Intermediate ions in the atmosphere

Atmospheric Research

Volumn 135-136, Issue , 2014, Pages 263-273

  Tammet, Hannes ^a   Komsaare, Kaupo ^a   Hõrrak, Urmas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TARTU   (Estonia)

Author keywords

Atmospheric intermediate ions; Ion induced nucleation; Mobility distribution; Nanometer aerosol particles

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL NUCLEATION; AEROSOL PARTICLES; ANNUAL AVERAGE CONCENTRATION; DIAMETER OF PARTICLE; FRACTION CONCENTRATIONS; ION-INDUCED NUCLEATION; LONG RANGE CORRELATIONS; NEW PARTICLE FORMATION;

AIR MOBILITY; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ELECTRIC VEHICLES; NUCLEATION;

IONS;

AEROSOL FORMATION; IONIC COMPOSITION; MEASUREMENT METHOD; MOBILITY; NUCLEATION; PARTICLE SIZE; SIZE DISTRIBUTION;

ESTONIA; TARTU;

EID: 84889597452     PISSN: 01698095     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.09.009     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Arnold F. Atmospheric ions and aerosol formation. Space Sci. Rev. 2008, 137:225-239.
2. Asmi E., Frey A., Virkkula A., Ehn M., Manninen H.E., Timonen H., Tolonen-Kivimäki O., Aurela M., Hillamo R., Kulmala M. Hygroscopicity and chemical composition of Antarctic sub-micrometre aerosol particles and observations of new particle formation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:4253-4271. 10.5194/acp-10-4253-2010.
3. Caleman C., Spoel D. Temperature and structural changes of water clusters in vacuum due to evaporation. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125:154508. 10.1063/1.2357591.
4. Caleman C., Spoel D. Evaporation from water clusters containing singly charged ions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2007, 9:5105-5111. 10.1039/b706243e.
5. Chaplin M.F. A proposal for the structuring of water. Biophys. Chem. 1999, 83:211-221.
6. Chapman S. Carrier mobility spectra of liquids electrified by bubbling. Phys. Rev. 1938, 54:520-527.
7. Ehn M., Junninen H., Petäjä T., Kurtén T., Kerminen V.-M., Schobesberger S., Manninen H.E., Ortega I.K., Vehkamäki H., Kulmala M., Worsnop D.R. Composition and temporal behavior of ambient ions in the boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:8513-8530. 10.5194/acp-10-8513-2010.
8. Enghoff M.B., Svensmark H. The role of atmospheric ions in aerosol nucleation - a review. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8:4911-4923.
9. Enghoff M.B., Pedersen J.O.P., Uggerhøj U.I., Paling S.M., Svensmark H. Aerosol nucleation induced by a high energy particle beam. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2011, 38:L09805. 10.1029/2011GL047036.
10. Erupe M.E., Benson D.R., Li J., Young L.-H., Verheggen B., Al-Refai M., Tahhoub O., Cunningham V., Frimpong F., Viggiano A.A., Lee S.-H. Correlation of aerosol nucleation rate with sulfuric acid and ammonia in Kent, Ohio: an atmospheric observation. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115:D23216. 10.1029/2010JD013942.
11. Flagan R.C. History of electrical aerosol measurements. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 1998, 28:301-380.
12. Gagné S., Leppä J., Petäjä T., McGrath M.J., Vana M., Kerminen V.-M., Laakso L., Kulmala M. Aerosol charging state at an urban site: new analytical approach and implications for ion-induced nucleation. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12:4647-4666. 10.5194/acp-12-4647-2012.
13. Harrison R.G., Tammet H. Ions in the terrestrial atmosphere and other solar system atmospheres. Space Sci. Rev. 2008, 137:107-118.
14. Hirsikko A., Bergman T., Laakso L., Dal Maso M., Riipinen I., Hõrrak U., Kulmala M. Identification and classification of the formation of intermediate ions measured in boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:201-210.
15. Hirsikko A., Nieminen T., Gagné S., Lehtipalo K., Manninen H.E., Ehn M., Hõrrak U., Kerminen V.-M., Laakso L., McMurry P.H., Mirme A., Mirme S., Petäjä T., Tammet H., Vakkari V., Vana M., Kulmala M. Atmospheric ions and nucleation: a review of observations. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2011, 11:767-798.
