Mechanisms underlying cortical resonant states: Implications for levodopa-induced dyskinesia

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 415-429

  Richter, Ulrike ^a   Halje, Pär ^a   Petersson, Per ^a  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Basal ganglia; Dopamine; Motor cortex; Neuronal circuits; Oscillations; Parkinson's disease

Indexed keywords

DOPAMINE; LEVODOPA;

ALLOCORTEX; ALPHA RHYTHM; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; AUDITORY CORTEX; AUDITORY HALLUCINATION; AUDITORY STIMULATION; BASAL GANGLION; BETA RHYTHM; BRAIN CORTEX; CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION; DELTA RHYTHM; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; DYSKINESIA; ENTORHINAL CORTEX; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; FRONTAL CORTEX; GAMMA RHYTHM; GAP JUNCTION; GLOBUS PALLIDUS; HIGH FREQUENCY OSCILLATION; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMAN; INNERVATION; INTERNEURON; MEMBRANE DEPOLARIZATION; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; NEOCORTEX; NONHUMAN; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REM SLEEP; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSORIMOTOR CORTEX; SLEEP STAGE; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION; VENTRAL TEGMENTUM; WORKING MEMORY;

ANIMALS; ANTIPARKINSON AGENTS; CEREBRAL CORTEX; DYSKINESIA, DRUG-INDUCED; HUMANS; LEVODOPA; PARKINSON DISEASE;

EID: 84888180105     PISSN: 03341763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0018     Document Type: Article

References (163)

1. Adrian, E.D. and Matthews, B.H. (1934). The interpretation of potential waves in the cortex. J. Physiol. 81, 440-471.
2. Agari, T. and Date, I. (2012). Spinal cord stimulation for the treatment of abnormal posture and gait disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurol. Med. Chir. 52, 470-474.
3. Arroyo, S., Lesser, R.P., Gordon, B., Uematsu, S., Jackson, D., and Webber, R. (1993). Functional significance of the mu rhythm of human cortex: an electrophysiologic study with subdural electrodes. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 87, 76-87.
4. Aziz, T.Z., Peggs, D., Sambrook, M.A., and Crossman, A.R. (1991). Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus for the alleviation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonism in the primate. Mov. Disord. 6, 288-292.
5. Barlow, J.S. (1993). The electroencephalogram: its patterns and origins (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, A Bradford Book, 1st ed.).
6. Barthó, P., Hirase, H., Monconduit, L., Zugaro, M., Harris, K.D., and Buzsáki, G. (2004). Characterization of neocortical principal cells and interneurons by network interactions and extracellular features. J. Neurophysiol. 92, 600-608.
7. Bates, A.T., Liddle, P.F., Kiehl, K.A., and Ngan, E.T.C. (2004). State dependent changes in error monitoring in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 38, 347-356.
8. Baufreton, J., Atherton, J.F., Surmeier, D.J., and Bevan, M.D. (2005). Enhancement of excitatory synaptic integration by GABAergic inhibition in the subthalamic nucleus. J. Neurophysiol. 25, 8505-8517.
9. Benabid, A.L., Pollak, P., Louveau, A., Henry, S., and De Rougemont, J. (1987). Combined (thalamotomy and stimulation) stereotactic surgery of the VIM thalamic nucleus for bilateral Parkinson disease. Appl. Neurophysiol. 50, 344-346.
10. Benabid, A.L., Pollak, P., Hommel, M., Gaio, J.M., De Rougemont, J., and Perret, J. (1989). Treatment of Parkinson tremor by chronic stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus. Rev. Neurol. (Paris) 145, 320-323.
11. Berger, H. (1929). Über das Elektroenkephalogramm des Menschen. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkrankh. 87, 527-570.
12. Bergman, H., Wichmann, T., and DeLong, M.R. (1990). Reversal of experimental parkinsonism by lesions of the subthalamic nucleus. Science 249, 1436-1438.
13. Bergman, H., Wichmann, T., Karmon, B., and DeLong, M.R. (1994). The primate subthalamic nucleus. II. Neuronal activity in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J. Neurophysiol. 72, 507-520.
14. Bernardi, G., Cherubini, E., Marciani, M.G., Mercuri, N., and Stanzione, P. (1982). Responses of intracellularly recorded cortical neurons to the iontophoretic application of dopamine. Brain Res. 245, 267-274.
