Thermal Analysis for Advanced Characterization of Natural Nonliving Organic Materials

Biophysico-Chemical Processes Involving Natural Nonliving Organic Matter in Environmental Systems

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 783-836

  Leboeuf, E J ^a   Zhang, L ^a  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dielectric thermal analysis (DETA); NOM and environmental relevance; Thermal analytical methods in NOM characterization

Indexed keywords

EID: 84889490071     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470494950.ch18     Document Type: Chapter

References (146)

1. Akim, E. L. (1978). Cellulose-Bellwether or old hat. Chemtech 8(11), 676-682.
2. Androsch, R., Stolp, M., and Radusch, H.-J. (1996). Simultaneous X-ray diffraction and differential thermal analysis of polymers. Thermochim. Acta Dev. Calorim. 1995, 271, 1-8.
3. Aouad, A., Benchanaa, M., Mokhlisse, A., and Arafan, A. (2002). Study of thermal behaviour of organic matter from natural phosphates (Youssoufia-Morocco). J. Thermal Anal. Calorim. 70(2), 593-603.
4. Aubuchon, S. R., and Blaine, R. L. (1998). Thermal analysis & rheology: Recent development in the application of thermal analysis to polyolefins. TA Instruments, Inc., New Castle, DE.
5. Bao, Q.-B., and Bagga, C. S. (1993). The dynamic mechanical analysis of hydrogel elastomers. Thermochim. Acta 226, 107-113.
6. Barros, N., Salgado, J., and Feijoo, S. (2006). Calorimetry and soil. Thermochim. Acta 458(1-2), 11-17.
7. Barton, A. F. M. (1983). CRC Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesion Parameters, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
8. Barton, A. F. M. (1990). CRC Handbook of Polymer-Liquid Interaction Parameters and Solubility Parameters, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
9. Behar, F., and Vandenbroucke, M. (1987). Chemical modelling of kerogens. Org. Geochem. 11(1), 15-24.
10. 3 catalyst. Fuel 70(7), 845-848.
11. Bhargava, S., Awaja, F., and Subasinghe, N. D. (2005). Characterisation of some Australian oil shale using thermal, X-ray and IR techniques. Fuel 84(6), 707-715.
12. Biswas, S., Choudhury, N., Sarkar, P., Mukherjee, A., Sahu, S. G., Boral, P., and Choudhury, A. (2006). Studies on the combustion behaviour of blends of Indian coals by TGA and Drop Tube Furnace. Fuel Processing Technology 87, 191-199.
13. Blaine, R. L., and Hahn, B. K. (1998). Kinetic parameters obtained by modulated thermogravimetry. J. Therm. Anal. Calorime. 54, 695-704.
14. Bouajila, J., Limare, A., Joly, C., and Dole, P. (2005). Lignin plasticization to improve binder-less fiberboard mechanical properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. 45(6), 809-816.
15. Bouchard, D. C. (2002). Cosolvent effects on sorption isotherm linearity. J. Contam. Hydrol. 56(3-4), 159-174.
16. Boussehain, R., Feidt, M. L., and Balesdent, D. (1986). Thermogravimetric study of alcohol adsorption on active charcoal. Thermochim. Acta 103(1), 113-122.
17. Buurman, P., van Lagen, B., and Piccolo, A. (2002). Increase in stability against thermal oxidation of soil humic substances as a result of self association. Org. Geochem. 33(3), 367-381.
18. Caslavsky, J. L. (1988). Principles of the optical differential thermal analysis (ODTA). Ther-mochim. Acta 134, 371-376.
19. Conte, P., and Piccolo, A. (1999). Conformational arrangement of dissolved humic substances. Influence of solution composition on association of humic molecules. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(10), 1682-1690.
20. Craig, D. Q. M., and Johnson, F. A. (1995). Pharmaceutical applications of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Thermochim. Acta Pharmaceut. Therm. Anal. 248, 97-115.