16. Hoppel W.A., Frick G.M., Fitzgerald J.W., Larson R.E. Marine boundary layer measurements of new particle formation and the effects nonprecipitating clouds have on aerosol size distribution. J. Geophys. Res. 1994, 99:14443-14459.
17. Hõrrak U., Salm J., Tammet H. Bursts of intermediate ions in atmospheric air. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103(D12):13909-13915.
18. Hõrrak U., Salm J., Tammet H. Statistical characterization of air ion mobility spectra at Tahkuse Observatory: classification of air ions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2000, 105:9291-9302.
19. Hõrrak U., Salm J., Tammet H. Diurnal variation in the concentration of air ions of different mobility classes in a rural area. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2003, 108(D20). AAC7-1-AAC7-11.
20. Hõrrak U., Tammet H., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M. Charging state of nanometer aerosol particles in the atmosphere during nucleation burst events at boreal forest. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 2004: 16th International Conference 2004, 307-310. Kyoto University Press, Kyoto.
21. Hõrrak U., Tammet H., Aalto P.P., Vana M., Hirsikko A., Laakso L., Kulmala M. Formation of charged nanometer aerosol particles associated with rainfall: atmospheric measurements and lab experiment. Rep. Ser. Aerosol Sci. 2006, 81A:180-185.
22. Hõrrak U., Aalto P.P., Salm J., Komsaare K., Tammet H., Mäkelä J.M., Laakso L., Kulmala M. Variation and balance of positive air ion concentrations in a boreal forest. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8:655-675. 10.5194/acp-8-655-2008.
23. Hussein T., Junninen H., Tunved P., Kristensson A., Dal Maso M., Riipinen I., Aalto P.P., Hansson H.-C., Swietlicki E., Kulmala M. Time span and spatial scale of regional new particle formation events over Finland and Southern Sweden. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:4699-4716. 10.5194/acp-9-4699-2009.
24. Israël H. Atmospheric electricity, vol. I. Israel Program for Sci. Transl. & NSF, Jerusalem 1970.
25. Jiang J., Zhao J., Chen M., Fred L., Eisele F.L., Scheckman J., Williams B.J., Kuang C., McMurry P.H. First measurements of neutral atmospheric cluster and 1-2nm particle number size distributions during nucleation events. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2011, 45(4):ii-v. 10.1080/02786826.2010.546817.
26. Junninen H., Hulkkonen M., Riipinen I., Nieminen T., Hirsikko A., Suni T., Boy M., Lee S.-H., Vana M., Tammet H., Kerminen V.-M., Kulmala M. Observations on nocturnal growth of atmospheric clusters. Tellus 2008, 60B:365-371.
27. Kerminen V.-M., Anttila T., Petäjä T., Laakso L., Gagné S., Lehtinen K.E.J., Kulmala M. Charging state of the atmospheric nucleation mode: implications for separating neutral and ion-induced nucleation. J. Geophys. Res. 2007, 112:D21205.
28. Kirkby J., Curtius J., Almeida J., Dunne E., Duplissy J., Ehrhart S., Franchin A., Gagne S., Ickes L., Kurten A., Kupc A., Metzger A., Riccobono F., Rondo L., Schobesberger S., Tsagkogeorgas G., Wimmer D., Amorim A., Bianchi F., Breitenlechner M., David A., Dommen J., Downard A., Ehn M., Flagan R.C., Haider S., Hansel A., Hauser D., Jud W., Junninen H., Kreissl F., Kvashin A., Laaksonen A., Lehtipalo K., Lima J., Lovejoy E.R., Makhmutov V., Mathot S., Mikkila J., Minginette P., Mogo S., Nieminen T., Onnela A., Pereira P., Petaja T., Schnitzhofer R., Seinfeld J.H., Sipila M., Stozhkov Y., Stratmann F., Tome A., Vanhanen J., Viisanen Y., Vrtala A., Wagner P.E., Walther H., Weingartner E., Wex H., Winkler P.M., Carslaw K.S., Worsnop D.R., Baltensperger U., Kulmala M. Role of sulphuric acid, ammonia and galactic cosmic rays in atmospheric aerosol nucleation. Nature 2011, 476:429-433. 10.1038/nature10343, 2011. 30855.
29. Kolarž P., Gaisberger M., Madl P., Hofmann W., Ritter M., Hartl A. Characterization of ions at Alpine waterfalls. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12:3687-3697. 10.5194/acp-12-3687-2012.