15. Bevan, M.D., Magill, P.J., Terman, D., Bolam, J.P., and Wilson, C.J. (2002). Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus-external globus pallidus network. Trends Neurosci. 25, 525-531.
16. Bevan, M.D., Atherton, J.F., and Baufreton, J. (2006). Cellular principles underlying normal and pathological activity in the subthalamic nucleus. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 16, 621-628.
17. Brown, P. (2003). Oscillatory nature of human basal ganglia activity: relationship to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 18, 357-363.
18. Brown, P. and Marsden, C.D. (1998). What do the basal ganglia do? Lancet 351, 1801-1804.
19. Brown, P. and Williams, D. (2005). Basal ganglia local field potential activity: character and functional significance in the human. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2510-2519.
20. Brown, R.M., Crane, A.M., and Goldman, P.S. (1979). Regional distribution of monoamines in the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures of the rhesus monkey: concentrations and in vivo synthesis rates. Brain Res. 168, 133-150.
21. Brown, P., Oliviero, A., Mazzone, P., Insola, A., Tonali, P., and Di Lazzaro, V. (2001). Dopamine dependency of oscillations between subthalamic nucleus and pallidum in Parkinson's disease. J. Neurosci. 21, 1033-1038.
22. Brown, P., Kupsch, A., Magill, P.J., Sharott, A., Harnack, D., and Meissner, W. (2002). Oscillatory local field potentials recorded from the subthalamic nucleus of the alert rat. Exp. Neurol. 177, 581-585.
23. Brown, P., Mazzone, P., Oliviero, A., Altibrandi, M.G., Pilato, F., Tonali, P.A., and Di Lazzaro, V. (2004). Effects of stimulation of the subthalamic area on oscillatory pallidal activity in Parkinson's disease. Exp. Neurol. 188, 480-490.
24. Brunel, N. and Wang, X.-J. (2003). What determines the frequency of fast network oscillations with irregular neural discharges? I. Synaptic dynamics and excitation-inhibition balance. J. Neurophysiol. 90, 415-430.
25. Buzsáki, G. (2002). Theta oscillations in the hippocampus. Neuron 33, 325-340.
26. Buzsáki, G. and Wang, X.-J. (2012). Mechanisms of gamma oscillations. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 35, 203-225.
27. Cardin, J.A., Carlén, M., Meletis, K., Knoblich, U., Zhang, F., Deisseroth, K., Tsai, L.-H., and Moore, C.I. (2009). Driving fast-spiking cells induces gamma rhythm and controls sensory responses. Nature 459, 663-667.
28. Carlsson, A., Lindqvist, M., Magnusson, T., and Waldeck, B. (1958). On the presence of 3-hydroxytyramine in brain. Science 127, 471.
29. Carta, M., Lindgren, H.S., Lundblad, M., Stancampiano, R., Fadda, F., and Cenci, M.A. (2006). Role of striatal L-DOPA in the production of dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats. J. Neurochem. 96, 1718-1727.
30. Cenci, M.A. and Konradi, C. (2010). Maladaptive striatal plasticity in l -DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Prog. Brain Res. 183, 209-233.
31. Chatrian, G.E., Petersen, M.C., and Lazarte, J.A. (1959). The blocking of the rolandic wicket rhythm and some central changes related to movement. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 11, 497-510.
32. Chiodo, L.A. and Berger, T.W. (1986). Interactions between dopamine and amino acid-induced excitation and inhibition in the striatum. Brain Res. 375, 198-203.
33. Costa, R.M., Lin, S.-C., Sotnikova, T.D., Cyr, M., Gainetdinov, R.R., Caron, M.G., and Nicolelis, M.A.L. (2006). Rapid alterations in corticostriatal ensemble coordination during acute dopaminedependent motor dysfunction. Neuron 52, 359-369.
34. Courtemanche, R., Fujii, N., and Graybiel, A.M. (2003). Synchronous, focally modulated beta-band oscillations characterize local field potential activity in the striatum of awake behaving monkeys. J. Neurosci. 23, 11741-11752.
35. Csicsvari, J., Jamieson, B., Wise, K.D., and Buzsáki, G. (2003). Mechanisms of gamma oscillations in the hippocampus of the behaving rat. Neuron 37, 311-322.
