA), vol 1. Sydney, Australia, pp 297-302
322. Razak AA, Yusof M. HM, Komiya R (2003) Towards automatic recognition of emotion in speech. In: Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international symposium on signal processing and information technology (ISSPIT), Darmstadt, Germany, pp 548-551
323. Reeves B, Nass C (1996) The media equation: How people treat computers, television, new media like real people and places. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
324. Reidsma D, Heylen D, Ordelman R (2006) Annotating emotions in meetings. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1117-1122
325. Reiter E, Dale R (2000) Building natural language generation systems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
326. Reza FM (1961) An introduction to information theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, USA
327. Rigoll G, Müller R, Schuller B (2005) Speech emotion recognition exploiting acoustic and linguistic information sources. In: Proceedings of SPECOM, Patras, Greece, pp 61-67
328. Ripley BD (1996) Pattern recognition and neural networks. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
329. Roark B, Saraclar M, Collins M (2007) Discriminative n-gram language modeling. Comput Speech Lang 21(2):373-392
330. Robinson T (1997a) Speech analysis-Lecture notes, lent term. Cambridge University, Cambridge, (Online tutorial)
331. Robinson T (1997b) The British English example pronunciation dictionary
332. Robson J, Mackenzie-Beck J (1999) Hearing smiles-Perceptual, acoustic and production aspects of labial spreading. In: International congress of phonetic sciences (ICPhS), San Francisco, USA, pp 219-222
333. Roseman IJ (1979) Cognitive aspects of emotion and emotional behaviour. In: 87th annual convention of the American Psychological Association, New York, USA
334. Roseman IJ, Spindel MS, Jose PE (1990) Appraisals of emotion-eliciting events: Testing a theory of discrete emotions. J Personality Soc Psychol 59:899-915
335. Rossi G, Schwabe D, Guimarães R (2001) Designing personalized Web applications. In: Proceedings of the 10th international World Wide Web conference, Hong Kong, China, pp 275-284
336. Rotaru M, Litman DJ (2005) Using word-level pitch features to better predict student emotions during spoken tutoring dialogues. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1845-1848
337. Rotaru M, Litman DJ, Forbes-Riley K (2005) Interactions between speech recognition problems and user emotions. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 2481-2484
338. Roy N, Pineau J, Thrun S (2000) Spoken dialogue management using probabilistic reasoning. In: Proceedings of the 38th annual meeting of the association for computational linguistics (ACL2000), Hong Kong, China
339. Russell JA (1980) A circumplex model of affect. J Personality Soc Psychol 39:1161-1178
340. Russell JA, Mehrabian A (1977) Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. J Res Personality 11:273-294
341. Sagisaka Y (2001) Speech synthesis. J ASJ 57(1):11-20
342. Sakoe H, Chiba S (1978) Dynamic programming algorithm optimization for spoken word recognition. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech Signal Proces (ASSP) 26(1):43-49
343. Saratxaga I, Navas E, Hernáez I, Luengo I (2006) Designing and recording an emotional speech database for corpus based synthesis in Basque. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 2126-2129
344. Schachter S, Singer JE (1962) Cognitive, social, physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychol Rev 69:379-399
345. Scherer KR (1988) Criteria for emotion-antecedent appraisal: A review. In: Hamilton V, Frijda NH (eds) Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, pp 89-126
346. Scherer KR (2000) Psychological models of emotion. In: Borod JC (ed) The neuropsychology of emotion. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp 137-162
347. Scherer KR, Bänziger T (2004) Emotional expression in prosody: A review and an agenda for future research. In: Proceedings of speech prosody 2004, Nara, Japan, pp 359-366
348. Scherer KR, Ceschi G (1997) Lost luggage: A field study of emotion-antecedent appraisal. Motivat Emot 21(3):211-235
349. Schiel F, Steininger S, Türk U (2002) The SmartKom multimodal corpus at BAS. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Las Palmas, Spain
350. Schlosberg H (1954) Three dimensions of emotion. Psychol Rev 61(2):81-88
351. Schmidt G, Haulick T (2006) Signal processing for in-car communication systems. Signal Proces 86(6):1307-1326
352. Schröder M (2000) Experimental study of affect bursts. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
353. Schröder M (2004) Speech and emotion research: An overview of research frameworks and a dimensional approach to emotional speech synthesis. PhD thesis, Saarland University
354. Schröder M, Cowie R (2006) Developing a consistent view on emotion-oriented computing. In: Renals S, Bengio S (eds) MLMI 2005, LNCS 3869. Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, pp 194-205