30. Komsaare K., Hõrrak U., Tammet H., Siingh D., Vana M., Hirsikko A., Kulmala M. Classification of intermediate air ion formation events at Tahkuse observatory. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Atmospheric Electricity 2007, 116-119. CAS, Beijing.
31. Kulmala M. Dynamical atmospheric cluster model. Atmos. Res. 2010, 98:201-206.
32. Kulmala M., Pirjola L., Mäkelä J.M. Stable sulphate clusters as a source of new atmospheric particles. Nature 2000, 404:66-69.
33. Kulmala M., Vehkamäki H., Petäjä T., Dal Maso M., Lauri A., Kerminen V.-M., Birmili W., McMurry P.H. Formation and growth rates of ultrafine atmospheric particles: a review of observations. J. Aerosol Sci. 2004, 35:143-176.
34. Kulmala M., Riipinen I., Sipilä M., Manninen H.E., Petäjä T., Junninen H., Dal Maso M., Mordas G., Mirme A., Vana M., Hirsikko A., Laakso L., Harrison R.M., Hanson I., Leung C., Lehtinen K.E.J., Kerminen V.-M. Toward direct measurement of atmospheric nucleation. Science 2007, 318:89-92.
35. Laakso L., Gagné S., Petäjä T., Hirsikko A., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M., Kerminen V.-M. Detecting charging state of ultra-fine particles: instrumental development and ambient measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:1333-1345.
36. Laakso L., Hirsikko A., Grönholm T., Kulmala M., Luts A., Parts T.-E. Waterfalls as sources of small charged aerosol particles. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7:2271-2275.
37. Labowsky M., Fernández de la Mora J. Novel ion mobility analyzers and filters. J. Aerosol Sci. 2006, 37:340-362.
38. Lenard P. Ueber die Electricität der Wasserfälle. Ann. Phys. 1892, 282:584-636.
39. Luts A., Parts T.-E., Laakso L., Hirsikko A., Grönholm T., Kulmala M. Some air electricity phenomena caused by waterfalls: correlative study of the spectra. Atmos. Res. 2009, 91:229-237.
40. Manninen H.E., Petäjä T., Asmi E., Riipinen I., Nieminen T., Mikkilä J., Hõrrak U., Mirme A., Mirme S., Laakso L., Kerminen V.-M., Kulmala M. Long-term field measurements of charged and neutral clusters using Neutral cluster and Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS). Boreal Environ. Res. 2009, 14:591-605.
41. Manninen H.E., Nieminen T., Asmi E., Gagné S., Häkkinen S., Lehtipalo K., Aalto P., Vana M., Mirme A., Mirme S., Hõrrak U., Plass-Dülmer C., Stange G., Kiss G., Hoffer A., Törö N., Moerman M., Henzing B., de Leeuw G., Brinkenberg M., Kouvarakis G.N., Bougiatioti A., Mihalopoulos N., O'Dowd C., Ceburnis D., Arneth A., Svenningsson B., Swietlicki E., Tarozzi L., Decesari S., Facchini M.C., Birmili W., Sonntag A., Wiedensohler A., Boulon J., Sellegri K., Laj P., Gysel M., Bukowiecki N., Weingartner E., Wehrle G., Laaksonen A., Hamed A., Joutsensaari J., Petäjä T., Kerminen V.-M., Kulmala M. EUCAARI ion spectrometer measurements at 12 European sites - analysis of new particle formation events. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:7907-7927. 10.5194/acp-10-7907-2010.
42. Mirme A., Tamm E., Mordas G., Vana M., Uin J., Mirme S., Bernotas T., Laakso L., Hirsikko A., Kulmala M. A wide-range multi-channel air ion spectrometer. Boreal Environ. Res. 2007, 12:247-264.
43. Mirme S., Mirme A., Minikin A., Petzold A., Hõrrak U., Kerminen V.-M., Kulmala M. Atmospheric sub-3nm particles at high altitudes. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10:437-451.
44. Nilsson E.D., Paatero J., Boy M. Effects of air masses and synoptic weather on aerosol formation in the continental boundary layer. Tellus 2001, 53B:462-478.
45. Noppel M. Nucleation in the presence of air ions and aerosol particles. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols 1996, 208-211. Pergamon. M. Kulmala, P.E. Wagner (Eds.).
46. Pollock J.A. A new type of ion in the air. Philos. Mag. 1915, 29:636-646.
47. Prüller P., Reinet J. Long-term investigations of atmospheric ionization in Tartu, Estonian SSR. Int. J. Biometeorol. 1966, 10:127-133.
