Cardiovascular risk associated with the use of an etonogestrel-containing vaginal ring

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 122, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 800-808

  Dinger, Jürgen ^a   Möhner, Sabine ^a   Heinemann, Klaas ^a  

^a Ctr for Epidemiol and Hlth Res   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ETHINYLESTRADIOL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS ETONOGESTREL; ETHINYLESTRADIOL PLUS LEVONORGESTREL; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; ADULT; ARTERIAL THROMBOEMBOLISM; ARTERY THROMBOSIS; ARTICLE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; EUROPE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HAZARD RATIO; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODEL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; SIDE EFFECT; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; UNITED STATES; VAGINA RING; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM;

ADULT; CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL, COMBINED; DESOGESTREL; DRUG COMBINATIONS; ETHINYL ESTRADIOL; FEMALE; HUMANS; PRODUCT SURVEILLANCE, POSTMARKETING; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK ASSESSMENT; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84889639653     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: 1873233X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182a5ec6b     Document Type: Article

References (25)

1. Grimes DA. Epidemiologic research using administrative databases; author's reply. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:411.
2. Rabe T, Luxembourg B, Ludwig M, Dinger J, Bauersachs R, Rott H, et al. A statement from the German Society for Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine (DGGEF e.V.) and the Professional Association of German Gynaecologists. J Reproduktionsmed Endokrinol 2011;8:126-67.
3. Dinger JC, Heinemann LA, Kühl-Habich D. The safety of a drospirenone- containing oral contraceptive: final results from the European Active Surveillance study on Oral Contraceptives based on 142, 475 women-years of observation. Contraception 2007;75:344-54.
4. Lidegaard Ø, Løkkegaard E, Svendsen AL, Agger C. Hormonal contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism: national follow-up study. BMJ 2009;339:b2890.
5. Susser M. What is a cause and how do we know one? A grammar for pragmatic epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133: 635-48.
6. Rothman KJ, Poole C. A strengthening programme for weak associations. Int J Epidemiol 1988;17:955-9.
7. Khoury MJ, James LM, Flanders WD, Erickson JD. Interpretation of recurring weak associations obtained from epidemiologic studies of suspected human teratogens. Teratology 1992;46:69-77.
8. Shapiro S. Bias in the evaluation of low-magnitude associations: An empirical perspective. Am J Epidemiol 2000;151:939-45.
9. Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: A hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008; 34:185-90.
10. Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: A hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 3: principles of causality in epidemiological research: statistical stability, dose- And duration response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy and biological plausibility. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008;34:261-4.
11. Taubes G. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 1995;269:164-9.
12. Hill AB. The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 1965;58:295-300.
13. Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1997;56: 141-6.
14. Suissa S, Spitzer WO, Rainville B, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. Recurrent use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Hum Reprod 2000;15:817-21.
15. Scurr JH, Machin SJ, Bailey-King S, Mackie IJ, McDonald S, Smith PD. Frequency and prevention of symptomless deepvein thrombosis in long-haul flights: A randomised trial. Lancet 2001;357:1485-9.
16. Belcaro C, Geroulakos G, Nicolaides AN, Myers KA, Winford M. Venous thromboembolism from air travel: The LONFLIT Study. Angiology 2001;52:369-74.
17. Schwarz T, Siegert G, Oettler W, Halbritter K, Beyer J, Frommhold R, et al. Venous thrombosis following long-haul flights. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:2759-64.
18. Bezemer ID, van der Meer FJ, Eikenboom JC, Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ. The value of family history as a risk indicator for venous thrombosis. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:610-5.
19. Sidney S, Cheetham TC, Connell FA, Ouellet-Hellstrom R, Graham DJ, Davis D, et al. Recent combined hormonal contraceptives (CHCs) and the risk of thromboembolism and other cardiovascular events in new users. Contraception 2013;87:93-100.
20. Lidegaard Ø, Nielsen LH, Skovlund CW, Løkkegaard E. Venous thrombosis in users of non-oral hormonal contraception: follow-up study, Denmark 2001-10. BMJ 2012;344:e2990.
21. Dinger J, Shapiro S. Combined oral contraceptives, venous thromboembolism, and the problem of interpreting large but incomplete datasets. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2012;38: 2-6.
22. Jensen JT, Trussell J. Communicating risk: does scientific debate compromise safety? Contraception 2012;86:327-9.
23. Reid RL, Westhoff C, Mansour D, de Vries C, Verhaeghe J, Boschitsch E, et al. Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism consensus opinion from an international workshop held in Berlin, Germany in December 2009. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2010;36:117-22.
24. Grimes DA. Epidemiologic research using administrative databases: garbage in, garbage out. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:1018-9.
25. Severinsen MT, Kristensen SR, Overvad K, Dethlefsen C, Tjønneland A, Johnsen SP. Venous thromboembolism discharge diagnoses in the Danish National Patient Registry should be used with caution. J Clin Epidemiol 2010;63:223-8.