21. Cuypers, C., Grotenhuis, T., Nierop, K. G. J., Franco, E. M., de Jager, A., and Rulkens, W. (2002). Amorphous and condensed organic matter domains: the effect of persulfate oxidation on the composition of soil/sediment organic matter. Chemosphere 48(9), 919-931.
22. Davies, J. E. D., and Jabeen, N. (2002). The adsorption of herbicides and pesticides on clay minerals and soils. Part 1. Isoproturon. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 43(3-4), 329-336.
23. Davies, J. E. D., and Jabeen, N. (2003). The adsorption of herbicides and pesticides on clay minerals and soils. Part 2. Atrazine. J. Inclusion Phenom. Macrocyclic Chem. 46(1-2), 57-64.
24. DeLapp, R. C., and LeBoeuf, E. J. (2003). A proposal for the establishment of a database of thermodynamic properties of natural organic matter. In Humic Substances: Nature's Most Versatile Materials, Ghabbour, E. A., and Davies, G., eds., Taylor and Francis, New York, pp. 61-81.
25. DeLapp, R. C., and LeBoeuf, E. J. (2004). Thermal analysis of whole soils and sediment. J. Environ. Quality 33(1), 330-337.
26. DeLapp, R. C., LeBoeuf, E. J., and Bell, K. D. (2004). Thermodynamic properties of several soil-and sediment-derived natural organic materials. Chemosphere 54(4), 527-539.
27. DeLapp, R. C., LeBoeuf, E. J., Chen, J., and Gu, B. (2005). Advanced thermal characterization of fractionated natural organic materials. J. Environ. Qual. 34(4), 842-853.
28. Dell'Abate, M., Benedetti, A., and Sequi, P. (2000). Thermal methods of organic matter maturation monitoring during a composting process. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 61(2), 389-396.
29. Dell'Abate, M.T., Benedetti, A., and Brookes, P. C. (2003). Hyphenated techniques of thermal analysis for characterisation of soil humic substances. J. Sep. Sci. 26(5), 433-440.
30. Diallo, M. S., Simpson, A., Gassman, P., Faulon, J. L., Johnson, J. H., Hatcher P. G., and Goddard, W. A. (2003). 3-D structural modeling of humic acids through experimental characterization, computer assisted structure elucidation and atomistic simulations. 1. Chelsea soil humic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(9), 1783-1793.
31. DiMarzio, E. A. (1981). Equilibrium theory of glasses. In Structure and Mobility in Molecular and Atomic Glasses, O'Reilly, J. M., and Goldstein, M., eds., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, pp. 1-20.
32. Eisenberg, A. (1984). The glassy state and the glass transition. In Physical Properties of Polymers, Mark, J. E., Eisenberg, A., Graessley, W. W., Mandelkern, L., and Koenig, J. L., eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 55-95.
33. Eisenberg, A. (1993). The glassy state and the glass transition. In Physical Properties of Polymers, Mark, J. E., Eisenberg, A., Graessley, W. W., Mandelkern, L., Samulski, E. T., Koenig, J. L., and Wignall, G. D., eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 61-95.
34. Elias, H. G. (1977). Macromolecules 1: Structure and Properties, translated from German by J. W. Stafford, Plenum Press, New York.
35. Ferry, J. D. (1980). Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
36. Flory, P. J. (1970). Thermodynamics of polymer solutions, Disc. Faraday Soc. 49, 7-29.
37. Foreman, J., Sauerbrunn, S. R., and Marcozzi, C. L. (1995). Thermal analysis & rheology: Exploring the sensitivity of thermal analysis techniques to the glass transition. TA Instruments, Inc., New Castle, DE.
38. Fox, T. G., Jr., and Flory, P. J. (1948). Viscosity-molecular weight and viscosity-temperature relationships for polystyrene and polyisobutylene, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 70, 2384-2395.
39. Fox, T. G., Jr., and Flory, P. J. (1951). Further studies on the melt viscosity of polyisobutylene. J. Phys. Colloid Chem. 55, 221-235.
