Moderator Variables of Executive Functioning in Schizophrenia: Meta-Analytic Findings

Schizophrenia Bulletin

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 305-316

  Johnson Selfridge, Margaret ^a,b   Zalewski, Christine ^c  

^a San Francisco General Hospital ^*  (United States)

^b SAN FRANCISCO GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c PALO ALTO UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Executive functioning; Neuropsychology; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; META ANALYSIS; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOMETRY; REFERENCE VALUE; REPRODUCIBILITY; SCHIZOPHRENIA; STATISTICS;

ADULT; COGNITION DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REFERENCE VALUES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 0035222258     PISSN: 05867614     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.schbul.a006876     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-III: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: APA, 1980.
2. American Psychiatric Association. DSM-III-R: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 3rd ed., revised. Washington, DC: APA, 1987.
3. Andreasen, N.C. Negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Definition and reliability. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39:784-788, 1982.
4. Andreasen, N.C., and Olsen, S. Negative versus positive schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39:789-794, 1982.
5. Andreasen, N.C.; Rezai, K.; Alliger, R.; Swayze II, V.W.; Flaum, M.; Kirchner, P.; Cohen, G.; and O'Leary, D.S. Hypofrontality in neuroleptic-naïve patients and in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49:943-958, 1992.
6. Axelrod, B.N.; Goldman, B.S.; and Woodard, J.L. Interrater reliability in scoring the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 6:143-155, 1992.
7. Beatty, W.W.; Jocic, Z.; Monson, N.; and Staton, R.D. Memory and frontal lobe dysfunction in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181:448-453, 1993.
8. Blanchard, J.J., and Neale, J.M. The neuropsychological signature of schizophrenia: Generalized or differential deficit? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(1):40-48, 1994.
9. Bornstein, R.A.; Nasrallah, H.A.; Olson, S.C.; Coffman, J.A.; Torello, M.; and Schwarzkopf, S.B. Neuropsychological deficit in schizophrenic subtypes: Paranoid, non-paranoid, and schizoaffective subgroups. Biological Psychiatry, 31:954-961, 1990.
10. Braff, D.L.; Heaton, R.; Kuck, J.; Cullum, M.; Moranville, J.; Grant, I.; and Zisook, S. The generalized pattern of neuropsychological deficits in outpatients with chronic schizophrenia with heterogeneous Wisconsin Card Sorting Test results. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48:891-898, 1991.
11. Braun, C.M.J.; Lapierre, D.; Hodgins, S.; Toupin, J.; Leveille, S.; and Constantineau, C. Neurological soft signs in schizophrenia: Are they related to negative and positive symptoms, neuropsychological performance, and violence? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 10(6):489-509, 1995.
12. Butler, R.W.; Jenkins, M.A.; Sprock, J.; and Braff, D.L. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test deficits in chronic paranoid schizophrenia: Evidence for a relatively discrete subgroup? Schizophrenia Research, 7:169-176, 1992.
13. Carpenter, W.T., Jr. Psychopathology and common sense. Biological Psychiatry, 29:735-737, 1991.
14. Carpenter, W.T., Jr.; Heinrichs, D.W.; and Wagman, A.M. Deficit and nondeficit forms of schizophrenia: The concept. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145:578-583, 1988.
15. Cassens, G.; Inglis, A.K.; Appelbaum, P.S.; and Gutheil, T.G. Neuroleptics: Effects on neuropsychological function in chronic schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(3):477-499, 1990.
16. Chapman, L.J., and Chapman, J.P. Problems in the measurement of cognitive deficit. Psychological Bulletin, 79:380-385, 1973.
17. Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press, 1988.
18. Crow, T.J. The two-syndrome concept: Origins and current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 11(3):471-486, 1985.
19. Cummings, J.L. Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behavior. Archives of Neurology, 50:873-880, 1993.
20. Damasio, A. The frontal lobes. In: Heilman, K.M., and Valenstein, E., eds. Clinical Neuropsychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1979. pp. 360-412.
21. deLeon, J.; Simpson, G.M.; and Peralta, V. Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia: Where are the data? Biological Psychiatry, 31:431-434, 1992.
22. des Rosiers, G., and Kavanaugh, D. Cognitive assessment of closed head injury: Stability, validity, and parallel forms for two neuropsychological measures of recovery. International Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology, 9(4): 162-173, 1987.
23. Faustman, W.O. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. In: Maruish, M.E., ed. The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcome Assessment. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994. pp. 371-401.
