메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue NOV, 2013, Pages

Learning language with the wrong neural scaffolding: The cost of neural commitment to sounds

Author keywords

Expertise; fMRI; Language learning; Plasticity; Sensitive period

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ARTICLE; BILINGUALISM; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN REGION; CONSONANT; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GRAMMAR; HUMAN; INFERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; INSULA; LANGUAGE ABILITY; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; LEARNING; LINGUISTICS; MALE; MIDDLE FRONTAL GYRUS; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; PHONETICS; PRECUNEUS; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; SOUND ANALYSIS; SPEECH THERAPY; SUPERIOR FRONTAL GYRUS; SUPERIOR TEMPORAL GYRUS; VOWEL;

EID: 84888082888     PISSN: 16625137     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00085     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (21)

References (78)
  • 1
    • 47249147510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural aspects of second language representation and language control
    • doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.014
    • Abutalebi, J. (2008). Neural aspects of second language representation and language control. Acta Psychol. 128, 466-478. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.03.014
    • (2008) Acta Psychol , vol.128 , pp. 466-478
    • Abutalebi, J.1
  • 2
    • 84878188174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of the left putamen in multilingual language production
    • doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.009
    • Abutalebi, J., Rosa, P. A., Castro Gonzaga, A. K., Keim, R., Costa, A., and Perani, D. (2013). The role of the left putamen in multilingual language production. Brain Lang. 125, 307-315. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2012.03.009
    • (2013) Brain Lang , vol.125 , pp. 307-315
    • Abutalebi, J.1    Rosa, P.A.2    Castro, G.A.K.3    Keim, R.4    Costa, A.5    Perani, D.6
  • 3
    • 0033588933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Broca's region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability
    • doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412:2<319::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-7
    • Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., Bürgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B. M., and Zilles, K. (1999). Broca's region revisited: cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability. J. Comp. Neurol. 412, 319-341. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19990920)412:2<319::AID-CNE10>3.0.CO;2-7
    • (1999) J. Comp. Neurol , vol.412 , pp. 319-341
    • Amunts, K.1    Schleicher, A.2    Bürgel, U.3    Mohlberg, H.4    Uylings, H.B.M.5    Zilles, K.6
  • 5
    • 0037893992 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Region of interest analysis an SPM toolbox
    • Brett, M., Anton, J., Valabregue, R., and Poline, J. (2002). Region of interest analysis an SPM toolbox, Neuroimage 16(Suppl. 1), 1-68, 37-2372.
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.16 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Brett, M.1    Anton, J.2    Valabregue, R.3    Poline, J.4
  • 6
    • 0012621096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production
    • doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2505_2
    • Buchsbaum, B. R., Hickok, G., and Humphries, C. (2001). Role of left posterior superior temporal gyrus in phonological processing for speech perception and production. Cogn. Sci. 25, 663-678. doi: 10.1207/s15516709cog2505_2
    • (2001) Cogn. Sci , vol.25 , pp. 663-678
    • Buchsbaum, B.R.1    Hickok, G.2    Humphries, C.3
  • 7
    • 33749263131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The human inferior parietal cortex: Cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.054
    • Caspers, S., Geyer, S., Schleicher, A., Mohlberg, H., Amunts, K., and Zilles, K. (2006). The human inferior parietal cortex: cytoarchitectonic parcellation and interindividual variability. Neuroimage 33, 430-448. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.054
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.33 , pp. 430-448
    • Caspers, S.1    Geyer, S.2    Schleicher, A.3    Mohlberg, H.4    Amunts, K.5    Zilles, K.6
  • 8
    • 0037453437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental noise retards auditory cortical development
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1082163
    • Chang, E. F., and Merzenich, M. M. (2003). Environmental noise retards auditory cortical development. Science 300, 498-502. doi: 10.1126/science.1082163
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 498-502
    • Chang, E.F.1    Merzenich, M.M.2
  • 9
    • 0036334881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of concrete words modulates prefrontal activation during semantic judgments
    • doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1061