40. Fox, T. G., Jr., and Flory, P. J. (1954). The glass temperature and related properties of polystyrene. influence of molecular weight, J. Polym. Sci. 14, 315-319.
41. Francioso, O., Ciavatta, C., Montecchio, D., Tugnoli, V., Sanchez-Cortes, S., and Gessa, C. (2003). Quantitative estimation of peat, brown coal and lignite humic acids using chemical parameters, 1H-NMR and DTA analyses. Bioresour. Technol. 88(3), 189-195.
42. Fujita, H., and Kishimoto, A. J. (1958). Diffusion-controlled stress relaxation in polymers. II. stress relaxation in swollen polymers, J. Polym. Sci. 28, 547-567.
43. Gaffney, J. S., Marley, N. A., and Clark, S. B. (1996). Humic and fulvic acids and organic colloidal materials in the environment. Humic and fulvic acids: Isolation, Structure, and Environmental Role, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
44. Geoffrey, D., and Ghabbour, E. A. (1998). Humic Substances: Structures, Properties and Uses, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.
45. Goldberg, E. D. (1985). Black Carbon in the Environment: Properties and Distribution, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
46. Golebiowska, D., Mielnik, L., and Gonet, S. (1996). Characteristics of humic acids in bottom sediments of lobelia lakes. Environ. Int.: The HUMEX/HUMOR Project and Humic Substances 22(5), 571-578.
47. Guetzloff, T. F., and Rice, J. A. (1996). Micellar nature of humic substances. Humic and Fulvic Acids: Isolation, Structure, and Environmental Roles, Clark, S. B., ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., p. 18.
48. Gunasekara, A. S., Simpson, M. J., and Xing, B. (2003). Identification and characterization of sorption domains in soil organic matter using structurally modified humic acids. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37(5), 852-858.
49. Gunasekara, A. S., and Xing, B. (2003). Sorption and desorption of naphthalene by soil organic matter: Importance of aromatic and aliphatic components. J. Environ. Qual. 32(1), 240-246.
50. Hardy, L., Stevenson, I., Boiteux, G., Seytre, G., and Schonhals, A. (2001). Dielectric and dynamic mechanical relaxation behaviour of poly(ethylene 2, 6 naphthalene dicarboxyl-ate). I. Amorphous films. Polymer 42(13), 5679-5687.
51. Hatakeyama, T., and Hatakeyama, H. (2004). Thermal Properties of Green Polymers and Biocomposites, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
52. Haward, R. N. (1973). The Physics of Glassy Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
53. Hendricks, S. B., and Alexander, L.T. (1940). Semiquantitative estimation of montmorillonite and clays. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 5, 95-99.
54. Hodge, I. M., and Huvard, G. S. (1983). Effects of annealing and prior history on enthalpy relaxation in glassy polymers. 3. Experimental and modeling studies of polystyrene. Macromolecules 16(3), 371-375.
55. Höhne, G. W. H., Hemminger, W., and Flammersheim, H.-J. (1996). Differential Scanning Calorimetry. An Introduction for Practitioners. Springer, Berlin.
56. Hu, W.-G., Mao, J., Xing, B., and Schmidt-Rohr, K. (2000). Poly(methylene) crystallites in humic substances detected by nuclear magnetic resonance. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(3), 530-534.
57. Huang, W.L., Young, T. M., Schlautman, M. A., Yu, H., and Weber W. J., Jr. (1997). A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 9. General isotherm nonlinearity and applicability of the dual reactive domain model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(6), 1703-1710.
58. Hurrass, J., and Schaumann, G. E. (2007). Hydration kinetics of wettable and water-repellent soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71(2), 280-288.
59. Hutchinson, J. M. (1998). Characterising the glass transition and relaxation kinetics by conventional and temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Thermochimica Acta 324(1-2), 165-174.
60. Ishida, H., and Lee, Y.-H. (2001). Synergism observed in polybenzoxazine and poly(ε-caprolactone) blends by dynamic mechanical and thermogravimetric analysis. Polymer 42(16), 6971-6979.
