Childhood exposure to DEHP, DBP and BBP under existing chemical management systems: A comparative study of sources of childhood exposure in Korea and in Denmark

Environment International

Volumn 63, Issue , 2014, Pages 77-91

  Lee, Jihyun ^a   Lee, Jong Hyeon ^b   Kim, Chan Kook ^b   Thomsen, Marianne ^a  

^a AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^b NEO Environmental Business Corporation   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Back calculation approach (BCA); Childhood exposure; Cumulative risk; Exposure scenario approach (ESA); Phthalates; Risk assessment

Indexed keywords

ESTERS; ESTIMATION; HEALTH RISKS; POTASSIUM COMPOUNDS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; RISK PERCEPTION;

BACK-CALCULATION APPROACH (BCA); CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS; CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE; DI-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; PHTHALATE METABOLITES; PHTHALATES; SCENARIO APPROACH; SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS;

CHEMICAL CONTAMINATION;

PHTHALIC ACID BENZYL BUTYL ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID BIS(2 ETHYLHEXYL) ESTER; PHTHALIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER;

BIOMONITORING; CHILD; HEALTH RISK; PHTHALATE; POLLUTION EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT;

AMBIENT AIR; ARTICLE; BACK CALCULATION; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; CHILD; CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENMARK; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EXPOSURE; FOOD; HUMAN; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; METABOLITE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK MANAGEMENT; SCENARIO ESTIMATION; SOUTH KOREA;

DENMARK; SOUTH KOREA;

BACK-CALCULATION APPROACH (BCA); CHILDHOOD EXPOSURE; CUMULATIVE RISK; EXPOSURE SCENARIO APPROACH (ESA); PHTHALATES; RISK ASSESSMENT;

BENZOPHENONES; BORONIC ACIDS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DENMARK; DIBUTYL PHTHALATE; DIETHYLHEXYL PHTHALATE; DUST; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; REPUBLIC OF KOREA; RISK;

EID: 84888061112     PISSN: 01604120     EISSN: 18736750     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.020     Document Type: Article

References (121)

