Self-compassion soothes the savage ego-threat system: Effects on negative affect, shame, rumination, and depressive symptoms

Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 32, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 939-963

  Johnson, Edward A ^a   O'Brien, Karen A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888604571     PISSN: 07367236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2013.32.9.939     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-230.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed. Text Revision). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Andrews, B. (1995). Bodily shame as a mediator between abusive experiences and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 277-285.
4. Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F. (2011). Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates, and interventions. Review of General Psychology, 15, 289-303. DOI: 10.1037/a0025754
5. Barnard, L. K., & Curry, J. F (2012). The relationship of clergy burnout to self-compassion and other personality dimensions. Pastoral Psychology, 61, 149-163 doi: 10.1007/s11089-011-0377-0
6. Beck, A. T, Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M, Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561-71.
7. Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. New York: Harper & Row.
8. Birkeland, M. S., Melkevik, O., Holsen, I., & Wold, B. (2012). Trajectories of global self-esteem during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 35, 43-54. doi:10.1016/j. adolescence.2011.06.006
9. Clark, D. A., & Beck, A. T. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory and therapy of depression. New York: Wiley.
10. Fontaine, J. R. J., Luyten, P., De Boeck, P., & Corveleyn, J. (2001). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect: Internal structure, differential scales and relationships with long-term affects. European Journal of Personality, 15, 449-463. Doi:10.1002/per.428
11. Frattaroli, J. (2006). Experimental disclosure and its moderators: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 823-865. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132. 6.823
12. Fritz, M. S., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological Science, 18, 233-239. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
13. Gilbert, P. (2005). Evolution and depression: Issues and implications. Psychological Medicine, 36, 287-297. doi:10.1017/S0033291705006112
14. Gilbert, P., McEwan, K., Irons, C, Bhundia, R., Christie, R., Broomhead, C, & Rockliff, H. (2010). Self-harm in a mixed clinical population: The roles of self-criticism, shame, and social rank. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49, 563-576. doi:10.1348/014466509X479771
15. Gilbert, P., & Procter, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: Overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 13, 353-379. doi:10.1002/cpp. 507
16. Hammen, C. (2005). Stress and depression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 293-319. Doi: 10.1146/annurev. clinpsy1.102803.143938
17. Hirsch, B., & DuBois, D. (1991). Self-esteem in early adolescence-the identification and prediction of contrasting longitudinal trajectories. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 53-72.
18. Holsboer, F. (2000). The corticosteroid receptor hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 23, 477-501.
19. Hovens, J. G, Giltay, E. J., Wiersma, E., Spinhoven, P., Penninx, W. J. H., & Zitman, F G (2012). Impact of childhood life events and trauma on the course of depressive and anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiactrica Scandinavica, 126, 198-207. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01828.x
20. Kelly, A. C, Zuroff, D. C, & Shapira, L. B. (2009). Soothing oneself and resisting self-attacks: The treatment of two intrapersonal deficits in depression vulnerability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 301-313. DOI 10.1007/s10608-008-9202-1
21. Kernis, M. (2005). Measuring self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73, 1-37.
22. Kessler, R. C. (1997). The effects of stressful life events on depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 191-214.
23. Kim, S., Thibodeau, R., & Jorgensen, R. S. (2011). Shame, guilt, and depressive symptoms: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 68-96. doi:10.1037/a0021466
24. Leary, M. R. (2012). Hypo-egoic mindsets: Antecedents and implications of quieting the self. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.) Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed.) (pp. 268-288). New York: Guilford.
25. Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, A. B., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
26. Lewis, H. B. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York: International Universities Press.
27. Marschall, D., Sanftner, J., & Tangney, J. P. (1994). The State Shame and Guilt Scale. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
28. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2, 85-102. doi:10.1080/15298860390129863
29. Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self & Identity, 2, 223-250. doi:10.1080/15298860390209035
30. Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-Compassion. New York: HarperCollins.
31. Neff, K., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139-154.
32. Neff, K., & Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23-49.
33. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3, 400-424.
34. Orth, U., Berking, M, & Burkhardt, S. (2006). Self-conscious emotions and depression: Rumination explains why shame but not guilt is maladaptive. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 1608-1619. doi:10.1177/ 0146167206292958
35. Orth, U., Robins, R., & Roberts, B. (2008). Low self-esteem prospectively predicts depression in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 695-708. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.695.
36. Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M., & Sharp, L. K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.58.3.528
37. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891. doi:10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
38. Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-icompassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 757-761. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.023
39. Raes, F. (2011). The effect of self-compassion on the development of depression symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Mindfulness, 2, 33-36. doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0040-y
40. Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bogels, S. M., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The infuence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 607-616.
41. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
42. Shapira, L. B., & Mongrain, M. (2010). The benefts of self-compassion and optimism exercises for individuals vulnerable to depression. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 377-389. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.516763
43. Smythe, J. M. (1998). Written emotional expression: Effect sizes, outcome types, and moderating variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 174-184.
44. Tangney, J. P., & Dearing, R. L. (2002). Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford.
45. Tangney, J. P., Dearing, R. L., Wagner, P. E., & Gramzow, R. (2000). The Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 (TOSCA-3). Fairfax, VA: George Mason University.
46. Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 859-883. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.859
47. Trapnell, P., & Campbell, J. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from refection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 284-304.
48. Vettese, L. C, Dyer, C. E., Li, W. L., & Wekerle, C. (2011). Does self-compassion mitigate the association between childhood maltreatment and later emotion regulation difficulties? A preliminary investigation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 9, 480-491. doi:10.1007/s11469-011-9340-7
49. Wang, Y, Sareen, J., Aff, T. O., Bolton, S. L., Johnson, E. A., & Bolton, J. M. (2012). Recent stressful life events and suicide attempt: Results from a nationally representative sample. Psychiatric Annals, 42, 101-108.
50. Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 163-206.
51. Wolf, S. T., Cohen, T. R., Panter, A. T., & Insko, C. A. (2010). Shame proneness and guilt proneness: Toward the further understanding of reactions to public and private transgressions. Self and Identity, 9, 337-362. doi:10.1080/15298860903106843