61. Ishiwata, R. (1969). An estimation of aromaticity of a lake sediment humic acid by air oxidation and evaluation of it. Soil Sci. 107(1), 53-57.
62. Jambu, P., Dupuis, T., and Garais, M. (1975a). Use of differential thermal-analysis to characterize fulvic acid metal complexes and humic acid metal complexes. 2. Application to natural organometallic complexes. J. Therm. Anal. 8(2), 231-237.
63. Jambu, P., Dupuis, T., and Garais, M. (1975b). Use of differential thermal-analysis to characterize humic acid metal complexes and rulvic acid metal complexes. 1. Characterization of complexes prepared in laboratory. J. Therm. Anal. 8(1), 87-97.
64. Kelley, F. N., and Bueche, F. (1961). Viscosity and glasstemperaturerelations for polymer-diluent systems, J. Polym. Sci. 50, 549-556.
65. Kelley, S. S., Rials, T. G., and Glasser, W. G. (1987). Relaxation behaviour of the amorphous behavior the amorphous components of wood. J. Mater. Sci. 22(2), 617-624.
66. Kilduff, J.E., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1992). Transport and separation of organic macromolecules in ultrafiltration processes, Environ. Sci. Technol. 26(3), 569-577.
67. Kolokassidou, C., Pashalidis, I., Costa, C. N., Efstathiou, A. M., and Buckau, G. (2007). Thermal stability of solid and aqueous solutions of humic acid. Thermochim. Acta 454(2), 78-83.
68. Kroschwitz, J. I. (1990). Polymers: Polymer Characterization and Analysis, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
69. Kumar, M., Ghosh, S. K., and Manjaiah, K. (2004). Organo-mineral complexes in some incep-tisols of India: Physicochemical and thermal properties. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 35(13-14), 1865-1889.
70. LeBoeuf, E. J., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (1997). A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 9. Sorbent organic domains: Discovery of a humic acid glass transition and an argument for a polymer-based model. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(6), 1697-1702.
71. LeBoeuf, E. J., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (2000a). Macromolecular characteristics of natural organic matter. 1. Insights from glass transition and enthalpic relaxation behavior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(17), 3623-3631.
72. LeBoeuf, E. J., and Weber, W. J., Jr. (2000b). Macromolecular characteristics of natural organic matter. 2. Sorption and desorption behavior. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(17), 3632-3640.
73. Leifeld, J. (2007). Thermal stability of black carbon characterised by oxidative differential scanning calorimetry. Org. Geochem. 38(1), 112-127.
74. Liebich, J., Schloter, M., Schaffer, A., Vereecken, H., and Burauel, P. (2007). Degradation and humification of maize straw in soil microcosms inoculated with simple and complex microbial communities. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 58(1), 141-151.
75. Lucht, L. M., Larson, J. M., and Peppas, N. A. (1987). Macromolecular structure of coals. 9. Molecular structure and glass transition temperature. Energy Fuels 1, 56-58.
76. Ma, X., Sauer, J. A., and Hara, M. (1995). Poly(methyl methacrylate) based ionomers. 1. dynamic mechanical properties and morphology. Macromolecules 28, 3953-3962.
77. Mackinnon, A. J., Antxustegi, M. M., and Hall, P. J. (1994). Glass transitions and enthalpy relaxation in coals. Fuel 73(1), 113-115.
78. Matejka, J. (1922). Thermal analysis as a means of detecting kaolinite in soils. Chem. Listy 16, 8-14.
79. Mark, J. E., Eisenberg, A., Graessley, W. W., Mandelkern, L., and Koenig, J. L. (1984). The glassy state and the flass transition. In Physical Properties of Polymers, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 55-96.
80. McBrierty, V. J., Wardell, G. E., Keely, C. M., ONeill, E. P., and Prasad, M. (1996). The characterization of water in peat. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60(4), 991-1000.
81. McIlhagger, A., Brown, D., and Hill, B. (2000). The development of a dielectric system for the on-line cure monitoring of the resin transfer moulding process. Composites Part A: Appl. Sci. Manuf. 31(12), 1373-1381.