    • Chee, M. W., Hon, N. H., Caplan, D., Lee, H. L., and Goh, J. (2002). Frequency of concrete words modulates prefrontal activation during semantic judgments. Neuroimage 16, 259-268. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2002.1061
    • (2002) Neuroimage , vol.16 , pp. 259-268
    • Chee, M.W.1    Hon, N.H.2    Caplan, D.3    Lee, H.L.4    Goh, J.5
  • 10
    • 0037241868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using functional magnetic resonance adaptation
    • doi: 10.1162/089892903321107846
    • Chee, M. W., Soon, C. S., and Lee, H. L. (2003). Common and segregated neuronal networks for different languages revealed using functional magnetic resonance adaptation. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 85-97. doi: 10.1162/089892903321107846
    • (2003) J. Cogn. Neurosci , vol.15 , pp. 85-97
    • Chee, M.W.1    Soon, C.S.2    Lee, H.L.3
  • 11
    • 0033136681 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing of visually presented sentences in mandarin and english studied with fMRI
    • doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00) 80759-X
    • Chee, M. W. L., Caplan, D., Soon, C. S., Sriram, N., Tan, E. W. L., Thiel, T., et al. (1999). Processing of visually presented sentences in mandarin and english studied with fMRI. Neuron 23, 127-137. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00) 80759-X
    • (1999) Neuron , vol.23 , pp. 127-137
    • Chee, M.W.L.1    Caplan, D.2    Soon, C.S.3    Sriram, N.4    Tan, E.W.L.5    Thiel, T.6
  • 12
    • 84876713285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural convergence for language comprehension and grammatical class production in highly proficient bilinguals is independent of age of acquisition
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.009
    • Consonni, M., Cafiero, R., Marin, D., Tettamanti, M., Iadanza, A., Fabbro, F., et al. (2013). Neural convergence for language comprehension and grammatical class production in highly proficient bilinguals is independent of age of acquisition. Cortex 49, 1252-1258. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.04.009
    • (2013) Cortex , vol.49 , pp. 1252-1258
    • Consonni, M.1    Cafiero, R.2    Marin, D.3    Tettamanti, M.4    Iadanza, A.5    Fabbro, F.6
  • 13
    • 84896322734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task difficulty manipulation reveals multiple demand activity but no frontal lobe hierarchy
    • doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs333. [Epub ahead of print]
    • Crittenden, B. M., and Duncan, J. (2012). Task difficulty manipulation reveals multiple demand activity but no frontal lobe hierarchy. Cereb. Cortex. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs333. [Epub ahead of print].
    • (2012) Cereb. Cortex
    • Crittenden, B.M.1    Duncan, J.2
  • 14
    • 0031454307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language
    • doi: 10.1097/00001756-199712010-00030
    • Dehaene, S., Dupoux, E., Mehler, J., Cohen, L., Paulesu, E., Perani, D., et al. (1997). Anatomical variability in the cortical representation of first and second language. Neuroreport 8, 3809-3815. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199712010-00030
    • (1997) Neuroreport , vol.8 , pp. 3809-3815
    • Dehaene, S.1    Dupoux, E.2    Mehler, J.3    Cohen, L.4    Paulesu, E.5    Perani, D.6
  • 16
    • 80053643034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112937108
    • Fedorenko, E., Behr, M. K., and Kanwisher, N. (2011). Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 108, 16428-16433. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1112937108
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.108 , pp. 16428-16433
    • Fedorenko, E.1    Behr, M.K.2    Kanwisher, N.3
  • 17
    • 33745878579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of inferotemporal cortex activation during verbal working memory maintenance
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.007
    • Fiebach, C. J., Rissman, J., and D'Esposito, M. (2006). Modulation of inferotemporal cortex activation during verbal working memory maintenance. Neuron 51, 251-261. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.06.007
    • (2006) Neuron , vol.51 , pp. 251-261
    • Fiebach, C.J.1    Rissman, J.2    D'Esposito, M.3
  • 18
    • 45649083396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The curse of knowledge: First language knowledge impairs adult learners' use of novel statistics for word segmentation
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.002
    • Finn, A. S., and Hudson Kam, C. L. (2008). The curse of knowledge: first language knowledge impairs adult learners' use of novel statistics for word segmentation. Cognition 108, 477-499. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2008.04.002
    • (2008) Cognition , vol.108 , pp. 477-499
    • Finn, A.S.1    Hudson, K.C.L.2
  • 19
    • 0242302273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The brain basis of syntactic processes: Functional imaging and lesion studies
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.003