48. 4 system. I. Extension of the classical theory and search for experimental evidence. J. Aerosol Sci. 1985, 16:217-227.
49. Reischl G.P., Mäkelä J.M., Karch R., Necid J. Bipolar charging of ultrafine particles in the size range below 10nm. J. Aerosol Sci. 1996, 27:931-949.
50. Smirnov V.V. Electrical factors of air pureness (in Russian). Trudy Inst. Exp. Meteorol. 1983, 30(104):64-106.
51. Stommel Y.G., Riebel U. Comment on the calculation of the steady-state charge distribution on aerosols <100nm by three body trapping method in a bipolar ion environment. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2007, 41:840-847.
52. Tammet H. The aspiration method for the determination of atmospheric ion-spectra. Israel Program for Sci. Transl. & NSF, Jerusalem 1970.
53. Tammet H. Size and mobility of nanometer particles, clusters and ions. J. Aerosol Sci. 1995, 26:459-475.
54. Tammet H. Method of inclined velocities in the air ion mobility analysis. Versailles 2003, vol. 1:399-402.
55. Tammet H. Continuous scanning of the mobility and size distribution of charged clusters and nanometer particles in atmospheric air and the Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer BSMA. Atmos. Res. 2006, 82:523-535.
56. Tammet H. Symmetric inclined grid mobility analyzer for the measurement of charged clusters and fine nanoparticles in atmospheric air. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 2011, 45:468-479.
57. Tammet H., Kulmala M. Simulating aerosol nucleation bursts in a coniferous forest. Boreal Environ. Res. 2007, 12:421-430.
58. Tammet H.F., Jakobson A.F., Salm J.J. Multi-channel automatic air ion spectrometer (in Russian). Acta Comm. Univ. Tartu 1973, 320:48-75.
59. Tammet H., Salm J., Iher H. Observation of condensation on small air ions in the atmosphere. Lecture Notes in Physics 1988, 309:239-240. Springer-Verlag, Vienna.
60. Tammet H., Hõrrak U., Kulmala M. Negatively charged nanoparticles produced by splashing of water. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9:357-367.
61. Turco R.P., Zhao J.-X., Yu F. Tropospheric sulfate aerosol formation via ion-ion recombination. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2000, 50:902-907.
62. Vana M., Hõrrak U., Tamm E. Comparative study of the ultrafine aerosol particle and intermediate air ion concentration bursts in the atmosphere. J. Aerosol Sci. 2000, 31:S176-S177.
63. Vana M., Kulmala M., Dal Maso M., Horrak U., Tamm E. Comparative study of nucleation mode aerosol particles and intermediate air ions formation events at three sites. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 2004, 109:D17201. 10.1029/2003JD004413.
64. Vana M., Tamm E., Hõrrak U., Mirme A., Tammet H., Laakso L., Aalto P.P., Kulmala M. Charging state of atmospheric nanoparticles during the nucleation burst events. Atmos. Res. 2006, 82:536-546.
65. Vana M., Ehn M., Petäjä T., Vuollekoski H., Aalto P., de Leeuw G., Ceburnis D., O'Dowd C.D., Kulmala M. Characteristic features of air ions at Mace Head on the west coast of Ireland. Atmos. Res. 2008, 90:278-286.
66. Vehkamäki H., Riipinen I. Thermodynamics and kinetics of atmospheric aerosol particle formation and growth, tutorial review. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2012, (Advance Article). 10.1039/C2CS00002D.
67. Winkler P.M., Steiner G., Vrtala A., Vehkamäki H., Noppel M., Lehtinen K.E.J., Reischl G.P., Wagner P.E., Kulmala M. Heterogeneous nucleation experiments bridging the scale from molecular ion clusters to nanoparticles. Science 2008, 319:1374-1377.
68. Yu F., Turco R.P. Ultrafine aerosol formation via ion-mediated nucleation. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2000, 27:883-886.
69. Yu F., Turco R.P. From molecular clusters to nanoparticles: the role of ambient ionization in tropospheric aerosol formation. J. Geophys. Res. 2001, 106:4797-4814.
70. Yu H., McGraw R., Lee S.-H. Effects of amines on formation of sub-3nm particles and their subsequent growth. Geophys. Rev. Lett. 2012, 39:L02807. 10.1029/2011GL050099.