82. McKenna, G. B. (1989). Glass formation and glassy behavior. In Comprehensive Polymer Science: The Synthesis, Characterization, Reactions, & Applications of Polymers, Vol. II: Polymer Properties, G., Allen, and Bevington, J. C., eds., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 311-362.
83. Menard, K. P. (1999). Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: A Practical Introduction, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
84. Moynihan, C. T., Easteal, A. J., Bolt, M. A., and Tucker, J. (1976). Dependence of the fictive temperature of glass on cooling rate. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 59(1-2), 12-16.
85. Moynihan, C.T., Easteal, A. J., Wilder, J., and Tucker, J. (1974). Dependence of the glass transition temperature on heating and cooling rate. J. Phys. Chem. 78(26), 2673-2677.
86. Narayanaswamy, O. S. (1971). A model of structural relaxation in glass. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 54(10), 491-498.
87. Norinaga, K., Kumagai, H., Hayashi, J.-I., and Chiba, T. (1998). Classification of water sorbed in coal on the basis of congelation characteristics. Energy Fuels 12(3), 574-579.
88. Novotny, E. H., Deazevedo, E. R., Bonagamba, T. J., Cunha, T. J. F., Madari, B. E., Benites, V. D., and Hayes, M. H. B. (2007). Studies of the compositions of humic acids from Amazonian dark earth soils. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(2), 400-405.
89. Nunez-Regueira, L., Proupin-Castineiras, J., Rodriguez-Anon, J. A., Villanueva-Lopez, M., and Nunez-Fernandez, O. (2006). Design of an experimental procedure to assess soil health state. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 85(2), 271-277.
90. Oh, C. H., Trichet, J., Oh, J. H., and Rouzaud, J. N. (1990). Relation between the thermal-behavior and the structure of kerogen in the Goesan uranium deposit, Korea. Org. Geochem. 16(1-3), 609-619.
91. Ouatmane, A., Provenzano, M. R., Hafidi, M., and Senesi, N. (2000). Compost maturity assessment using calorimetry, spectroscopy and chemical analysis. Compost Sci. Util. 8(2), 124-134.
92. Piccolo, A., Nardi, S., and Concheri, G. (1996). Micelle-11ke conformation of humic substances as revealed by size exclusion chromatography. Chemosphere 33(4), 595-602.
93. Price, D. M. (1997). Thermal analysis of fibres and films in solvents and vapours. Thermochim. Acta Curr. Res. Dev. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 294(1), 127-131.
94. Privalko, V. P., Demchenko, S. S., and Lipatov, Y. S. (1986). Structure-dependent enthalpy relaxation at the glass transition of polystyrenes. Macromolecules 19(3), 901-904.
95. Provder, T., ed. (1984). Size exclusion chromatography: Methodology and characterization of polymers and related materials. In ACS Symposium Series No. 245, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
96. Provenzano, M. R., Albuzio, A., and D'Orazio, V. (2005). Spectroscopic and thermal investigations on compost improved by iron salt addition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53(2), 374-382.
97. Provenzano, M. R., Gigliotti, G., Cilenti, A., Erriquens, F., and Senesi, N. (2006). Spectroscopic and thermal investigation of hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions of dissolved organic matter. Compost Sci. Util. 14(3), 191-200.
98. Provenzano, M. R., Ouatmane, A., Hafidi, M., and Senesi, N. (2000). Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of composted materials from different sources. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 61(2), 607-614.
99. Provenzano, M. R., and Senesi, N. (1998). Differential scanning calorimetry of river aquatic fulvic acids and their metal complexes. Fresenius Environ. Bull. 7(7-8), 423-428.
100. Provenzano, M. R., and Senesi, N. (1999). Thermal properties of standard and reference humic substances by differential scanning calorimetry. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 57(2), 517-526.
101. Provenzano, M.R., Senesi, N., and Miikki, V. (1998a). Characterization of composts and humic acids from pulp and paper mill biosludges by DSC in association with FT-IR spectroscopy. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 52(3), 1037-1046.