1. Adibi J.J., Whyatt R.M., Williams P.L., Calafat A.M., et al. Characterization of phthalate exposure among pregnant women assessed by repeat air and urine samples. Environ Health Perspect 2008, 116(4):467-473.
2. Anderson W.A., Castle L., Scotter M.J., Massey R.C., Springall C. A biomarker approach to measuring human dietary exposure to certain phthalate diesters. Food Addit Contam 2001, 18(12):1068-1074.
3. Barzyk T.M., White B.M., Millard M., Martin M., et al. Linking socio-economic status, adverse health outcome, and environmental pollution information to develop a set of environmental justice indicators with three case study. Environ Justice 2011, 4(3):171-177.
4. Becker K., Seiwert M., Angerer J., Heger W., et al. DEHP metabolites in urine of children and DEHP in house dust. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004, 207(2004):409-417.
5. Becker K., Goen T., Seiwert M., Conrad A., et al. GerES IV: phthalate metabolites and bisphenol A in urine of German children. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2009, 212:685-692.
6. Benson Robert Hazard to the developing male reproductive system from cumulative exposure to phthalate esters - dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, butylbenzyl phthalate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dipentyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009, 53(2009):90-101.
7. Bergh C., Aberg K.M., Svartengren M., Emenius G., Ostman C. Organophosphate and phthalate esters in indoor air: a comparison between multi-story buildings with high and low prevalence of sick building symptoms. J Environ Monit 2011, 2011:13.
8. Bertelsen R.J., Carlsen K.C.L., Calafat A.M., Hoppin J.A., Haland G., Mowinckel P., Carlsen K.H., Løvik M. Urinary biomarkers for phthalates associated with asthma in Norwegian children. Environ Health Perspect 2013, 121(2):251-256.
9. Boas M., Frederiksen H., Rasmussen U.F., Skakkebæk N.E., Hegedüs L., Hilsted L., Juul A., Main K.M. Childhood exposure to phthalates: associations with thyroid function, insulin-like growh factor I, and growth. Environ. Health Perspect 2010, 118(10):1458-1464.
10. Boast K., Coram S., Dawid Z., Galbally I., Harnwell J., et al. Indoor air project: persistent organic pollutants and metals, CSIRO 2010, The Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Victoria, [Available at: http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/airquality/publications/pubs/indoor-air-project-pops.pdf].
11. Bornehag C.-G., Sundell J., Weschler C.J., Sigsgaard T., Lundgren B., Hasselgren M., Hägerhed-Engman L. The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. Environ Health Perspect 2004, 112:1393-1397.
12. Breindahl T.I., Petersen J.H. Analyse af plastblùdgùrere i modermúlkserstatninger, bùrnemad og dagskost. Report IFE 1998.4 1998, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mùrkhùj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Sùborg, [in Danish with English summary].
13. Calafat A.M., McKee R.H. Integrating biomonitoring exposure data into the risk assessment process: phthalates [diethyl phthalate and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate] as a case study. Environ Health Perspect 2006, 114(11):1783-1789.
14. Casas L., Fernandez M.F., Liop S., Guxens M., et al. Urinary concentrations of phthalates and phenols in a population of Spanish pregnant women and children. Environ Int 2011, 37:858-865.
15. CDC Fourth national report on human exposure to environmental chemicals 2009, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
16. CEC Working document on sludge, 3rd draft 2000, [Brussels, 27 April 2000. ENV.E.3/LM. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/sludge/pdf/sludge_en.pdf].
17. Cheng K.S., Chiang J.L., Hsu C.W. Simulation of probability distributions commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis. Hydrol Process 2007, 21(1):51-60.
18. Cho S.C., Bhang S.Y., Hong Y.C., Shin M.S. Relationship between environmental phthalate exposure and the intelligence of school-age children. Environ Health Perspect 2010, 118(7):1027-1032. [2010 July].
19. Cischem Chemical report, 1994 1995, vol. 22:3. [Available at (In Korean): http://www.cischem.com/chemical_report/chem_re_content.asp?docnum=cr_22/cr22_56.html].
20. Clark K.E., David R.M., Guinn R., Kramarz K.W., Lampi M.A., Staples C.A. Modeling human exposure to phthalate esters: a comparison of indirect and biomonitoring estimation methods. Hum Ecol Risk Assess Int J 2011, 17(4):923-965.
21. David R.M. Exposure to phthalate esters. Environ Health Perspect 2000, 108(10):A440-A443.
22. DEPA Survey and health assessment of the exposure of 2year-olds to chemical substances in consumer products. Survey of chemicals in consumer products, no. 102 2009.
23. DEPA Annex XV restriction report-proposal for a restriction 2011, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13585/information_note_dk4phthalates_en.pdf].
24. DEPA Exposure of pregnant consumers to suspected endocrine disruptors. Survey of chemical substances in consumer products no. 117 2012, The Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.