    • Friederici, A. D., and Kotz, S. A. (2003). The brain basis of syntactic processes: functional imaging and lesion studies. Neuroimage 20(Suppl. 1), S8-S17. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.003
    • (2003) Neuroimage , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Friederici, A.D.1    Kotz, S.A.2
  • 20
    • 0029029430 scopus 로고
    • Characterizing dynamic brain responses with fMRI: A multivariate approach
    • doi: 10.1006/nimg.1995.1019
    • Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Frackowiak, R. S. J., and Turner, R. (1995). Characterizing dynamic brain responses with fMRI: a multivariate approach. Neuroimage 2, 166-172. doi: 10.1006/nimg.1995.1019
    • (1995) Neuroimage , vol.2 , pp. 166-172
    • Friston, K.J.1    Frith, C.D.2    Frackowiak, R.S.J.3    Turner, R.4
  • 21
    • 1442329757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age
    • doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177
    • Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., and Wearing, H. (2004). The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. Dev. Psychol. 40, 177-190. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177
    • (2004) Dev Psychol , vol.40 , pp. 177-190
    • Gathercole, S.E.1    Pickering, S.J.2    Ambridge, B.3    Wearing, H.4
  • 22
    • 41149124027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of recollection and familiarity in childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the dual-process signal detection model
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01129.x
    • Ghetti, S., and Angelini, L. (2008). The development of recollection and familiarity in childhood and adolescence: evidence from the dual-process signal detection model. Child Dev. 79, 339-358. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01129.x
    • (2008) Child Dev , vol.79 , pp. 339-358
    • Ghetti, S.1    Angelini, L.2
  • 24
    • 1242338952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Learning new sounds of speech: Reallocation of neural substrates
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.071
    • Golestani, N., and Zatorre, R. J. (2004). Learning new sounds of speech: reallocation of neural substrates. Neuroimage 21, 494-506. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.09.071
    • (2004) Neuroimage , vol.21 , pp. 494-506
    • Golestani, N.1    Zatorre, R.J.2
  • 25
    • 44449175597 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in language processing: Functional MRI methodological considerations
    • doi: 10.1002/jmri.21374
    • Harrington, G. S., and Farias, S. T. (2008). Sex differences in language processing: functional MRI methodological considerations. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 27, 1221-1228. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21374
    • (2008) J. Magn. Reson. Imaging , vol.27 , pp. 1221-1228
    • Harrington, G.S.1    Farias, S.T.2
  • 26
    • 84856762237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociable neural imprints of perception and grammar in auditory functional imaging
    • doi: 10.1002/hbm.21235
    • Herrmann, B., Obleser, J., Kalberlah, C., Haynes, J. D., and Friederici, A. D. (2012). Dissociable neural imprints of perception and grammar in auditory functional imaging. Hum. Brain Mapp. 33, 584-595. doi: 10.1002/hbm.21235
    • (2012) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.33 , pp. 584-595
    • Herrmann, B.1    Obleser, J.2    Kalberlah, C.3    Haynes, J.D.4    Friederici, A.D.5
  • 27
    • 0034177893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception
    • doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01463-7
    • Hickok, G., and Poeppel, D. (2000). Towards a functional neuroanatomy of speech perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 131-138. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01463-7
    • (2000) Trends Cogn. Sci , vol.4 , pp. 131-138
    • Hickok, G.1    Poeppel, D.2
  • 28
    • 84863832355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regularizing Unpredictable Variation: The Roles of Adult and Child Learners in Language Formation and Change
    • doi: 10.1080/15475441. 2005.9684215
    • Hudson Kam, C. L., and Newport, E. L. (2005). Regularizing Unpredictable Variation: The Roles of Adult and Child Learners in Language Formation and Change. Lang. Learn. Dev. 1, 151-195. doi: 10.1080/15475441. 2005.9684215
    • (2005) Lang. Learn. Dev , vol.1 , pp. 151-195
    • Hudson, K.C.L.1    Newport, E.L.2
  • 29
    • 67549112111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Getting it right by getting it wrong: When learners change languages
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.01.001
    • Hudson Kam, C. L., and Newport, E. L. (2009). Getting it right by getting it wrong: When learners change languages. Cognit. Psychol. 59, 30-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.01.001
    • (2009) Cognit. Psychol , vol.59 , pp. 30-66
    • Hudson, K.C.L.1    Newport, E.L.2
  • 31
    • 33746430079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of hemodynamic studies on first and second language processing: Which suggested differences can we trust and what do they mean?