355. Schroeder MR, Atal BS, Hall JL (1979) Optimizing digital speech coders by exploiting masking properties of the human ear. J Acoust Soc Am 66(6):1647-1652
356. Schuller B, Müller R, Lang M, Rigoll G (2005) Speaker independent emotion recognition by early fusion of acoustic and linguistic features within ensembles. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 805-808
357. Seneff S, Wang C, Chung G (2004) A flexible mixed-initiative speech interface for restaurant information. In: 5th SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue, Cambridge, USA
358. Shannon CE (1948) A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst Tech J 27:379-423, 623-656
359. Shigeno S (1998) Cultural similarities and differences in the recognition of audio-visual speech stimuli. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), vol 2. Sydney, Australia, pp 281-284
360. Silverman K, Beckman M, Pitrelli J, Ostendorf M, Wightman C, Price P, Pierrehumbert J, Hirschberg J (1992) ToBI: A standard for labeling English prosody. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Banff, Canada, pp 867-870
361. Sproat R, Hirschberg J, Yarowsky D (1992) A corpus-based synthesizer. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Banff, Canada, pp 563-566
362. Stallard D (2002) Flexible dialogue management in the Talk'n'Travel system. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2693-2696
363. Stevens SS, Volkmann J, Newman EB (1937) A scale for the measurement of the psychological magnitude pitch. J Acoust Soc Am 8(3):185-190
364. Stibbard R (2000) Automated extraction of ToBI annotation data from the reading/leeds emotional speech corpus. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
365. Stibbard RM (2001) Vocal expression of emotions in non-laboratory speech: An investigation of the reading/leeds emotion in speech project annotation data. PhD thesis, University of Reading, United Kingdom
366. Sugimoto T, Ito N, Fujishiro H, Sugeno M (2002) Dialogue management with the semiotic base: A systemic functional linguistic approach. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on soft computing and intelligent systems, Tsukuba, Japan
367. Sun Y, Willett D, Brueckner R, Gruhn R, Bühler D (2006) Experiments on Chinese speech recognition with tonal models and pitch estimation using the Mandarin Speecon data. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA
368. Sutton S, Cole R, de Villiers J, Schalkwyk J, Vermeulen P, Macon M, Yan Y, Kaiser E, Rundle B, Shobaki K, Hosom P, Kain A, Wouters J, Massaro D, Cohen M (1998) Universal speech tools: The CSLU toolkit. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Sydney, Australia, pp 3221-3224
369. Swerts M, Krahmer E (2000) On the use of prosody for on-line evaluation of spoken dialogue systems. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Athens, Greece
370. T'Hart J, Cohen A, Collier R (1990). A perceptual study of intonation: An experimental-phonetic approach to speech melody. Cambridge. University Press Cambridge, United Kingdom
371. Takahash T, Fujii T, Nishi M, Banno H, Irino T, Kawahara H (2005) Voice and emotional expression transformation based on statistics of vowel parameters in an emotional speech database. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 1853-1856
372. Tao J (2004) Context based emotion detection from text input. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
373. Tao J, Kang Y, Li A (2006) Prosody conversion from neutral speech to emotional speech. IEEE Trans Audio Speech Lang Proces 14(4):1145-1154
374. Tato R, Santos R, Kompe R, Pardo JM (2002) Emotional space improves emotion recognition. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2029-2032
375. Teixeira A, Silva L, Martinez R, Vaz F (2002) SAPWindows-Towards a versatile modular ar-ticulatory synthesizer. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE workshop on speech synthesis, Santa Monica, pp 31-34
376. Telatar IE (1999) Capacity of multi-antenna gaussian channels. Eur Trans Telecommun 10(6): 585-595
377. Ten Bosch L (2000) Emotions: What is possible in the ASR Framework. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
378. Tepperman J, Traum D, Narayanan S (2006) "Yeah Right": Sarcasm recognition for spoken dialogue systems. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1838-1841
379. Tesser F, Cosi P, Drioli C, Tisato G (2005) Emotional festival-MBROLA TTS synthesis. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Lisbon, Portugal, pp 505-508
380. Tolkmitt FJ, Scherer KR (1986) Effect of experimentally induced stress on vocal parameters. J Exper Psychol Hum Percept Perform 12(3):302-313
381. Tomkins SS (1984) Affect theory. In: Scherer KR, Ekman P (eds) Approaches to emotion. Erl-baum, Hillsdale, USA, pp 163-195