25. DEPA Denmark at the leading edge regarding phthalates, April 9, 2013 Available at:. http://www.mst.dk/English/About+the+Danish+EPA/News/Denmark_and_phthalates.htm.
26. Ding Q., Schenk L., Malkiewicz K., Hansson S.O. Occupational exposure limits in Europe and Asia - continued divergence or global harmonization?. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011, 61(3):296-309.
27. DMOE Executive Order No. 1650 of 13/12/2006. Order on the use of waste for agricultural purpose 2006, [https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=13056].
28. DMOE Order on ban on phthalates in toys and childcare articles. BEK 855 https://www.retsinformation.dk/Forms/R0710.aspx?id=126137.
29. DMOE List of quality in relation to contaminated soil and drinking water quality criteria http://www.mst.dk/NR/rdonlyres/0AB0AF23-4BD6-4901-BCD9-43F6F6FD6FC1/124958/Kvalitetskriterierjord_og_drikkevandfinaljuniogjul.pdf.
30. DMOE Executive Order No. 1022 of 25/08/2010. Order on environmental quality standards for water bodies and requirements for the discharge of pollutants into rivers, lakes or the sea 2010, [https://www.retsinformation.dk/forms/R0710.aspx?id=132956].
31. DMOE Danish Ministry of Environment, Danish lessons: water supply in Denmark Available at:. http://www.geus.dk/program-areas/water/denmark/vandforsyning_artikel.pdf.
32. EC Organic contaminants in sewage sludge for agricultural use http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/sludge/pdf/organics_in_sludge.pdf.
33. EC Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European parliament and of the council concerning the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2006R1907:20120605:EN:PDF.
34. EC Directive 2008/105/EC of the European parliament and of the council on environmental quality standards in the field of water policy http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:348:0084:0097:EN:PDF.
35. EC Regulation (EC) No 1223/2009 of the European parliament and of the council on cosmetic products http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:342:0059:0209:EN:PDF.
36. EC Commission Regulation (EU) No 10/2011 on plastic materials and articles intended to come into contact with food http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:012:0001:0089:EN:PDF.
37. EC Toxicity and assessment of chemical mixtures, SCHER/SCENIHR/SCCS 2011 Available at:. http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/environmental_risks/docs/scher_o_155.pdf.
38. ECB European Union risk assessment report: dibutyl phthalate 2004, European Chemicals Bureau, Luxembourg.
39. ECB European Union risk assessment report: benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) 2007, European Chemicals Bureau, Luxembourg.
40. ECB European Union risk assessment report: bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) 2008, European Chemicals Bureau, Luxembourg.
41. ECHA Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of dibutylphthalate (DEHP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use 2009, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/tech_rep_dehp_en.pdf].
42. ECHA Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of dibutylphthalate (DBP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use 2009, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/tech_rep_dbp_en.pdf].
43. ECHA Data on manufacture, import, export, uses and releases of dibutylphthalate (BBP) as well as information on potential alternatives to its use 2009, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, Finland, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13640/tech_rep_bbp_en.pdf].
44. ECHA ECHA Press: proposal to restrict four classified phthalates under REACH not justified 2012, European Chemicals Agency, Helsinki, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/web/guest/view-article/-/journal_content/926431e7-3a71-4f06-b22c-9c6b54966df3].
45. ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Chapter R.16: environmental exposure estimation 2012, [http://echa.europa.eu/web/guestguidance-documents/guidance-on-information-requirements-and-chemical-safety-assessment].
46. ECHA Opinion on an Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on four phthalates. ECHA/RAC/RES-O-0000001412-86-07/F 2012, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/77cf7d29-ba63-4901-aded-59cf75536e06].
47. ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment. Part E: risk characterisation 2012, [Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13632/information_requirements_part_e_en.pdf].
48. ECHA RAC/SEAC background document to the opinion on the Annex XV dossier proposing restrictions on four phthalates. ECHA/RAC/RES-O-0000001412-86-07/S1, ECHA7SEAC7RES-O-0000001412-86-10/S2 2012.
49. ECHA Authorisation - establishing reference DNELs for DBP, RAC/24/2013/09_rev 2 Available at: http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13579/rac_24_dnel_dbp_comments_en.pdf.
50. ECHA Authorisation, establishing reference DNELs for DEHP, RAC/24/2013/08 rev.2 Available at:. http://echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/13579/rac_24_dnel_dehp_comments_en.pdf.