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922. 2006.00365.x
    • Indefrey, P. (2006). A meta-analysis of hemodynamic studies on first and second language processing: which suggested differences can we trust and what do they mean? Lang. Learn. 56, 279-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9922. 2006.00365.x
    • (2006) Lang. Learn , vol.56 , pp. 279-304
    • Indefrey, P.1
  • 32
    • 1442277670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001
    • Indefrey, P., and Levelt, W. J. M. (2004). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components. Cognition 92, 101-144. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2002.06.001
    • (2004) Cognition , vol.92 , pp. 101-144
    • Indefrey, P.1    Levelt, W.J.M.2
  • 33
    • 65649154040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Feature-dependent sensitive periods in the development of complex sound representation
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5311-08.2009
    • Insanally, M. N., Köver, H., Kim, H., and Bao, S. (2009). Feature-dependent sensitive periods in the development of complex sound representation. J. Neurosci. 29, 5456-5462. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5311-08.2009
    • (2009) J. Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 5456-5462
    • Insanally, M.N.1    Köver, H.2    Kim, H.3    Bao, S.4
  • 34
    • 0024489087 scopus 로고
    • Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language
    • doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0
    • Johnson, J. S., and Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language. Cogn. Psychol. 21, 60-99. doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(89)90003-0
    • (1989) Cogn. Psychol , vol.21 , pp. 60-99
    • Johnson, J.S.1    Newport, E.L.2
  • 35
    • 0030876710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages
    • doi: 10.1038/40623
    • Kim, K. H. S., Relkin, N. R., Lee, K.-M., and Hirsch, J. (1997). Distinct cortical areas associated with native and second languages. Nature 388, 171-174. doi: 10.1038/40623
    • (1997) Nature , vol.388 , pp. 171-174
    • Kim, K.H.S.1    Relkin, N.R.2    Lee, K.-M.3    Hirsch, J.4
  • 36
    • 0036583399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overhearing a language during childhood
    • doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00444
    • Kit-Fong Au, T., Knightly, L. M., Sun-Ah, J., and Oh, J. S. (2002). Overhearing a language during childhood. Psychol. Sci. 13, 238. doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00444
    • (2002) Psychol. Sci , vol.13 , pp. 238
    • Kit-Fong, A.T.1    Knightly, L.M.2    Sun-Ah, J.3    Oh, J.S.4
  • 37
    • 0028926239 scopus 로고
    • The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study
    • doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2899
    • Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Meyer, E., and Evans, A. C. (1995). The neural substrates underlying word generation: a bilingual functional-imaging study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 2899-2903. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.7.2899
    • (1995) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A , vol.92 , pp. 2899-2903
    • Klein, D.1    Milner, B.2    Zatorre, R.J.3    Meyer, E.4    Evans, A.C.5
  • 38
    • 33646537523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilingual brain organization: A functional magnetic resonance adaptation study
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.012
    • Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Chen, J.-K., Milner, B., Crane, J., Belin, P., et al. (2006). Bilingual brain organization: a functional magnetic resonance adaptation study. Neuroimage 31, 366-375. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.012
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.31 , pp. 366-375
    • Klein, D.1    Zatorre, R.J.2    Chen, J.-K.3    Milner, B.4    Crane, J.5    Belin, P.6
  • 39
    • 0027938265 scopus 로고
    • Left putaminal activation when speaking a second language: Evidence from PET
    • doi: 10.1097/00001756-199411000-00022
    • Klein, D., Zatorre, R. J., Milner, B., Meyer, E., and Evans, A. C. (1994). Left putaminal activation when speaking a second language: evidence from PET. Neuroreport 5, 2295-2297. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199411000-00022
    • (1994) Neuroreport , vol.5 , pp. 2295-2297
    • Klein, D.1    Zatorre, R.J.2    Milner, B.3    Meyer, E.4    Evans, A.C.5
  • 40
    • 8344290376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Language Acquisition: Cracking the speech code
    • doi: 10.1038/nrn1533
    • Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Early Language Acquisition: cracking the speech code. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 5, 831-843. doi: 10.1038/nrn1533
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 831-843
    • Kuhl, P.K.1
  • 41
    • 85050254808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early speech perception and later language development: Implications for the Critical Period
    • doi: 10.1207/s15473341lld0103&4_2
    • Kuhl, P. K., Conboy, B. T., Padden, D., Nelson, T., and Pruitt, J. (2005). Early speech perception and later language development: implications for the "Critical Period." Lang. Learn. Dev. 1, 237-264. doi: 10.1207/s15473341lld0103&4_2
    • (2005) Lang. Learn. Dev , vol.1 , pp. 237-264
    • Kuhl, P.K.1    Conboy, B.T.2    Padden, D.3    Nelson, T.4    Pruitt, J.5
  • 43
    • 79953037843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language proficiency modulates the recruitment of non-classical language areas in bilinguals
    • doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018240
    • Leonard, M. K., Torres, C., Travis, K. E., Brown, T. T., Hagler, D. J. Jr., Dale, A. M., et al. (2011). Language proficiency modulates the recruitment of non-classical language areas in bilinguals. PLoS ONE 6:e18240. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018240
    • (2011) PLoS ONE , vol.6
    • Leonard, M.K.1    Torres, C.2    Travis, K.E.3    Brown, T.T.4    Hagler Jr., D.J.5    Dale, A.M.6
  • 44
    • 4143143185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional separation of languages in the bilingual brain: A comparison of electrical stimulation language mapping in 25 bilingual patients and 117 monolingual control patients
    • doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0449
    • Lucas, T. H., McKhann, G. M., and Ojemann, G. A. (2004). Functional separation of languages in the bilingual brain: a comparison of electrical stimulation language mapping in 25 bilingual patients and 117 monolingual control patients. J. Neurosurg. 101, 449-457. doi: 10.3171/jns.2004.101.3.0449
    • (2004) J. Neurosurg , vol.101 , pp. 449-457
    • Lucas, T.H.1    McKhann, G.M.2    Ojemann, G.A.3
  • 45
    • 45849099118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aging and memory: A cognitive approach
    • Luo, L., and Craik, F. I. (2008). Aging and memory: a cognitive approach. Can. J. Psychiatry 53, 346-353.
    • (2008) Can. J. Psychiatry , vol.53 , pp. 346-353
    • Luo, L.1    Craik, F.I.2
  • 46
    • 84936526625 scopus 로고
    • Patterns of Sounds
    • Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511753459
    • Maddieson, I. (1984). Patterns of Sounds. Cambridge Studies in Speech Science and Communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511753459
    • (1984) Cambridge Studies In Speech Science and Communication
    • Maddieson, I.1
  • 47
    • 0344011105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age constraints on first versus second language acquisition: Evidence for linguistic plasticity and epigenesis
    • doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00137-8
    • Mayberry, R. I., and Lock, E. (2003). Age constraints on first versus second language acquisition: evidence for linguistic plasticity and epigenesis. Brain Lang. 87, 369-384. doi: 10.1016/S0093-934X(03)00137-8
    • (2003) Brain Lang , vol.87 , pp. 369-384
    • Mayberry, R.I.1    Lock, E.2
  • 48
    • 0035722899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human primary auditory cortex: Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and mapping into a spatial reference system
    • doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0715
    • Morosan, P., Rademacher, J., Schleicher, A., Amunts, K., Schormann, T., and Zilles, K. (2001). Human primary auditory cortex: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and mapping into a spatial reference system. Neuroimage 13, 684-701. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0715
    • (2001) Neuroimage , vol.13 , pp. 684-701
    • Morosan, P.1    Rademacher, J.2    Schleicher, A.3    Amunts, K.4    Schormann, T.5    Zilles, K.6
  • 50
    • 3943110148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical thinking about critical periods: Perspectives on a critical period for language acquisition
    • ed E. Dupoux (Cambridge: The MIT Press
    • Newport, E. L., Bavelier, D., and Neville, H. J. (2001). "Critical thinking about critical periods: Perspectives on a critical period for language acquisition," in Language, Brain, and Cognitive Development: Essays in Honor of Jacques Mehler, ed E. Dupoux (Cambridge: The MIT Press), 481-502.