36. Da Silva Alves, F., Figee, M., Van Avamelsvoort, T., Veltman, D., and De Haan, L. (2008). The revised dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia: evidence from pharmacological MRI studies with atypical antipsychotic medication. Psychopharmacol. Bull. 41, 121-132.
37. Dalmau, A., Bergman, B., and Brismar, B. (1999). Psychotic disorders among inpatients with abuse of cannabis, amphetamine and opiates. Do dopaminergic stimulants facilitate psychiatric illness? Eur. Psychiatry 14, 366-371.
38. Davis, K.L., Kahn, R.S., Ko, G., and Davidson, M. (1991). Dopamine in schizophrenia: a review and reconceptualization. Am. J. Psychiatry 148, 1474-1486.
39. Dawson, T.M., Gehlert, D.R., McCabe, R.T., Barnett, A., and Wamsley, J.K. (1986). D-1 dopamine receptors in the rat brain: a quantitative autoradiographic analysis. J. Neurosci. 6, 2352-2365.
40. DeGiorgio, C.M., Shewmon, D.A., and Whitehurst, T. (2003). Trigeminal nerve stimulation for epilepsy. Neurology 61, 421-422.
41. DeGiorgio, C.M,. Shewmon, A., Murray, D., and Whitehurst, T. (2006). Pilot study of trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) for epilepsy: a proof-of-concept trial. Epilepsia 47, 1213-1215.
42. Deniau, J.-M., Degos, B., Bosch, C., and Maurice, N. (2010). Deep brain stimulation mechanisms: beyond the concept of local functional inhibition. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 1080-1091.
43. Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordan, W., Brosch, M., and Kruse, W. (1988). Coherent oscillations: a mechanism of feature linking in the visual cortex? Multiple electrode and correlation analyses in the cat. Biol Cybern. 60, 121-130.
44. Ermentrout, G. and Kopell, N. (1991). Multiple pulse interactions and averaging in systems of coupled neural oscillators. J. Math. Biol. 29, 195-217.
45. Fanselow, E.E., Reid, A.P., and Nicolelis, M.A. (2000). Reduction of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure activity in awake rats by seizure-triggered trigeminal nerve stimulation. J. Neurosci. 20, 8160-8168.
46. Fénelon, G., Goujon, C., Gurruchaga, J.-M., Cesaro, P., Jarraya, B., Palfi, S., and Lefaucheur, J.-P. (2012). Spinal cord stimulation for chronic pain improved motor function in a patient with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 18, 213-214.
47. Fries, P. (2009). Neuronal gamma-band synchronization as a fundamental process in cortical computation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 32, 209-224.
48. Fuentes, R., Petersson, P., Siesser, W.B., Caron, M.G., and Nicolelis, M.A. (2009). Spinal cord stimulation restores locomotion in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Science 323, 1578-1582.
49. Fuentes, R., Petersson, P., and Nicolelis, M.A. (2010). Restoration of locomotive function in Parkinson's disease by spinal cord stimulation: mechanistic approach. Eur. J. Neurosci. 32, 1100-1108.
50. Gage, G.J., Stoetzner, C.R., Wiltschko, A.B., and Berke, J.D. (2010). Selective activation of striatal fast-spiking interneurons during choice execution. Neuron 67, 466-749.
51. Galarreta, M. and Hestrin, S. (1999). A network of fast-spiking cells in the neocortex connected by electrical synapses. Nature 402, 72-75.
52. Gaspar, P., Duyckaerts, C., Alvarez, C., Javoy-Agid, F., and Berger, B. (1991). Alterations of dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervations in motor cortex in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 30, 365-374.
53. Gaspar, P., Bloch, B., and Le Moine, C. (1995). D1 and D2 receptor gene expression in the rat frontal cortex: cellular localization in different classes of efferent neurons. Eur. J. Neurosci. 7, 1050-1063.
54. Gastaut, H. (1952). Electrocorticographic study of the reactivity of rolandic rhythm. [Etudeélectrocorticographique de la ré activitédes rythmes rolandiques.]. Rev. Neurol. 87, 176-182.
55. Gastaut, H.J. and Bert, J. (1954). EEG changes during cinematographic presentation (Moving picture activation of the EEG). Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 6, 433-444.
56. Gastaut, H., Terzian, H., and Gastaut, Y. (1952). Etude d'une activitééléctroencephalographique méconnue: Le rythme rolandique en arceau. Mars. Méd. 89, 296-310.