51. ECPI, 2010. Plasticisers and Flexible PVC information Centre, The European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates, Brussels, Belgium. Available at: http://www.plasticisers.org/en_GB/plasticisers.
52. EFSA Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and material in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission related to di-butylphthalate (DBP) for use in food contact materials: question no. EFSA-Q-2003-192. EFSA J 2005, 242:1-2.
53. EFSA Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission related to bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) for use in food contact materials: question no. EFSA-Q-2003-191. EFSA J 2005, 243:1-2.
54. EFSA Opinion of the scientific panel on food additives, flavourings, processing aids and materials in contact with food (AFC) on a request from the commission related to butylbenzylphthalate (BBP) for use in food contact materials: question no. EFSA-Q-2003-190. EFSA J 2005, 241:1-2.
55. EFSA The EFSA comprehensive European food consumption database Available at:. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/datexfoodcdb/datexfooddb.htm.
56. FERA Determination of phthalates in foods and establishing methodology to distinguish their sources. FD 10/05 2012, UK Food and Environment Research Agency, London.
57. Fierens T., Servaes K., Van Holderbeke M., Geerts L., De Henauw S., Sioen I., Vanermen G. Analysis of phthalates in food products and packaging materials sold on the Belgian market. Food Chem Toxicol 2012, 50(7):2575-2583.
58. Frederiksen H., Nielsen J.K., Mørck T.A., Hansen P.W., Jensen J.F., Nielsen O., Andersson A.M., Knudsen L.E. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother-child pairs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013, [2013 Mar 13, pii: S1438-4639(13)00023-0, [Epub ahead of print]]. 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.02.006.
59. Fromme H., Lahrz T., Piloty M., Gebhart H., Oddoy A., Ruden H. Occurrence of phthalates and musk fragrances in indoor air and dust from apartments and kindergartens in Berlin (Germany). Indoor Air 2004, 14:188-195.
60. Fromme H., Gruber L., Schlummer M., Wolz G., Boehmer S., Angerer J., Mayer R., Liebl B., Bolte G. Intake of phthalates and di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate: results of the integrated exposure assessment survey based on duplicate diet samples and biomonitoring data. Environ Int 2007, 33(8):1012-1020.
61. Gärtner S., Balski M., Koch M., Nehls I. Analysis and migration of phthalates in infant food packed in recycled paperboard. J Agric Food Chem 2009, 57(22):10675-10681. [2009 Nov 25].
62. Gosens L., Delmaar C.J.E., Burg W.T., Heer C.D., Schuur A.G. Aggregate exposure approaches for parabens in personal care products: a case assessment for children between 0 and 3years old. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2013, 1-7.
63. Hawley J.K. Assessment of health risk from exposure to contaminated soil. Risk Anal 1985, 5(4):289-302.
64. IPCS Assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: report of a WHO/IPCS international workshop on aggregate/cumulative risk assessment (harmonization project document no.7) 2009, International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, Geneva, [Available at: http://www.who.int/ipcs/methods/harmonization/areas/workshopreportdocument7.pdf].
65. Itoh H., Yoshida K., Masunaga S. Evaluation of the effect of governmental control of human exposure to two phthalates in Japan using a urinary biomarker approach. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005, 208(4):237-245.
66. Jang J.Y. Development and application of Korean exposure factors. Project no. 091-042-037. Final report 2007, Korean Ministry of Environment, [Available (in Korean) at: http://ecoplus.keiti.re.kr/pms/rin/main/rin_0102.jsp?PROJ_RQST_NO=ARQ20040900137&PROJ_ANN=3&prevUrl=pop].
67. KATS Korean agency for technology and standards, regulation on the quality management and safety control of industrial products. KATS 2011-0553 2011, [Available at: http://www.kats.go.kr/htm/news/announcement_view.asp?boardCode=0205&idx_tbl_Bulletin=7877&page=43&#n].
68. KATS Korean agency for technology and standards, regulation on the quality management and safety control of industrial products. KATS 2012-0800 2012, [Available at: http://www.kats.go.kr/htm/business_04/safety_03_02.asp].
69. KFDA Korea Food and Drug Administration, regulation on safe containers, packaging, etc. KFDA 2007-64 Available at:. http://www.kfda.go.kr/index.kfda?mid=95&seq=2354&cmd=v.
70. KFDA Korea Food and Drug Administration, regulation on safe containers, packaging, etc. KFDA 2009-29 Available at:. http://www.kfda.go.kr/daegu/index.kfda?mid=26&seq=7485&cmd=v.
71. Kho Y.L., Jeong J.Y., Choi K.H., Kim P.G. Determination of phthalate metabolites in Korean children's urine by high performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry. Korean Journal of Environmental Health 2008, 34(4):271-278.
