Understanding processing speed-its subcomponents and their relationship to characteristics of people with schizophrenia

Cognitive Neuropsychiatry

Volumn 18, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 437-451

  Cella, Matteo ^a   Wykes, Til ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognition; Cognitive deficit; Neuropsychology; Processing speed; Psychomotor; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE;

ACCURACY; AGE; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR; DISEASE DURATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEMORY; MENTAL TASK; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROCESSING SPEED; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; RESPONSE TIME; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; COGNITION; COGNITION DISORDERS; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTELLIGENCE; MALE; MEMORY; MENTAL PROCESSES; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84888259930     PISSN: 13546805     EISSN: 14640619     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2012.730038     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Aleman, A., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H., & Kahn, R. S. (1999). Memory impairment in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1358-1366. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. Bachman, P., Reichenberg, A., Rice, P., Woolsey, M., Chaves, O., Martinez, D., et al. (2010). Deconstructing processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: Application of a parametric digit symbol coding test. Schizophrenia Research, 118(1-3), 6-11.
3. Bielak, A. A., Mansueti, L., Strauss, E., & Dixon, R. A. (2006). Performance on the Hayling and Brixton tests in older adults: Norms and correlates. Archive of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 141-149.
4. Bilder, R. M., Goldman, R. S., Volavka, J., Czobor, P., Hoptman, M., Sheitman, B., et al. (2002). Neurocognitive effects of clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, and haloperidol in patients with chronic schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1018-1028.
5. Bokat, C. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64, 73-78.
6. Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Thurston, UK: Thames Valley Test Company.
7. Cella, M., Dymond, S., & Cooper, A. (2010). Impaired flexible decision-making in Major Depressive Disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1-2), 207-210.
8. Dickinson, D., Iannone, V. N., Wilk, C. M., & Gold, J. M (2004). General and specific cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 55, 826-833.
9. Dickinson, D., Ramsey, M. E., & Gold, J. M. (2007). Overlooking the obvious: A meta-analytic comparison of digit symbol coding tasks and other cognitive measures in schizophrenia. Archive of General Psychiatry, 64, 532-542.
10. Fuller, R., & Jahanshahi, M. (1999). Concurrent performance of motor tasks and processing capacity in patients with schizophrenia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 66, 668-671.
11. Gaudino, E. A., Geisler, M. W., & Squires, N. K. (1995). Construct validity in the Trail Making Test: What makes Part B harder Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 17, 529-535.
12. Gold, S., Arndt, S., Nopoulos, P., O'Leary, D. S., & Andreasen, N. C. (1999). Longitudinal study of cognitive function in first-episode and recent-onset schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 1342-1348.
13. Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental uses. Chicago, IL: Skoelting.
14. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test manual: Revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
15. Hester, R., Madeley, J., Murphy, K., & Mattingley, J. B. (2009). Learning from errors: Error-related neural activity predicts improvements in future inhibitory control performance. Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 7158-7165.
16. Holthausen, E. A., Wiersma, D., Knegtering, R. H., & Van den Bosch, R. J. (1999). Psychopathology and cognition in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: The role of depressive symptoms. Schizophrenia Research, 39, 65-71.
17. Hong, K. S., Kim, J. G., Koh, H. J., Koo, M. S., Kim, J. H., Lee, D., & Kim, E. (2002). Effects of risperidone on information processing and attention in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 53, 7-16.
18. Huang, A. J., & Chan, R. C. (2007). Error monitoring is associated with the clinical state of schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41, 773-774.
19. Johnson-Selfridge, M., & Zalewski, C. (2001). Moderator variables of executive functioning in schizophrenia: Meta-analytic findings. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 27, 305-316.
20. Kay, S. R., Fizbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 261-276.
21. Kim, M. S., Kang, S. S., Shin, K. S., Yoo, S. Y., Kim, Y. Y., & Kwon, J. S. (2006). Neuropsychological correlates of error negativity and positivity in schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 303-311.
22. King, D. J. (1990). The effect of neuroleptics on cognitive and psychomotor function. British Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 799-811.