24. Franke, P.; Maier, W.; Hardt, J.; Frieboes, R.; Lichtermann, D.; and Hain, C. Assessment of frontal lobe functioning in schizophrenia and unipolar major depression. Psychopathology, 26:76-84, 1993.
25. Galynker, I.I., and Harvey, P.D. Neuropsychological screening in the psychiatric emergency room. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 33(5):291-295, 1992.
26. Glass, G.V., and Hopkins, K.D. Statistical Methods in Education and Psychology. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 1984.
27. Glass, G.V.; McGaw, B.; and Smith, M.L. Meta-Analysis in Social Research. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc., 1981.
28. Gold, J.M., and Harvey, P.D. Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 16:295-312, 1993.
29. Goldberg, T.E.; Ragland, J.D.; Torrey, E.G.; Gold, J.M.; Bigelow, L.B.; and Weinberger, D.R. Neuropsychological assessment of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47:1066-1072, 1990.
30. Goldberg, T.E., and Weinberger, D.R. A case against subtyping in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 17:147-152, 1995.
31. Golden, C.J. Stroop Color and Word Test Manual. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Company, 1978.
32. Gur, R.E.; Gur, R.C.; and Saykin, A.J. Neurobehavioral studies in schizophrenia: Implications for regional brain dysfunction. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(3): 445-451, 1990.
33. Harris, M.J.; McAdams, L.A.; and Heaton, S.C. Negative symptoms in late-life schizophrenia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2(1):9-20, 1994.
34. Heaton, R.K. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, 1981.
35. Heaton, R.; Paulsen, J.S.; McAdams, L.A.; Kuck, J.; Zisook, S.; Braff, D.; Harris, J.; and Jeste, D.W. Neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenics: Relationship to age, chronicity, and dementia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51:469-476, 1994.
36. Heaton, R.K.; Vogt, A.T.; Hoehn, M.M.; Lewis, J.A.; Crowley, T.J.; and Stallings, M. Neuropsychological impairment with schizophrenia vs. acute and chronic cerebral lesions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(1):46-53, 1979.
37. Heinrichs, R.W., and Zakzanis, K.K. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology, 12(3):426-445, 1998.
38. Hoff, A.L.; Riordan, H.; O'Donnell, D.W.; Morris, L.; and DeLisi, L.E. Neuropsychological functioning of first-episode schizophreniform patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149(7):898-903, 1992a.
39. Hoff, A.L.; Riordan, H.; O'Donnell, D.; Stritzke, P.; Neale, C.; Boccio, A.; Anand, A.K.; and DeLisi, L.E. Anomalous lateral sulcus asymmetry and cognitive function in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 18(2):257-269, 1992b.
40. Hunter, J.E., and Schmidt, F.L. Methods of Meta-Analysis. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, 1990.
41. Hunter, J.E.; Schmidt, F.L.; and Jackson, G.G. Meta-Analysis: Cumulating Research Findings Across Studies. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications, 1982.
42. Jones-Gotman, M., and Milner, B. Design fluency: The invention of nonsense drawings after focal cortical lesion. Neuropsychologia, 15:653-674, 1977.
43. Joyce, E.M.; Collinson, S.L.; and Crichton, P. Verbal fluency in schizophrenia: Relationship with executive function, semantic memory and clinical alogia. Psychological Medicine, 26:39-49, 1996.
44. Kinney, D.K.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.A.; Waternaux, C.M.; and Matthysse, S. Obstetrical complications and trail making deficits discriminate schizophrenics from unaffected siblings and controls. Schizophrenia Research, 12:63-73, 1994.
45. Koren, D.; Seidman, L.J.; Harrison, R.H.; Lyons, M.J.; Kremen, W.S.; Caplan, B.; Goldstein, J.M.; Faraone, S.V.; and Tsuang, M.T. Factor structure of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: Dimensions of deficit in schizophrenia, Neuropsychology, 12(2):289-302, 1998.
46. Levin, S.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.; and Craft, S. Contributions of clinical neuropsychology to the study of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(4):341-356, 1989.
47. Lewine, R.; Haden, C.; Caudle, J.; and Shurett, R. Sexonset effects on neuropsychological function in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 23(1):51-61, 1997.
48. Lezak, M.D. Neuropsychological Assessment. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
49. Lezak, M.D. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
50. Matarazzo, J.D.; Weins, A.N.; Matarazzo, R.G.; and Goldstein, S.G. Psychometric and clinical test-retest reliability of the Halstead impairment index in a sample of healthy, young, normal men. Journal of Nervous and Menial Disease, 158(1):37-49, 1974.
51. McGlashan, T.H., and Bardenstein, K.K. Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective, and schizophrenic disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(2):319-329, 1990.
52. Mesulam, M. Frontal cortex and behavior, Annals of Neurology, 19(4):320-325, 1986.