72. Kim H.H., Lim Y.W., Yang J.Y., Shin D.C. Occurrence of phthalates in indoor dust from children's facilities and apartments in Seoul. J Korean Soc Atmos Environ 2009, 25(5):382-391.
73. Kim B.M., Ha M., Park H.S., Lee B.E., Kim Y.J., Hong Y.C., et al. The mothers and children's environmental health (MOCEH) study. Eur J Epidemiol 2009, 24(9):573-583.
74. Kim B.N., Cho S.C., Kim Y., Shin M.S., Yoo H.J., Kim J.W., et al. Phthalates exposure and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children. Biol Psychiatry 2009, 66(10):958-963.
75. Kim H.T., Tanabe S., Kim T.W., Hong W.H. Measurement of phthalate esters concentration in house dust in residence of Daegu. J Architect Inst Korea 2010, 26(6 (260)):313-320.
76. Kim Y., Ha E.H., Kim E.J., Park H., Ha M., Kim J.H., Hong Y.C., Chang N., Kim B.N. Prenatal exposure to phthalates and infant development at 6months: prospective mothers and children's environmental health (MOCEH) Study. Environ Health Perspect 2011, 119(10):1495-1500.
77. KMGL Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, regulation on cosmetic ingredients, KFDA 2010-99 Available at:. http://www.law.go.kr/admRulInfoP.do?admRulSeq=2000000015495.
78. KMGL Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, enforcement decree of the framework act on environmental policy, enforcement 24203 Available at:. http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMenu=1&nwYn=1&query=%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B2%95&x=0&y=0#AJAX.
79. KMGL Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, enforcement regulation of the water quality and ecosystem conservation act, enforcement 23938 Available at:. http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMenu=1&nwYn=1&query=%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%95%EC%B1%85%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EB%B2%95&x=0&y=0#AJAX.
80. KMGL Korea Ministry of Government Legislation, enforcement decree of the quality management and safety control of industrial products act, MKE regulation 248 Available at:. http://www.law.go.kr/lsSc.do?menuId=0&p1=&subMenu=1&nwYn=1&query=%ED%92%88%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%ED%92%88&x=74&y=22#liBgcolor2.
81. KMOE Case study on combined exposure assessments for DEHP, DBP, BBP and DINP 2009, Korean Ministry of Environment, Sejong-City.
82. KNIER Report on the examination of the environmental residue status of endocrine disrupters in Korea (in Korean) 2007, Korean National Institute of Environmental Research.
83. KNIER Environmental exposures and health effects in pregnant women and infants (II). NEIR NO. NIER-SP2012-345. Supplemental data provided by Eunhee Ha to Jihyun Lee, April 29, 2013 2012.
84. Koch H.M., Drexler H., Angerer J. Internal exposure of nursery-school children and their parents and teachers to di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004, 207(2004):15-22.
85. Koch H.M., Bolt H.M., Preuss R., Angerer J. New metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) in human urine and serum after single oral doses of deuterium-labelled DEHP. Arch Toxicol 2005, 79:367-376.
86. Koch H.M., Preuss R., Drexler H., Angerer J. Exposure of nursery school children and their parents and teachers to di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005, 78:223-229.
87. Koch H.M., Becker K., Wittassek M., Seiwert M., et al. Di-n-butylphthalate and butylbenzylphthalate-urinary metabolite levels and estimated daily intakes: pilot study for the German Environmental Survey on children. J Exp Sci Environ Epidemiol 2007, 17:378-387.
88. Koch H.M., Wittassek M., Bruning T., Angerer J., Heudorf U. Exposure to phthalates in 5-6years old primary school starters in Germany - a human biomonitoring study and a cumulative risk assessment. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2011, 214(2011):188-195.
89. Koo H.J., Lee B.M. Human monitoring of phthalates and risk assessment. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2005, 68(16):1379-1392.
90. Kortenkamp A., Faust M. Combined exposures to anti-androgenic chemicals: steps towards cumulative risk assessment. Int J Androl 2010, 33(2010):463-474.
91. Kortenkamp A., Hass U. Expert workshop on combination effects of chemicals 2009, 1:1-32. [Available at: http://www.mst.dk/NR/rdonlyres/C59693B7-2421-4748-89F0-5937496E0A28/0/BILAG_2_Expertworkshop.pdf].
92. Langer S., Weschler C.J., Fischer A., Beko G., Toftum J., Clausen G. Phthalate and PAH concentrations in dust collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. Atmos Environ 2010, 44(19):2294-2301.
93. Langer S., Bekö G., Weschler C.J., Brive L.M., Toftum J., Callesen M., Clausen G. Phthalate metabolites in urine samples from Danish children and correlations with phthalates in dust samples from their homes and daycare centers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013, 10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.03.014.
94. Larsen S.T., Hansen J.S., Hansen E.W., Clausen P.A., Nielsen G.D. Airway inflammation and adjuvant effect after repeated airborne exposures to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. Toxicology 2007, 235:119-129.