102. Provenzano, M. R., Senesi, N., and Piccone, G. (1998b).Thermal and spectroscopic characterization of composts from municipal solid wastes. Compost Sci. Util. 6(3), 67-73.
103. Richardson, M. J. (1989). Thermal analysis. In Comprehensive Polymer Science: The Synthesis, Characterization, Reactions, & Applications of Polymers, Volume I: Polymer Properties, Allen, G., and Bevington, J. C., eds., Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 867-909.
104. Riise, G., and Salbu, B. (1986). The influence of aquatic humic substances on the octanol/water partition coeffficient of pesticides and trace elements at different pH values. In Humic Substances in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment, Grimvall, A., eds., Springer-Verlag, Linkoping, Sweden, pp. 357-365.
105. Risoul, V., Renauld, V., Trouve, G., and Gilot, P. (2002). A laboratory pilot study of thermal decontamination of soils polluted by PCBs. Comparison with thermogravimetric analysis. Waste Manage. 22(1), 61-72.
106. Rosen, S. L. (1993). Fundamental Principles of Polymeric Materials, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
107. Salmen, L. (1984). Viscoelastic properties of in situ lignin under water-saturated conditions. J. Mater. Sci. 19, 3090-3096.
108. Schaumann, G. E. (2005). Matrix relaxation and change of water state during hydration of peat. In A Selection of Papers from the Third International Conference "Interfaces against Pollutions" (IAP 2004), May 24-27, Julich, Germany. Colloids Surf. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects 265(1-3), 163-170.
109. Schaumann, G. E. (2006). Soil organic matter beyond molecular structure Part I: Macromolecular and supramolecular characteristics. J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 169(2), 145-156.
110. Schaumann, G. E., and LeBoeuf, E. J. (2005). Glass transitions in peat: Their relevance and the impact of water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(3), 800-806.
111. Schaumann, G. E., LeBoeuf, E. J., DeLapp, R., and Hurrass, J. (2005). Thermomechanical analysis of air-dried whole soil samples. Thermochim. Acta 436(1-2), 83-89.
112. Schawe, J. E. K. (1998). A description of the glass transition measured by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry. Colloid Polym. Sci. 276(7), 565-569.
113. Schnitzer M. (1972). Chemical, Spectroscopic, and thermal methods for the classification of humic substances. In Proceedings International Meetings on Humic Substances, Pudoc, Wageningen, pp. 293-310.
114. Schnitzer, M., and Kodama, H. (1972). Differential thermal-analysis of metal-fulvic acid salts and complexes. Geoderma 7(1-2), 93-103.
115. Schnitzer, M., Turner, R. C., and Hoffman, I. (1964). A thermogravimetric study of organic matter of representative Canadian podzol soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 44, 7-13.
116. Senesi, N., and Loffredo, E. (1999). The chemistry of soil organic matter. In Soil Physical Chemistry, Sparks, D. S., eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 317-319.
117. Senturia, S. D., and Sheppard, N. F. (1986). Dielectric analysis of thermoset cure. In Advances in Polymer Science, Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 1-47.
118. Shurygina, E. A., Larina, N. K., Chubarov, M. A., and Kononova, M. M. (1971). Differential thermal analysis (Dta) and thermogravimetry (Tg) of soil humus substances. Geoderma 6(3), 169-177.
119. Siewert, C. (2004). Rapid screening of soil properties using thermogravimetry. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 68(5), 1656-1661.
120. Sircar, A. K. (1997). Elastomers. In Thermal Characterization of Polymeric Materials, Turi, E. A., ed., Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
121. Stevenson, F. J. (1994). Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reaction, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
122. Struik, L. C. E. (1978). Physical Aging in Amorphous Polymers and Other Materials, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.
123. TA Instruments, Inc. (1995a). Thermal Analysis and Rheology: Analysis of Polymer Decomposition by TGA-Mass Spectrometry, New Castle, DE.