53. Metz, J.T.; Johnson, M.D.; Pliskin, N.H.; and Luchins, D.J. Maintenance of training effects on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test by patients with schizophrenia or affective disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151:120-122, 1994.
54. Newcomer, J.W.; Faustman, W.O.; Yeh, W.; and Csernansky, J.G. Distinguishing depression and negative symptoms in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 31:243-250, 1990.
55. Nopoulos, P.; Flashman, L.; Flaum, M.; Arndt, S.; and Andreasen, N. Stability of cognitive functioning early in the course of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 14:29-37, 1994.
56. Orwin, R.G. A fail-safe n for effect size. Journal of Educational Statistics, 8(2):147-159, 1983.
57. Overall, J.E., and Gorham, D.R. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports, 10:799-812, 1962.
58. Parellada, E.; Catafau, A.M.; Bernardo, M.; Lomena, F.; Gonzalez-Monclus, E.; and Setoain, J. Prefrontal dysfunction in young acute neuroleptic-naïve schizophrenic patients: A resting and activation SPECT study. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 55:131-139, 1994.
59. Paulsen, J.S.; Romero, R.; Chan, A.; Davis, A.V.; Heaton, R.K.; and Jeste, D.V. Impairment of the semantic network in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Research, 63:109-121, 1996.
60. Pogue-Geile, M.F., and Harrow, M. Negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia and depression: A followup. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 10(3):371-387, 1984.
61. Reitan, R.M. Manual for Administration of Neuropsychological Test Batteries for Adults and Children. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Laboratory, 1979.
62. Rizzo, L.; Danion, J.; Van der Linden, M.; Grange, D.; and Rohmer, J. Impairment of memory for spatial context in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 10(3):376-384, 1996.
63. Robbins, T.W. The case for frontostriatal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(3):391-402, 1990.
64. Rubin, P.; Holm, S.; Friberg, L.; Videbech, P.; Andersen, H.S.; Bendsen, B.B.; Stromso, N.; Larsen, J.K.; Lassen, N.A.; and Hemmingsen, R. Altered modulation of prefrontal and subcortical brain activity in newly diagnosed schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder - a regional cerebral blood flow study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48:987-995, 1991.
65. Rubin, P.; Holm, S.; Madsen, P.L.; Friberg, L.; Videbech, P.; Andersen, H.S.; Bendsen, B.B.; Stromso, N.; Larsen, J.K.; Lassen, N.A.; and Hemmingsen, R. Regional cerebral blood flow distribution in newly diagnosed schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder. Psychiatry Research, 53:57-75, 1994.
66. Rund, B.R.; Landro, N.I.; and Orbeck, A.L. Stability in cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Research, 69:131-141, 1997.
67. Saykin, A.J.; Shtasel, D.L.; Gur, R.E.; Rester, D.B.; Mozley, L.H.; Stafiniak, P.; and Gur, R.C. Neuropsychological deficits in neuroleptic naïve patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51:124-131, 1994.
68. Seidman, L.J. Schizophrenia and brain dysfunction: An integration of recent neurodiagnostic findings. Psychological Bulletin, 94(2): 195-238, 1983.
69. Seidman, L.J.; Pepple, J.R.; Faraone, S.V.; Kremen, W.S.; Green, A.L; Brown, W.A.; and Tsuang, M.T. Neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia in response to neuroleptic dose reduction. Biological Psychiatry, 33:575-584, 1993.
70. Seidman, L.J.; Oscar-Berman, M.; Kalinowski, A.G.; Ajilore, O.; Kremen, W.S.; Faraone, S.V.; and Tsuang, M.T. Experimental and clinical neuropsychological measures of prefrontal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 9(4):481-490, 1995.
71. Seidman, L.J.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.; Kremen, W.S.; Woods, B.T.; Goldstein, J.M.; Faraone, S.V.; and Tsuang, M.T. Relationship of prefrontal and temporal lobe MRI measures to neuropsychological performance in chronic schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry, 35:235-246, 1994.
72. Spohn, H.E., and Strauss, M.E. Relation of neuroleptic and anticholinergic medication to cognitive functions in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(4):367-380, 1989.
73. Spreen, O., and Strauss, E. A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1991.
74. Strauss, M.E. Relations of symptoms to cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 19(2):215-231, 1993.
75. Stuss, D.T., and Benson, D.F. Neuropsychological studies of frontal lobes. Psychological Bulletin, 95:3-28, 1984.
76. Verdoux, H.; Magnin, E.; and Bourgeois, M. Neuroleptic effects on neuropsychological test performance in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 14:133-139, 1995.
77. Weinberger, D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44:660-669, 1987.
78. Weinberger, D.R.; Berman, K.F.; and Zec, R.F. Physiologic dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: I. Regional cerebral blood flow evidence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43:114-124, 1986.