Explaining cooperation between IGOs and NGOs - Push factors, pull factors, and the policy cycle

Review of International Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 993-1013

  Steffek, Jens ^a  

^a DARMSTADT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84888358460     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: 14699044     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210512000393     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. NGOs are defined here as non-state, non-profit-oriented organisations with voluntary membership. The NGOs in the focus of this article are, in the vast majority of cases, politically active in more than one country and sometimes called international NGOs (INGOs).
2. IGOs are organisations that have primarily, and often exclusively, states as members, are established by formal agreement, and have international legal status.
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6. For example, Bas Arts, The Political Influence of Global NGOs. Case Studies on the Climate and Biodiversity Conventions (Utrecht: International Books, 1998), pp. 55-61
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27. A part of the literature now prefers the term civil society organisation (CSO) over NGO.
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53. Tallberg, 'Transnational Access to International Institutions'.
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55. Willetts, Non-Governmental Organizations, pp. 12-14.
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64. Some authors in the literature distinguish different policy-related NGO activities without reference to the policy-cycle concept (for example, Kerstin Martens, NGO's and the United Nations: Institutionalization, Professionalization and Adaptation (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), p. 19
65. O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance, p. 19f.).
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80. Colette Chabbott, 'Development INGOs', in John Boli and George M. Thomas (eds), Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations since 1875 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
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82. Ottaway, 'Corporatism Goes Global'.
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86. Peter Mayer, 'Civil Society Participation'.
87. Quite obviously, not all transnational NGOs are actively engaging with IGOs. Some may prefer keeping a distance and impact policymaking indirectly by mobilising citizens and campaigning in public. My theoretical account does not presuppose that all NGOs are trying to enter IGOs.
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92. Price, 'Reversing the Gun Sights', pp. 619-23.
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97. Individual state representatives, delegations, or IGO staff members might still collaborate in this phase with NGOs if they have a common position on the issues at stake. They might, for example, pass on selected information about the negotiation process to be made public by the NGO. However, it is unlikely that all state representatives together, deciding jointly about admission of NGOs to a setting, will have a predicted interest in cooperation in the phase of decision-making.
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101. Jens Steffek, 'Awkward Partners: NGOs and Social Movements at the WTO', in Amrita Narlikar, Martin Daunton, and Robert M. Stern (eds), Oxford Handbook on the World Trade Organization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).
102. Scholte, Civil Society Voices, p. 21.
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110. Reimann, 'View from the Top', p. 60.
111. O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Governance.
112. Such an approach to norm-induced behaviour can be found in Frank Schimmelfennig, 'The Community Trap: Liberal Norms, Rhetorical Action, and the Eastern Enlargement of the European Union', International Organization, 55:1 (2003), pp. 47-80.
113. Alger, 'Emerging Roles of NGOs in the UN System'
114. Charnovitz, 'Two Centuries of Participation'.
115. Commission of the European Communities (CEC), European Governance: A White Paper (Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, COM(2001) 428 final (2001).
116. Jeffrey T. Checkel, 'Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change', International Organization, 55:3 (2001), pp. 553-88
117. Jennifer J. Halpern, 'Bonded Rationality: The Rationality of Everyday Decision Making in a Social Context', in Jennifer. J. Halpern and Robert N. Stern (eds), Debating Rationality: Nonrational Aspects of Organizational Decision Making (Ithaca: ILR Press, 1998).
118. Jarle Trondal, 'Re-socializing Civil Servants: The Transformative Powers of EU Institutions', Acta Politica, 39:1 (2004), pp. 4-30
119. Joseph H. H. Weiler, 'The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of Diplomats: Reflections on WTO Dispute Settlement', in Roger B. Porter, Pierre Sauve, Arvind Subramanian, and Americo B. Zampetti (eds), Efficiency, Equity, Legitimacy: The Multilateral Trading System at the Millennium (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2001).
120. Martens, NGO's and the UN.
121. It cannot be excluded that normative standards of legitimacy change in a way that suggests the end of collaboration with non-state actors even if this does not seem very plausible at the moment.
122. Brühl, Nichtregierungsorganisationen als Akteure internationaler Umweltverhandlungen
123. Raustiala, 'States, NGOs, and International Environmental Institutions'.