    • (2001) Language, Brain, and Cognitive Development: Essays In Honor of Jacques Mehler , pp. 481-502
    • Newport, E.L.1    Bavelier, D.2    Neville, H.J.3
  • 51
    • 15244361806 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005
    • Nichols, T., Brett, M., Andersson, J., Wager, T., and Poline, J.-B. (2005). Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic. Neuroimage 25, 653-660. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.25 , pp. 653-660
    • Nichols, T.1    Brett, M.2    Andersson, J.3    Wager, T.4    Poline, J.-B.5
  • 52
    • 0017823057 scopus 로고
    • The bilingual brain
    • doi: 10.1001/archneur.1978.00500310011002
    • Ojemann, G. A., and Whitaker, H. A. (1978). The bilingual brain. Arch. Neurol. 35, 409-412. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1978.00500310011002
    • (1978) Arch. Neurol , vol.35 , pp. 409-412
    • Ojemann, G.A.1    Whitaker, H.A.2
  • 53
    • 34447296994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural basis of processing sequential and hierarchical syntactic structures
    • doi: 10.1002/hbm.20287
    • Opitz, B., and Friederici, A. D. (2007). Neural basis of processing sequential and hierarchical syntactic structures. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 585-592. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20287
    • (2007) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.28 , pp. 585-592
    • Opitz, B.1    Friederici, A.D.2
  • 54
    • 84888096772 scopus 로고
    • Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
    • Penfield, W., and Roberts, L. (1959). Speech and Brain. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
    • (1959) Speech and Brain
    • Penfield, W.1    Roberts, L.2
  • 55
    • 20544463051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neural basis of first and second language processing
    • doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005. 03.007
    • Perani, D., and Abutalebi, J. (2005). The neural basis of first and second language processing. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15, 202-206. doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2005. 03.007
    • (2005) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol , vol.15 , pp. 202-206
    • Perani, D.1    Abutalebi, J.2
  • 56
    • 0029848734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain processing of native and foreign languages
    • doi: 10.1097/00001756-199611040-00007
    • Perani, D., Dehaene, S., Grassi, F., Cohen, L., Cappa, S. F., Dupoux, E., et al. (1996). Brain processing of native and foreign languages. Neuroreport 7, 2439-2444. doi: 10.1097/00001756-199611040-00007
    • (1996) Neuroreport , vol.7 , pp. 2439-2444
    • Perani, D.1    Dehaene, S.2    Grassi, F.3    Cohen, L.4    Cappa, S.F.5    Dupoux, E.6
  • 57
    • 0031718047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The bilingual brain. Proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language
    • doi: 10.1093/brain/121.10.1841
    • Perani, D., Paulesu, E., Galles, N., Dupoux, E., Dehaene, S., Bettinardi, V., et al. (1998). The bilingual brain. Proficiency and age of acquisition of the second language. Brain 121, 1841-1852. doi: 10.1093/brain/121.10.1841
    • (1998) Brain , vol.121 , pp. 1841-1852
    • Perani, D.1    Paulesu, E.2    Galles, N.3    Dupoux, E.4    Dehaene, S.5    Bettinardi, V.6
  • 58
    • 1442326710 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a new functional anatomy of language
    • doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.001
    • Poeppel, D., and Hickok, G. (2004). Towards a new functional anatomy of language. Cognition 92, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2003.11.001
    • (2004) Cognition , vol.92 , pp. 1-12
    • Poeppel, D.1    Hickok, G.2
  • 59
    • 84994964915 scopus 로고
    • Neurobiological mechanisms of language acquisition
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb00635.x
    • Pulvermüller, F., and Schumann, J. H. (1994). Neurobiological mechanisms of language acquisition. Lang. Learn. 44, 681-734. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1994.tb00635.x
    • (1994) Lang. Learn , vol.44 , pp. 681-734
    • Pulvermüller, F.1    Schumann, J.H.2
  • 60
    • 0028040173 scopus 로고
    • Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning
    • doi: 10.1093/cercor/4.1.8
    • Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., Macleod, A. M., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., et al. (1994). Practice-related changes in human brain functional anatomy during nonmotor learning. Cereb. Cortex 4, 8-26. doi: 10.1093/cercor/4.1.8
    • (1994) Cereb. Cortex , vol.4 , pp. 8-26
    • Raichle, M.E.1    Fiez, J.A.2    Videen, T.O.3    Macleod, A.M.4    Pardo, J.V.5    Fox, P.T.6
  • 61