124. TA Instruments, Inc. (1995b). Thermal analysis and theology: Detection of beta transus in titanium alloys by differential thermal analysis. New Castle, DE.
125. TA Instruments, Inc. (2006). Q1000 Differential Scanning Calorimeter Product Information, New Castle, DE.
126. Talja, R. A., and Roos, Y. H. (2001). Phase and state transition effects on dielectric, mechanical, and thermal properties of polyols. Thermochim. Acta 380(2), 109-121.
127. Tan, K. H. (1978). Formation of metal humic acid complexes by titration and their characterization by differential thermal-analysis and infrared spectroscopy. Soil Biol. Biochem. 10(2), 123-129.
128. Tan, K. H., and Clark, F. E. (1969). Polysaccharide constituents in fulvic and humic acids extracted from soil. Geoderma 2(3), 245-255.
129. Tan, K. H., and Hajek, B. F. (1977). Thermal analysis of soils. In Minerals in Soils Environments, Dixon, J. B., Weed, S. B., Kittrick, J. A., Milford, M. H., and White, J. L., eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI, pp. 865-884.
130. Teraoka, I., Langley, K. H., and Karasz, F. E. (1992). Reptation dynamics of semirigid polymers in porous media. Macromolecules 25(23), 6106-6112.
131. Tobolsky, A. V. (1960). Properties and Structure of Polymers, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
132. Tool, A. Q. (1946). Relation between inelastic deformability and thermal expansion of glass in its annealing range. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 29(9), 240-253.
133. Turner, R. C., and Schnitzer, M. (1962). Thermogravimetry of organic matter of a podzol. Soil Sci. 93, 225-232.
134. Vieth, W. R., Howell, J. M., and Hsieh, H. H. (1976). Dual sorption theory. J. Membr. Sci. 1, 177-220.
135. Wetton, R. E., Marsh, R. D. L., and Van-de-Velde, J. G. (1991). Theory and application of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Thermochimica Acta 175, 1-11.
136. Wollenweber, J., Schwarzbauer, J., Littke, R., Wilkes, H., Armstroff, A., and Horsfield, B. (2006). Characterisation of non-extractable macromolecular organic matter in Palaeozoic coals. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 240(1-2), 275-304.
137. Wunderlich, B. (1990). Thermal Analysis, Academic Press, Boston.
138. Wunderlich, B. (2005). Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials. Springer, New York.
139. Xia, G., and Ball, W. P. (1999). Adsorption-partitioning uptake of nine low-polarity organic chemicals on a natural sorbent. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33(2), 262-269.
140. Xia, G., and Pignatello, J. J. (2001). Detailed sorption isotherms of polar and apolar compounds in a high-organic soil. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35(1), 84-94.
141. Xing, B. S., and Pignatello, J. J. (1997). Dual-mode sorption of low-polarity compounds in glassy poly(vinyl chloride) and soil organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31(3), 792-799.
142. Yamamoto, S., Yoshioka, H., and Ishiwatari, R. (2007). Pyrolysis-and chemical degradation-GC/MS analyses of environmental kerogen and humic substances and their applications to geochemistry. Bunseki Kagaku 56(2), 71-91.
143. Young, K. D., and LeBoeuf, E. J. (2000). Glass transition behavior in a peat humic acid and an aquatic fulvic acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34(21), 4549-4553.
144. Yun, Y., and Suuberg, E. M. (1992). Structural changes in high-rank bituminous coals caused by solvent swelling and heat. Division of Fuel Chemistry, American Chemical Society Preprints of Papers 37(2), 856-865.
145. Zhang, L., LeBoeuf, E. J., and Xing, B. (2007). Thermal analytical investigation of biopolymers and humic-and carbonaceous-based soil and sediment organic matter. Environ. Sci. Technol. 41(14), 4888-4894.
146. Zhang, L., and LeBoeuf, E. J. (2009). Effects of solvents on thermal and structural properties of humic acids: An integrated thermal analytical and molecular dynamics study, Environ. Sci. Technol. (in review).