382. Torres F, Sanchis E, Segarra E (2003) Development of a stochastic dialog manager driven by semantics. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 605-608
383. Tsuzuki R, Zen H, Tokuda K, Kitamura T, Bulut M, Narayanan SS (2004) Constructing emotional speech synthesizers with limited speech database. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
384. Turunen M, Hakulinen J (2001) Agent-based adaptive interaction and dialogue management architecture for speech applications. Lecture Note Comput Sci 2166:357-364
385. Ukelson J, Rodeh M (1989) A dialogue manager for efficient adaptive man-machine dialogues. In: Proceedings of the 13th annual international computer software and applications conference (COMPSAC), Orlando, USA, pp 588-595
386. Van Bezooijen R. A. MG (1984) Characteristics and recognizability of vocal expressions of emotion. Foris Publictions, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
387. Väyrynen E, Seppänen T, Toivanen J (2003) An experiment in emotional content classification of spoken Finnish using prosodic features. In: Finnish signal processing symposium, Tampere, Finland, pp 264-267
388. Veeravalli AG, Pan WD, Adhami R, Cox PG (2005) A tutorial on using hidden Markov models for phoneme recognition. In: Proceedings of the thirty-seventh southeastern symposium on system theory, Tuskegee, USA, pp 154-157
389. Veldhuijzen van Zanten G (1998) Adaptive mixed-initiative dialogue management. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 4th workshop on interactive voice technology for telecommunications applications (IVTTA), Torino, Italy, pp 65-70
390. Veldhuijzen van Zanten G (1999) User modelling in adaptive dialogue management. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Budapest, Hungary, pp 1183-1186
391. Velten E (1968) A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Behav Res Ther 6:473-482
392. Viterbi AJ (1967) Error bounds for convolutional codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm. IEEE Trans Inform Theory IT-13:260-269
393. Vogt T, André E (2006) Improving automatic emotion recognition from speech via gender differentiation. In: International conference on language resources and evaluation (LREC), Genova, Italy, pp 1123-1126
394. Von Neumann J, Morgenstern O (1944) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press, Princeton, USA
395. Wagner T, Dieckmann U (1995) Sensor-fusion for robust identification of persons: A field test. In: Proceedings of the international conference on image processing (ICIP), vol 3. Washington, DC, USA, pp 516-519
396. Wahlster W (ed) (2006) SmartKom: Foundations of multimodal dialogue systems. Springer, Berlin, Germany
397. Walker MA, Aberdeen J, Boland J, Bratt E, Garafolo J, Hirschman L, Le A, Lee S, Narayanan S, Papineni K, Pellom B, Polifroni J, Potamianos A, Prabhu P, Rudnicky A, Sanders G, Seneff S, Stallard D, Whittaker S (2001) DARPA Communicator dialog travel planning systems: The June 2000 data collection. In: Dalsgaard P, Lindberg B, Benner H, Tan Z (eds) European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Aalborg, Denmark, pp 1371-1374
398. Walker MA, Cahn JE, Whittaker SJ (1997a) Improvising linguistic style: social and affective bases of agent personality. In: Johnson WL, Hayes-Roth B (eds) Proceedings of the first international conference on autonomous agents (Agents'97), Marina del Rey, USA, ACM Press, pp 96-105
399. Walker MA, Litman DJ, abd Alicia Abella C. AK (1998) Evaluating spoken dialogue agents with PARADISE: Two case studies. Comput Speech Lang 12(4):317-348
400. Walker MA, Litman DJ, Kamm CA, Abella A (1997b) PARADISE: A framework for evaluating spoken dialogue agents. In: Proceedings of the 35th annual meeting of the association of computational linguistics ACL/EACL, Madrid, Spain, pp 271-280
401. Walker W, Lamere P, Kwok P (2002) FreeTTS-A performance case study. Technical report TR-2002-114, Sun Microsystems, Inc., Burlington, USA
402. Wallace GK (1991) The JPEG still picture compression standard. Commun ACM 34(4):30-44
403. Wardhaugh R (1992) An introduction to sociolinguistics. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics. Blackwell, Chichester, United Kingdom
404. Watson JB (1930) Behaviorism. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, USA
405. Weiner B, Graham S (1984) An attributional approach to emotional development. In: Izard CE, Kagan J, Zajonc RB (eds) Emotions, cognition and behavior. Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, pp 167-191
406. Weizenbaum J (1966) ELIZA-A computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Commun ACM 9(1):36-45
407. Welch LR (2003) Hidden Markov models and the Baum-Welch algorithm. IEEE Inform Theory Soc Newslett 53(4):1, 10-13
408. Werner S, Hoffmann R (2007) Spontaneous speech synthesis by pronunciation variant selection-A comparison to natural speech. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Antwerp, Belgium, pp 1781-1784