57. Gibson, J.R., Beierlein, M., and Connors, B.W. (1999). Two networks of electrically coupled inhibitory neurons in neocortex. Nature 402, 75-79.
58. Gittis, A.H., Hang, G.B., LaDow, E.S., Shoenfeld, L.R., Atallah, B.V., Finkbeiner, S., and Kreitzer, A.C. (2011). Rapid target-specific remodeling of fast-spiking inhibitory circuits after loss of dopamine. Neuron 71, 858-868.
59. Goetz, C.G., Poewe, W., Rascol, O., and Sampaio, C. (2005). Evidence-based medical review update: pharmacological and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease: 2001 to 2004. Mov. Disord. 20, 523-539.
60. Goldman-Rakic, P.S., Muly, E.C., and Williams, G.V. (2000). D 1 receptors in prefrontal cells and circuits. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 31, 295-301.
61. Gradinaru, V., Mogri, M., Thompson, K.R., Henderson, J.M., and Deisseroth, K. (2009). Optical deconstruction of parkinsonian neural circuitry. Science 324, 354-359.
62. Gray, C.M. and Singer, W. (1989). Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86, 1698-1702.
63. Gray, C., König, P., Engel, A., and Singer, W. (1989). Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties. Nature 338, 334-337.
64. Grillner, S., Hellgren, J., Ménard, A., Saitoh, K., and Wikström, M.A. (2005). Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs - roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci. 28, 364-370.
65. Gutfreund, Y., Yarom, Y., and Segev, I. (1995). Subthreshold oscillations and resonant frequency in guinea-pig cortical neurons: physiology and modelling. J. Physiol. 483, Pt 3, 621-640.
66. Hájos, N., Pálhalmi, J., Mann, E.O., Németh, B., Paulsen, O., and Freund, T.F. (2004). Spike timing of distinct types of GABAergic interneuron during hippocampal gamma oscillations in vitro. J. Neurosci. 24, 9127-9137.
67. Halje, P., Tamte, M., Richter, U., Mohammed, M., Cenci, M.A., and Petersson, P. (2012). Levodopa-induced dyskinesia is strongly associated with resonant cortical oscillations. J. Neurosci. 32, 16541-16551.
68. Hammond, C., Bergman, H., and Brown, P. (2007). Pathological synchronization in Parkinson's disease: networks, models and treatments. Trends Neurosci. 30, 357-364.
69. Hari, R. and Salmelin, R. (1997). Human cortical oscillations: a neuromagnetic view through the skull. Trends Neurosci. 20, 44-49.
70. Harrison, P.J. and Weinberger, D.R. (2005). Schizophrenia genes, gene expression, and neuropathology: on the matter of their convergence. Mol. Psychiatry 10, 40-68.
71. Hassan, S., Amer, S., Alwaki, A., and Elborno, A. (2013). A patient with Parkinson's disease benefits from spinal cord stimulation. J. Clin. Neurosci. 20, 1155-1156.
72. Herculano-Houzel, S., Munk, M.H., Neuenschwander, S., and Singer, W. (1999). Precisely synchronized oscillatory firing patterns require electroencephalographic activation. J. Neurosci. 19, 3992-4010.
73. Herrling, P.L. and Hull, C.D. (1980). Iontophoretically applied dopamine depolarizes and hyperpolarizes the membrane of cat caudate neurons. Brain Res. 192, 441-462.
74. Hill, M.P., Ravenscroft, P., Bezard, E., Crossman, A.R., Brotchie, J.M., Michel, A., Grimée, R., and Klitgaard, H. (2004). Levetiracetam potentiates the antidyskinetic action of amantadine in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned primate model of Parkinson's disease. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 310, 386-394.
75. Hirsch, E.C. (1994). Biochemistry of Parkinson's disease with special reference to the dopaminergic systems. Mol. Neurobiol. 9, 135-142.
76. Holroyd, C.B. and Coles, M.G.H. (2002). The neural basis of human error processing: reinforcement learning, dopamine, and the error-related negativity. Psychol. Rev. 109, 679-709.
77. Hoogenboom, N., Schoffelen, J.-M., Oostenveld, R., Parkes, L.M., and Fries, P. (2006). Localizing human visual gamma-band activity in frequency, time and space. NeuroImage 29, 764-773.