    • 78649905577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of feature-label-order and their implications for symbolic learning
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01092.x
    • Ramscar, M., Yarlett, D., Dye, M., Denny, K., and Thorpe, K. (2010). The effects of feature-label-order and their implications for symbolic learning. Cogn. Sci. 34, 909-957. doi: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2009.01092.x
    • (2010) Cogn. Sci , vol.34 , pp. 909-957
    • Ramscar, M.1    Yarlett, D.2    Dye, M.3    Denny, K.4    Thorpe, K.5
  • 62
    • 5644278735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measuring functional connectivity during distinct stages of a cognitive task
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.035
    • Rissman, J., Gazzaley, A., and D'Esposito, M. (2004). Measuring functional connectivity during distinct stages of a cognitive task. Neuroimage 23, 752-763. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.06.035
    • (2004) Neuroimage , vol.23 , pp. 752-763
    • Rissman, J.1    Gazzaley, A.2    D'Esposito, M.3
  • 63
    • 45849148430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic adjustments in prefrontal, hippocampal, and inferior temporal interactions with increasing visual working memory load
    • doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm195
    • Rissman, J., Gazzaley, A., and D'Esposito, M. (2008). Dynamic adjustments in prefrontal, hippocampal, and inferior temporal interactions with increasing visual working memory load. Cereb. Cortex 18, 1618-1629. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm195
    • (2008) Cereb. Cortex , vol.18 , pp. 1618-1629
    • Rissman, J.1    Gazzaley, A.2    D'Esposito, M.3
  • 64
    • 19544368156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing lexical semantic and syntactic information in first and second language: FMRI evidence from German and Russian
    • doi: 10.1002/hbm.20098
    • Rüschemeyer, S.-A., Fiebach, C. J., Kempe, V., and Friederici, A. D. (2005). Processing lexical semantic and syntactic information in first and second language: fMRI evidence from German and Russian. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 266-286. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20098
    • (2005) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.25 , pp. 266-286
    • Rüschemeyer, S.-A.1    Fiebach, C.J.2    Kempe, V.3    Friederici, A.D.4
  • 65
    • 33646564424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Native and non-native reading of sentences: An fMRI experiment
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.047
    • Rüschemeyer, S.-A., Zysset, S., and Friederici, A. D. (2006). Native and non-native reading of sentences: an fMRI experiment. Neuroimage 31, 354-365. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.047
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.31 , pp. 354-365
    • Rüschemeyer, S.-A.1    Zysset, S.2    Friederici, A.D.3
  • 66
    • 33750061628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural correlates of cognitive efficiency
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.065
    • Rypma, B., Berger, J. S., Prabhakaran, V., Martin Bly, B., Kimberg, D. Y., Biswal, B. B., et al. (2006). Neural correlates of cognitive efficiency. Neuroimage 33, 969-979. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.05.065
    • (2006) Neuroimage , vol.33 , pp. 969-979
    • Rypma, B.1    Berger, J.S.2    Prabhakaran, V.3    Martin, B.B.4    Kimberg, D.Y.5    Biswal, B.B.6
  • 67
    • 0033931689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory
    • doi: 10.1038/74889
    • Rypma, B., and D'Esposito, M. (2000). Isolating the neural mechanisms of age-related changes in human working memory. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 509-515. doi: 10.1038/74889
    • (2000) Nat. Neurosci , vol.3 , pp. 509-515
    • Rypma, B.1    D'Esposito, M.2
  • 68
    • 0000763834 scopus 로고
    • The critical period for language acquisition: Evidence from second language learning
    • doi: 10.2307/1128751
    • Snow, C. E., and Hoefnagel-Höhle, M. (1978). The critical period for language acquisition: evidence from second language learning. Child Dev. 49, 1114-1128. doi: 10.2307/1128751
    • (1978) Child Dev , vol.49 , pp. 1114-1128
    • Snow, C.E.1    Hoefnagel-Höhle, M.2
  • 69
    • 14044250275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Language-related activations in the left prefrontal regions are differentially modulated by age, proficiency, and task demands
    • doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3978-04.2005
    • Tatsuno, Y., and Sakai, K. L. (2005). Language-related activations in the left prefrontal regions are differentially modulated by age, proficiency, and task demands. J. Neurosci. 25, 1637-1644. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3978-04.2005
    • (2005) J. Neurosci , vol.25 , pp. 1637-1644