409. Whissel CM (1989) The dictionary of affect in language. In: Plutchik R, Kellerman H (eds) Emotion: Theory, research and experience, vol 4. Academic, New York, USA, pp 113-131
410. Whiteside SP (1998) Simulated emotions: An acoustic study of voice and perturbation measures. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Sydney, Australia, pp 699-703
411. Wichmann A (2000) The attitudinal effects of prosody, how they relate to emotion. In: Proceedings of ISCA workshop on speech and emotion, Belfast, United Kingdom
412. Williams JD (2006) Partially observable Markov decision processes for spoken dialogue management. PhD thesis, Cambridge University
413. Williams JD, Poupart P, Young S (2005) Partially observable Markov decision processes with continuous observations for dialogue management. In: Proceedings of the 6th SIGdial workshop on discourse and dialogue, Lisbon, Portugal
414. Williams JD, Young S (2007) Partially observable markov decision processes for spoken dialog systems. Comput Speech Lang 21(2):393-422
415. Wilting J, Krahmer E, Swerts M (2006) Real vs. acted emotional speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 805-808
416. Witten IH, Frank E (2000) Data mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, USA
417. Wolz U (1990) An object oriented approach to content planning for text generation. In Proceedings of the fifth international workshop on natural language generation, Dawson, USA, pp 95-104
418. Woodland PC, Young SJ (1993) The HTK tied-state continuous speech recogniser. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Berlin, Germany, pp 2207-2210
419. Wu W, Zeng TF, Xu M-X, Bao H-J (2006) Study on speaker verification on emotional speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 2102-2105
420. Wu X-J, Zheng F, Wu W-H (2002) A hybrid dialogue management approach for a flight spoken dialogue system. In: Proceedings of the first international conference on machine learning and cybernetics, Beijing, China, pp 824-829
421. Wu X-J, Zheng F, Xu M (2001) Topic forest: A plan-based dialog management structure. In: International conference on acoustics, speech and signal processing (ICASSP), Salt Lake City, USA
422. Wundt W (1924) An introduction to psychology. Allen & Unwin, London. (Translated by R. Pintner, original work published in 1912)
423. Yacoub S, Simske S, Lin X, Burns J (2003) Recognition of emotions in interactive voice response systems. In: European conference on speech and language processing (EUROSPEECH), Geneva, Switzerland, pp 729-732
424. Yang L, Campbell N (2001) Linking form to meaning: The expression and recognition of emotions through prosody. In: Proceedings of the 4th ISCA workshop on speech synthesis, Perthshire, United Kingdom
425. Yankelovich N (1996) How do users know what to say? ACM Interact 3(6):32-43
426. Yildirim S, Bulut M, Lee CM, Kazemzadeh A, Busso C, Deng Z (2004) An acoustic study of emotions expressed in speech. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
427. Young S (1994) The HTK hidden Markov model toolkit: Design and philosophy. Cambridge University Engineering Department, UK, Tech. Rep. CUED/F-INFENG/TR152
428. Young S (2001) Statistical modelling in continuous speech recognition (CSR). In: Proceedings of the international conference on uncertainty in artificial intelligence, Seattle, USA
429. Young S, Evermann G, Gales M, Hain T, Kershaw D, Liu X, Moore G, Odell J, Ollason D, Povey D, Valtchev V, Woodland P (2006) The HTK book (for HTK Version 3.4). Cambridge University Engineering Department
430. Yu C, Aoki PM, Woodruff A (2004) Detecting user engagement in everyday conversations. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
431. Yuan J, Shen L, Chen F (2002) The acoustic realization of anger, fear, joy and sadness in Chinese. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Denver, USA, pp 2025-2028
432. Yule GU (1927) On a method of investigating periodicities in disturbed series, with special reference to Wolfer's sunspot numbers. Philos Trans Roy Soc Lond 226:267-298
433. Zajonc RB (1984) On the primacy of affect. Am Psychol 39:124-129
434. Zell A, Mache N, Sommer T, Korb T (1991) The SNNS neural network simulator. In: Proceedings of 15. Fachtagung für Künstliche Intelligenz, Bonn, Germany, pp 254-263
435. Zhang S, Ching PC, Kong F (2006) Automatic recognition of speech signal in Mandarin. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Pittsburgh, USA, pp 1810-1813
436. Zhang T, Hasegawa-Johnson M, Levinson SE (2004) Children's emotion recognition in an intelligent tutoring scenario. In: International conference on speech and language processing (ICSLP), Jeju, Korea
437. Zhou L, Shi Y, Feng J, Sears A (2005) Data mining for detecting errors in dication speech recognition. IEEE Trans Speech Audio Process 13(5):681-688
438. Zinn C (2004) Flexible dialogue management in natural-language enhanced tutoring. In: Kon-vens 2004 workshop on advanced topics in modeling natural language dialog, Vienna, Austria, pp 28-35