78. Huot, P., Fox, S.H., Newman-Tancredi, A., and Brotchie, J.M. (2011). Anatomically selective serotonergic type 1A and serotonergic type 2A therapies for Parkinson's disease: an approach to reducing dyskinesia without exacerbating parkinsonism? J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 339, 2-8.
79. Huot, P., Johnston, T.H., Koprich, J.B., Fox, S.H., and Brotchie, J.M. (2013). The pharmacology of l -DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease. Pharmacol. Rev. 65, 171-222.
80. Hutcheon, B. and Yarom, Y. (2000). Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. Trends Neurosci. 23, 216-22.
81. Jasper, H. and Penfield, W. (1949). Electrocorticograms in man: effect of voluntary movement upon the electrical activity of the precentral gyrus. Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 183, 163-174.
82. Jefferys, J., Traub, R., and Whittington, M. (1996). Neuronal networks for induced "40 Hz" rhythms. Trends Neurosci. 19, 202-208.
83. Jocham, G. and Ullsperger, M. (2009). Neuropharmacology of performance monitoring. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 33, 48-60.
84. Jones, E.G. (2009). Synchrony in the interconnected circuitry of the thalamus and cerebral cortex. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1157, 10-23.
85. Kandel, A. and Buzsáki, G. (1997). Cellular-synaptic generation of sleep spindles, spike-and-wave discharges, and evoked thalamocortical responses in the neocortex of the rat. J. Neurosci. 17, 6783-6797.
86. Kapur, S. and Seeman, P. (2002). NMDA receptor antagonists ketamine and PCP have direct effects on the dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptors: implications for models of schizophrenia. Mol. Psychiatry 7, 837-844.
87. Kehr, W., Lindqvist, M., and Carlsson, A. (1976). Distribution of dopamine in the rat cerebral cortex. J. Neural. Transm. 38, 173-180.
88. Kempf, F., Brücke, C., Salih, F., Trottenberg, T., Kupsch, A., Schneider, G.-H., Doyle Gaynor, L.M.F., Hoffmann, K.-T., Vesper, J., Wöhrle, J., et al. (2009). Gamma activity and reactivity in human thalamic local field potentials. Eur. J. Neurosci. 29, 943-953.
89. Klausberger, T., Magill, P.J., Márton, L.F., Roberts, J.D.B., Cobden, P.M., Buzsáki, G., and Somogyi, P. (2003). Brain-state- and cell-type-specific firing of hippocampal interneurons in vivo. Nature 421, 844-848.
90. Klitgaard, H., Matagne, A., Grimee, R., Vanneste-Goemaere, J., and Margineanu, D.-G. (2003). Electrophysiological, neurochemical and regional effects of levetiracetam in the rat pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Seizure 12, 92-100.
91. Kühn, A.A., Kupsch, A., Schneider G.-H., and Brown, P. (2006). Reduction in subthalamic 8-35 Hz oscillatory activity correlates with clinical improvement in Parkinson's disease. Eur. J. Neurosci. 23, 1956-1960.
92. Kühn, A.A., Kempf, F., Brücke, C., Gaynor Doyle, L., Martinez-Torres, I., Pogosyan, A., Trottenberg, T., Kupsch, A., Schneider, G.-H., Hariz, et al. (2008). High-frequency stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus suppresses oscillatory beta activity in patients with Parkinson's disease in parallel with improvement in motor performance. J. Neurosci. 28, 6165-6173.
93. Kwon, J.S., O'Donnell, B.F., Wallenstein, G.V., Greene, R.W., Hirayasu, Y., Nestor, P.G., Hasselmo, M.E., Potts, G.F., Shenton, M.E., and McCarley, R.W. (1999). Gamma frequency-range abnormalities to auditory stimulation in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 56, 1001-1005.
94. Lachowicz, J.E. and Sibley, D.R. (1997). Molecular characteristics of mammalian dopamine receptors. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 81, 105-113.
95. Leventhal, D.K., Gage, G.J., Schmidt, R., Pettibone, J.R., Case, A.C., and Berke, J.D. (2012). Basal ganglia beta oscillations accompany cue utilization. Neuron 73, 523-536.
96. Levy, R., Hutchison, W.D., Lozano, A.M., and Dostrovsky, J.O. (2000). High-frequency synchronization of neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients with limb tremor. J. Neurosci. 20, 7766-7775.
