메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 261-264

Causation, bias and confounding: A hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 3: Principles of causality in epidemiological research: Statistical stability, dose- and duration-response effects, internal and external consistency, analogy and biological plausibility

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE; RESERPINE;

EID: 42249089293     PISSN: 14711893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1783/147118908786000596     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (22)

References (17)
  • 1
    • 42249104904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation, bias and confounding: A hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 1. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: time order, specification of the study base and specificity
    • Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 1. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: time order, specification of the study base and specificity. J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care 2008; 34: 83-87.
    • (2008) J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care , vol.34 , pp. 83-87
    • Shapiro, S.1
  • 2
    • 47149113676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causation, bias and confounding: A hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association
    • Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy. Part 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association. J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care 2008; 34: 185-190.
    • (2008) J Fam Plan Reprod Health Care , vol.34 , pp. 185-190
    • Shapiro, S.1
  • 4
    • 0016177489 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Reserpine and breast cancer. Lancet 1974; ii: 669-671.
    • Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Reserpine and breast cancer. Lancet 1974; ii: 669-671.
  • 5
    • 0028003995 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis/shmeta-analysis
    • Shapiro S. Meta-analysis/shmeta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 771-778.
    • (1994) Am J Epidemiol , vol.140 , pp. 771-778
    • Shapiro, S.1
  • 7
    • 0030764967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism
    • Suissa S, Blais L, Spitzer WO, Cusson J, Lewis M, Heinemann L. First-time use of newer oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism. Contraception 1997; 56: 141-146.
    • (1997) Contraception , vol.56 , pp. 141-146
    • Suissa, S.1    Blais, L.2    Spitzer, W.O.3    Cusson, J.4    Lewis, M.5    Heinemann, L.6
  • 8
    • 1642630726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: Impact of duration of use
    • Suissa S, Spitzer WO. Oral contraceptives and the risk of venous thromboembolism: impact of duration of use. Contraception 1998; 57: 64-68.
    • (1998) Contraception , vol.57 , pp. 64-68
    • Suissa, S.1    Spitzer, W.O.2
  • 11
  • 12
    • 0016826567 scopus 로고
    • Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens
    • Ziel HK, Finkle WD. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Engl J Med 1975; 293: 1167-1170.
    • (1975) N Engl J Med , vol.293 , pp. 1167-1170
    • Ziel, H.K.1    Finkle, W.D.2
  • 13
    • 0018077596 scopus 로고
    • Alternative analytic methods for case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer
    • Horwitz RI, Feinstein AR. Alternative analytic methods for case-control studies of estrogens and endometrial cancer. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 1089-1094.
    • (1978) N Engl J Med , vol.299 , pp. 1089-1094
    • Horwitz, R.I.1    Feinstein, A.R.2
  • 14
    • 0018948034 scopus 로고
    • Recent and past use of conjugated estrogens in relation to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium
    • Shapiro S, Kaufman DW, Slone D, Rosenberg L, Miettinen OS, Stolley PD, et al. Recent and past use of conjugated estrogens in relation to adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. N Engl J Med 1980; 303: 485-489.
    • (1980) N Engl J Med , vol.303 , pp. 485-489
    • Shapiro, S.1    Kaufman, D.W.2    Slone, D.3    Rosenberg, L.4    Miettinen, O.S.5    Stolley, P.D.6
  • 15
    • 55449091554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Hormonal Contraception and Post-Menopausal Hormone Therapy (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans 72). Lyon, France: IARC, 1999.
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Hormonal Contraception and Post-Menopausal Hormone Therapy (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Vol. 72). Lyon, France: IARC, 1999.
  • 16
    • 55449100617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Combined Oestrogen-Progestin Contraceptives and Combined Oestrogen-Progestin Menopausal Therapy (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans 91). Lyon, France: IARC, 2008. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/recentpub/mono91.pdf [Accessed 4 February 2008] OR IARC 1989?
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Combined Oestrogen-Progestin Contraceptives and Combined Oestrogen-Progestin Menopausal Therapy (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans Vol. 91). Lyon, France: IARC, 2008. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/recentpub/mono91.pdf [Accessed 4 February 2008] OR IARC 1989?
  • 17
    • 1942488264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Looking to the 21st century: Have we learned from our mistakes, or are we doomed to compound them?
    • Shapiro S. Looking to the 21st century: have we learned from our mistakes, or are we doomed to compound them? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2004; 13: 257-265.
    • (2004) Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf , vol.13 , pp. 257-265
    • Shapiro, S.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.