    • Tatsuno, Y.1    Sakai, K.L.2
  • 70
    • 0037426951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain
    • doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01150-9
    • Wartenburger, I., Heekeren, H. R., Abutalebi, J., Cappa, S. F., Villringer, A., and Perani, D. (2003). Early setting of grammatical processing in the bilingual brain. Neuron 37, 159-170. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)01150-9
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.37 , pp. 159-170
    • Wartenburger, I.1    Heekeren, H.R.2    Abutalebi, J.3    Cappa, S.F.4    Villringer, A.5    Perani, D.6
  • 71
    • 0019545479 scopus 로고
    • Developmental aspects of cross-language speech perception
    • doi: 10.2307/1129249
    • Werker, J. F., Gilbert, J. H., Humphrey, K., and Tees, R. C. (1981). Developmental aspects of cross-language speech perception. Child Dev. 52, 349-355. doi: 10.2307/1129249
    • (1981) Child Dev , vol.52 , pp. 349-355
    • Werker, J.F.1    Gilbert, J.H.2    Humphrey, K.3    Tees, R.C.4
  • 72
    • 17844404260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Speech perception as a window for understanding plasticity and commitment in language systems of the brain
    • doi: 10.1002/dev.20060
    • Werker, J. F., and Tees, R. C. (2005). Speech perception as a window for understanding plasticity and commitment in language systems of the brain. Dev. Psychobiol. 46, 233-251. doi: 10.1002/dev.20060
    • (2005) Dev. Psychobiol , vol.46 , pp. 233-251
    • Werker, J.F.1    Tees, R.C.2
  • 73
    • 0017762720 scopus 로고
    • Graded localisation of naming from electrical stimulation mapping of left cerebral cortex
    • doi: 10.1038/270050a0
    • Whitaker, H. A., and Ojemann, G. A. (1977). Graded localisation of naming from electrical stimulation mapping of left cerebral cortex. Nature 270, 50-51. doi: 10.1038/270050a0
    • (1977) Nature , vol.270 , pp. 50-51
    • Whitaker, H.A.1    Ojemann, G.A.2
  • 74
    • 34447273203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural characteristics of successful and less successful speech and word learning in adults
    • doi: 10.1002/hbm.20330
    • Wong, P. C. M., Perrachione, T. K., and Parrish, T. B. (2007). Neural characteristics of successful and less successful speech and word learning in adults. Hum. Brain Mapp. 28, 995-1006. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20330
    • (2007) Hum. Brain Mapp , vol.28 , pp. 995-1006
    • Wong, P.C.M.1    Perrachione, T.K.2    Parrish, T.B.3
  • 75
    • 0029968673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of functional MR to map language in multilingual volunteers
    • Yetkin, O., Zerrin Yetkin, F., Haughton, V., and Cox, R. (1996). Use of functional MR to map language in multilingual volunteers. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 17, 473-477.
    • (1996) AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol , vol.17 , pp. 473-477
    • Yetkin, O.1    Zerrin, Y.F.2    Haughton, V.3    Cox, R.4
  • 76
    • 0035705285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent and specific influences of early acoustic environments on primary auditory cortex
    • doi: 10.1038/nn745
    • Zhang, L. I., Bao, S., and Merzenich, M. M. (2001). Persistent and specific influences of early acoustic environments on primary auditory cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 1123-1130. doi: 10.1038/nn745
    • (2001) Nat. Neurosci , vol.4 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Zhang, L.I.1    Bao, S.2    Merzenich, M.M.3
  • 77
    • 62749148211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural signatures of phonetic learning in adulthood: A magnetoencephalography study
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.028
    • Zhang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Imada, T., Iverson, P., Pruitt, J., Stevens, E. B., et al. (2009). Neural signatures of phonetic learning in adulthood: a magnetoencephalography study. Neuroimage 46, 226-240. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.028
    • (2009) Neuroimage , vol.46 , pp. 226-240
    • Zhang, Y.1    Kuhl, P.K.2    Imada, T.3    Iverson, P.4    Pruitt, J.5    Stevens, E.B.6
  • 78
    • 20444506508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of language experience: Neural commitment to language-specific auditory patterns
    • doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.040
    • Zhang, Y., Kuhl, P. K., Imada, T., Kotani, M., and Tohkura, Y. I. (2005). Effects of language experience: neural commitment to language-specific auditory patterns. Neuroimage 26, 703-720. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.040
    • (2005) Neuroimage , vol.26 , pp. 703-720
    • Zhang, Y.1    Kuhl, P.K.2    Imada, T.3    Kotani, M.4    Tohkura, Y.I.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.