97. Levy, R., Ashby, P., Hutchison, W.D., Lang, A.E., Lozano, A.M., and Dostrovsky, J.O. (2002). Dependence of subthalamic nucleus oscillations on movement and dopamine in Parkinson's disease. Brain 125, 1196-1209.
98. Li, S., Arbuthnott, G.W., Jutras, M.J., Goldberg, J.A., and Jaeger, D. (2007). Resonant antidromic cortical circuit activation as a consequence of high-frequency subthalamic deep-brain stimulation. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 3525-3537.
99. Lidow, M.S., Goldman-Rakic, P.S., Gallager, D.W., and Rakic, P. (1991). Distribution of dopaminergic receptors in the primate cerebral cortex: quantitative autoradiographic analysis using [3 H]raclopride, [3 H]spiperone and [3 H]SCH23390. Neuroscience 40, 657-671.
100. Lieberman, J.A., Kinon, B.J., and Loebel, A.D. (1990). Dopaminergic mechanisms in idiopathic and drug-induced psychoses. Schizophr. Bull. 16, 97-110.
101. Llinás, R.R. (1988). The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science 242, 1654-1664.
102. Llinás, R. and Ribary, U. (1993). Coherent 40-Hz oscillation characterizes dream state in humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 2078-2081.
103. Lopes da Silva, F. and Storm Van Leeuwen, W. (1977). The cortical source of the alpha rhythm. Neurosci. Lett. 6, 237-241.
104. Loucif, K.C., Wilson, C.L., Baig, R., Lacey, M.G., and Stanford, I.M. (2005). Functional interconnectivity between the globus pallidus and the subthalamic nucleus in the mouse brain slice. J. Physiol. 567, 977-987.
105. Luft, A.R. and Schwarz, S. (2009). Dopaminergic signals in primary motor cortex. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci. 27, 415-421.
106. Magill, P.J., Bolam, J.P., and Bevan, M.D. (2000). Relationship of activity in the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network to cortical electroencephalogram. J. Neurosci. 20, 820-833.
107. Magill, P.J., Bolam, J.P., and Bevan, M.D. (2001). Dopamine regulates the impact of the cerebral cortex on the subthalamic nucleus-globus pallidus network. Neuroscience 106, 313-330.
108. Marceglia, S., Foffani, G., Bianchi, A.M., Baselli, G., Tamma, F., Egidi, M., and Priori, A. (2006). Dopamine-dependent non-linear correlation between subthalamic rhythms in Parkinson's disease. J. Physiol. 571, 579-591.
109. Marín, O. (2012). Interneuron dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 107-120.
110. Martres, M.P., Bouthenet, M.L., Sales, N., Sokoloff, P., and Schwartz, J.C. (1985). Widespread distribution of brain dopamine receptors evidenced with [125 I]iodosulpride, a highly selective ligand. Science 228, 752-755.
111. Masimore, B., Schmitzer-Torbert, N.C., Kakalios, J., and Redish, A.D. (2005). Transient striatal gamma local field potentials signal movement initiation in rats. Neuroreport 16, 2021-2024.
112. McCarthy, M.M., Moore-Kochlacs, C., Gu, X., Boyden, E.S., Han, X., and Kopell, N. (2011). Striatal origin of the pathologic beta oscillations in Parkinson's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108, 11620-11625.
113. Missale, C., Nash, S.R., Robinson, S.W., Jaber, M., and Caron, M.G. (1998). Dopamine receptors: from structure to function. Physiol. Rev. 78, 189-225.
114. Moore, R.Y., Whone, A.L., and Brooks, D.J. (2008). Extrastriatal monoamine neuron function in Parkinson's disease: an 18 F-dopa PET study. Neurobiol. Dis. 29, 381-390.
115. Moro, E. and Lang, A.E. (2006). Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease review and analysis. Exp. Rev. Neurother. 6, 1695-1705.
116. Muriel, M.-P., Bernard, V., Levey, A.I., Laribi, O., Abrous, D.N., Agid, Y., Bloch, B., and Hirsch, E.C. (1999). Levodopa induces a cytoplasmic localization of D1 dopamine receptors in striatal neurons in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 46, 103-111.
117. Murthy, V.N. and Fetz, E.E. (1992). Coherent 25- to 35-Hz oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex of awake behaving monkeys. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5670-5674.