23. Knowles, E. E., David, A. S., & Reichenberg, A. (2010). Processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: Reexamining the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167, 828-835.
24. Koren, D., Seidman, L. J., Harrison, R. H., Lyons, M. J., Kremen, W. S., Caplan, B., et al. (1998). Factor structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Dimensions of deficit in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 12, 289-302.
25. Leucht, S., Kane, J. M., Etschel, E., Kissling, W., Hamann, J., & Engel, R. R. (2006). Linking the PANSS, BPRS, and CGI: Clinical implications. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2318-2325.
26. Martin-Soelch, C. (2009). Is depression associated with dysfunction of the central reward system Biochemical Society Transactions, 37, 313-317.
27. Mathalon, D. H., Fedor, M., Faustman, W. O., Gray, M., Askari, N., & Ford, J. M. (2002). Response monitoring dysfunction in schizophrenia: An event-related brain potential study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 22-41.
28. McAuley, T., & White, D. A. (2011). A latent variables examination of processing speed, response inhibition, and working memory during typical development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108, 453-468.
29. McDowd, J., Tang, T. C., Tsai, P. C., Wang, S. Y., & Su, C. Y. (2011). The association between verbal memory, processing speed, negative symptoms and functional capacity in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 187, 329-334.
30. Morrens, M., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2007). Psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 1038-1053.
31. Morrens, M., Hulstijn, W., & Sabbe, B. (2008). The effects of atypical and conventional antipsychotics on reduced processing speed and psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Clinical Therapy, 30, 684-692.
32. Morrens, M., Hulstijn, W., Van Hecke, J., Peuskens, J., & Sabbe, B. G. (2006). Sensorimotor and cognitive slowing in schizophrenia as measured by the Symbol Digit Substitution Test. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 40, 200-206.
33. Ojeda, N., Pen a, J., Sánchez, P., Elizagárate, E., & Ezcurra, J. (2008). Processing speed mediates the relationship between verbal memory, verbal fluency, and functional outcome in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 101(1-3), 225-233.
34. Orr, J. M., Sackett, P. R., & DuBois, C. L. Z. (1991). Outlier detection and treatment in I/O psychology: A survey of researcher beliefs and an empirical illustration. Personnel Psychology, 44, 473-486.
35. Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10, 799-812.
36. Purdon, S. E., Jones, B. D., Stip, E., Labelle, A., Addington, D., David, S. R., et al. (2000). Neuropsychological change in early phase schizophrenia during 12 months of treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, or haloperidol: The Canadian Collaborative Group for research in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 249-258.
37. Russell, A. J., Munro, J., Jones, P. B., Hayward, P., Hemsley, D. R., & Murray, R. M. (2000). The National Adult Reading Test as a measure of premorbid IQ in schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39, 297-305.
38. Salthouse, T. A. (1996). The processing-speed theory of adult age differences in cognition. Psychological Review, 103, 403-428.
39. Silver, H., & Goodman, C. (2007). Impairment in error monitoring predicts poor executive function in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 94(1-3), 156-163.
40. Silver, H., Goodman, C., Bilker, W., Gur, R. C., Isakov, V., Knoll, G., & Feldman, P. (2006). Impaired error monitoring contributes to face recognition deficit in schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 85, 151-161.
41. Sánchez, P., Ojeda, N., Pen a, J., Elizagárate, E., Yoller, A. B., Gutiérrez, M., & Ezcurra, J. (2009). Predictors of longitudinal changes in schizophrenia: The role of processing speed. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 70, 888-896.
42. Van Hoof, J. J., Jogems-Kosterman, B. J., Sabbe, B. G., Zitman, F. G., & Hulstijn, W. (1998). Differentiation of cognitive and motor slowing in the Digit Symbol Test (DST): Differences between depression and schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatry Research, 32, 99-103.
43. Wechsler, D. (1997). The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
44. Wickens, C. (1974). Temporal limits of human information processing: A developmental study. Psychological Bulletin, 81, 739-755.
45. Woods, S. W. (2003). Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 64, 663-667.
46. Wykes, T., Katz, R., Sturt, E., & Hemsley, D. (1992). Abnormalities of response processing in a chronic psychiatric group: A possible predictor of failure in rehabilitation programmes British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 244-252.
47. Wykes, T., Reeder, C., & Corner, J. (2000). The prevalence and stability of an executive processing deficit, response inhibition, in people with chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 46(2-3), 241-253.
48. Wykes, T., & Sturt, E. (1986). The measurement of social behaviour in psychiatric patients: An assessment of the reliability and validity of the SBS schedule. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1-11.