118. Nicolelis, M.A.L. and Fanselow, E.E. (2002). Dynamic shifting in thalamocortical processing during different behavioural states. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 357, 1753-1758.
119. Nicolelis, M.A., Fuentes, R., Petersson, P., Thevathasan, W., and Brown, P. (2010). Spinal cord stimulation failed to relieve akinesia or restore locomotion in Parkinson disease. Neurology 75, 1484; author reply 1484-1485.
120. Niedermeyer, E. and Lopes da Silva, F. (2005). Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins).
121. Nini, A., Feingold, A., Slovin, H., and Bergman, H. (1995). Neurons in the globus pallidus do not show correlated activity in the normal monkey, but phase-locked oscillations appear in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. J. Neurophysiol. 74, 1800-1805.
122. Nunez, P.L., Wingeier, B.M., and Silberstein, R.B. (2001). Spatial-temporal structures of human alpha rhythms: theory, microcurrent sources, multiscale measurements, and global binding of local networks. Hum. Brain Mapp. 13, 125-164.
123. Oades, R.D. and Halliday, G.M. (1987). Ventral tegmental (A10) system: neurobiology. 1. Anatomy and connectivity. Brain Res. 434, 117-165.
124. Ostock, C.Y., Dupre, K.B., Jaunarajs, K.L.E., Walters, H., George, J., Krolewski, D., Walker, P.D., and Bishop, C. (2011). Role of the primary motor cortex in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and its modulation by 5-HT1A receptor stimulation. Neuropharmacology 61, 753-760.
125. Pfurtscheller, G. and Neuper, C. (1997). Motor imagery activates primary sensorimotor area in humans. Neurosci. Lett. 239, 65-68.
126. Pfurtscheller, G. (1981). Central beta rhythm during sensorimotor activities in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 51, 253-264.
127. Picton, T., Skinner, C., Champagne, S., Kellett, A., and Maiste, A. (1987). Potentials evoked by the sinusoidal modulation of the amplitude or frequency of a tone. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 82, 165-178.
128. Plenz, D. and Kital, S.T. (1999). A basal ganglia pacemaker formed by the subthalamic nucleus and external globus pallidus. Nature 400, 677-682.
129. Richardson, M.J.E., Brunel, N., and Hakim, V. (2003). From subthreshold to firing-rate resonance. J. Neurophysiol. 89, 2538-2354.
130. Rommelfanger, K.S. and Wichmann, T. (2010). Extrastriatal dopaminergic circuits of the basal ganglia. Front. Neuroanat. 4, 139.
131. Rossi, L., Marceglia, S., Foffani, G., Cogiamanian, F., Tamma, F., Rampini, P., Barbieri, S., Bracchi, F., and Priori, A. (2008). Subthalamic local field potential oscillations during ongoing deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. Bull. 76, 512-521.
132. Sanes, J.N. and Donoghue, J.P. (1993). Oscillations in local field potentials of the primate motor cortex during voluntary movement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4470-4474.
133. Sarnthein, J., Petsche, H., Rappelsberger, P., Shaw, G.L., and Von Stein, A. (1998). Synchronization between prefrontal and posterior association cortex during human working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 7092-7096.
134. Seamans, J.K. and Yang, C.R. (2004). The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex. Prog. Neurobiol. 74, 1-58.
135. Servan-Schreiber, D., Printz, H., and Cohen, J.D. (1990). A network model of catecholamine effects: gain, signal-to-noise ratio, and behavior. Science 249, 29-32.
136. Shadlen, M.N. and Movshon, J.A. (1999). Synchrony unbound: a critical evaluation of the temporal binding hypothesis. Neuron 24, 67-77, 111-125.
137. Sharott, A., Magill, P.J., Bolam, J.P., and Brown, P. (2005). Directional analysis of coherent oscillatory field potentials in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia of the rat. J. Physiol. 562, 951-963.
138. Simmonite, M., Bates, A.T., Groom, M.J., Jackson, G.M., Hollis, C., and Liddle, P.F. (2012). Error processing-associated event-related potentials in schizophrenia and unaffected siblings. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 84, 74-79.
139. Singer, W. (1999). Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations? Neuron 24, 49-65.
140. Stefansson, H., Rujescu, D., and Cichon, S. (2008). Large recurrent microdeletions associated with schizophrenia. Nature 455, 232-236.
141. Steriade, M. (1993). Central core modulation of spontaneous oscillations and sensory transmission in thalamocortical systems. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3, 619-625.
142. Steriade, M. (2000). Corticothalamic resonance, states of vigilance and mentation. Neuroscience 101, 243-276.
143. Steriade, M. (2006). Grouping of brain rhythms in corticothalamic systems. Neuroscience 137, 1087-1106.
144. Surmeier, D.J., Ding, J., Day, M., Wang, Z., and Shen, W. (2007). D1 and D2 dopamine-receptor modulation of striatal glutamatergic signaling in striatal medium spiny neurons. Trends Neurosci. 30, 228-235.
145. Tiihonen, J., Kajola, M., and Hari, R. (1989). Magnetic mu rhythm in man. Neuroscience 32, 793-800.
146. Timofeev, I. and Bazhenov, M. (2005). Mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations. Trends in chronobiology research. F. Columbus, ed. (Hauppage, NY: Nova Science Publishers), pp. 1-47.
147. Toda, H., Hamani, C., and Lozano, A. (2004). Deep brain stimulation in the treatment of dyskinesia and dystonia. Neurosurg. Focus 17, E2.
148. Tseng, K.Y., Kasanetz, F., Kargieman, L., Riquelme, L.A., and Murer, M.G. (2001). Cortical slow oscillatory activity is reflected in the membrane potential and spike trains of striatal neurons in rats with chronic nigrostriatal lesions. J. Neurosci. 21, 6430-6439.
149. Uhlhaas, P.J. and Singer, W. (2006). Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology. Neuron 52, 155-168.
150. Uhlhaas, P.J. and Singer, W. (2010). Abnormal neural oscillations and synchrony in schizophrenia. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 100-113.
151. Ulloa, E.R. and Pineda, J.A. (2007). Recognition of point-light biological motion: mu rhythms and mirror neuron activity. Behav. Brain Res. 183, 188-194.
152. van der Meer, M. (2009). Low and high gamma oscillations in rat ventral striatum have distinct relationships to behavior, reward, and spiking activity on a learned spatial decision task. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 3, 1-19.
153. Vincent, S.L., Khan, Y., and Benes, F.M. (1995). Cellular colocalization of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Synapse (New York, NY) 19, 112-120.
154. Vives, F. and Mogenson, G. (1986). Electrophysiological study of the effects of D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on the interaction of converging inputs from the sensory-motor cortex and substantia nigra neurons in the rat. Neuroscience 17, 349-359.
155. Wang, X.-J. (2010). Neurophysiological and computational principles of cortical rhythms in cognition. Physiol. Rev. 90, 1195-1268.
156. Wang, X.J. and Buzsáki, G. (1996). Gamma oscillation by synaptic inhibition in a hippocampal interneuronal network model. J. Neurosci. 16, 6402-6413.
157. Waszczak, B.L. and Walters, J.R. (2013). Dopamine modulation of the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Science, 220, 218-221.
158. Weinberger, M., Hutchison, W.D., Lozano, A.M., Hodaie, M., and Dostrovsky, J.O. (2009). Increased gamma oscillatory activity in the subthalamic nucleus during tremor in Parkinson's disease patients. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 789-802.
159. Whittington, M., Traub, R., and Jefferys, J. (1995). Synchronized oscillations in interneuron networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature 373, 612-615.
160. Whittington, M.A., Cunningham, M.O., LeBeau, F.E.N., Racca, C., and Traub, R.D. (2011). Multiple origins of the cortical γ rhythm. Dev. Neurobiol. 71, 92-106.
161. Williams, D., Tijssen, M., Van Bruggen, G., Bosch, A., Insola, A., Di Lazzaro, V., Mazzone, P., Oliviero, A., Quartarone, A., Speelman, H., et al. (2002). Dopamine-dependent changes in the functional connectivity between basal ganglia and cerebral cortex in humans. Brain 125, 1558-1569.
162. Wilson, C.J. and Kawaguchi, Y. (1996). The origins of two-state spontaneous membrane potential fluctuations of neostriatal spiny neurons. J. Neurosci. 16, 2397-2410.
163. Wilson, C.L., Cash, D., Galley, K., Chapman, H., Lacey, M.G., and Stanford, I.M. (2006). Subthalamic nucleus neurones in slices from 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned mice show irregular, dopamine-reversible firing pattern changes, but without synchronous activity. Neuroscience 143, 565-572.