95. Lee J.H., Pedersen A.B., Thomsen M. Framework for combining REACH and national regulations to obtain equal protection levels of human health and the environment in different countries - comparative study of Denmark and Korea. J Environ Manage 2013, 125:105-116.
96. Lin Z.P., Ikonomou M.G., Jing H., Mackintosh C., Gobas F.A. Determination of phthalate ester congeners and mixtures by LC/ESI-MS in sediments and biota of an urbanized marine inlet. Environ Sci Technol 2003, 37:2100-2108.
97. Lin S., Ku H.Y., Su P.H., Chen J.W., Huang P.C., Angerer J., Wang S.L. Phthalate exposure in pregnant women and their children in central Taiwan. Chemosphere 2011, 82(7):947-955.
98. Liu L., Bao H., Liu F., Zhang J., Shen H. Phthalates exposure of Chinese reproductive age couples and its effect on male semen quality, a primary study. Environ Int 2012, 42:78-83. [2012 Jul].
99. Mieritz M.G., Frederiksen H., Sørensen K., Aksglaede L., Mouritsen A., Hagen C.P., Skakkebaek N.E., Andersson A.M., Juul A. Urinary phthalate excretion in 555 healthy Danish boys with and without pubertal gynaecomastia. Int J Androl 2012, 35(3):227-235.
100. Müller A.K., Nielsen E., Ladefoged O. Human exposure to selected phthalates in Denmark. Report 2003:15 2003, The Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Søborg, Denmark.
101. Nam S.H. A study on monitoring and analytical method of the endocrine disrupting chemicals emitted from plastic products using in daily life 2010, (PhD thesis), Kangwon National University.
102. Nielsen A.M., Olsen E.M., Juul A. New Danish reference values for height, weight and body mass index of children aged 0-5years. Acta Paediatr 2010, 99(2):268-278. [2010 Feb].
103. NTP-CERHR NTP-CERHR monograph on the potential human reproductive and developmental effects of butyl benzyl phthalates (BBP), NIH publication no. 03-4487 http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/ohat/phthalates/bb-phthalate/BBP_Monograph_Final.pdf.
104. Petersen J.H., Breindahl T. Plasticisers in total diet samples, baby food and infant formulae. Food Addit Contam 2000, 17:133-141.
105. Remer T., Neubert A., Maser-Gluth C. Anthropometry-based reference values for 24-h urinary creatinine excretion during growth and their use in endocrine and nutritional research. Am J Clin Nutr 2002, 75(3):561-569.
106. Schenk L., Hansson S.O., Ruden C., Gilek M. Are occupational exposure limits becoming more alike within the European Union?. J Appl Toxicol 2008, 28(7):858-866.
107. Sioen I., Fierens T., Holderbeke M.V., Geerts L., Bellemans M., et al. Phthalates dietary exposure and food sources for Belgian preschool children and adults. Environ Int 2012, 48:102-108.
108. Søeborg T., Frederiksen H., Andersson A.M. Cumulative risk assessment of phthalate exposure of Danish children and adolescents using the hazard index approach. Int J Androl 2012, 35:245-252.
109. Thuren A., Larsson P. Phthalate esters in the Swedish atmosphere. Environ Sci Technol 1990, Col.24(4):554-559.
110. Thomas T.A. Review of exposure data and assessments for select dialkyl ortho/phthalates. CPSC-D-06-0006, task order 006 2010, Versar, Inc. Exposure and Risk Assessment Division, Springfield, VA, [Available at: http://www.cpsc.gov//PageFiles/114559/pthalexp.pdf].
111. UBA (The Federal Environmental Agency, Germany) REACH and the recycling of plastics: reference manual for an appropriate implementation of the REACH requirements for the operators of recycling plants. Report no. (UBA-FB) 001522/E 2012, [Available at: http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/4263.pdf].
112. UNEP Global chemicals outlook - towards sound management of chemicals Available at:. http://www.unep.org/hazardoussubstances/Portals/9/Mainstreaming/GCO/The%20Global%20Chemical%20Outlook_Full%20report_15Feb2013.pdf.
113. US EPA National primary drinking water regulations, EPA 816-F-09-004 May 2009 http://www.epa.gov/safewater/consumer/pdf/mcl.pdf.
114. US EPA EPA peer consultation workshop on cumulative risk assessment of phthalates: potential options and methods for evaluating the cumulative hazard associated with six selected phthalates (final report) 2010, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, [Available at: http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/iris_drafts/recordisplay.cfm?deid=214766].
115. US EPA Exposure factors handbook: 2011 edition 2011, National Center for Environmental Assessment, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, [EPA/600/R-09/052F].
116. US EPA Phthalates action plan (revised ver.) 2012, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, [Available at: http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/existingchemicals/pubs/actionplans/phthalates_actionplan_revised_2012-03-14.pdf].
117. Vikelsøe J., Thomsen M., Johansen E. Phthalates and nonylphthalates in soil. NERI technical report no. 268 1999.
118. Wittassek M., Heger W., Koch H.M., Becker K., et al. Daily intake of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) by German children - a comparison of two estimation models based on urinary DEHP metabolite levels. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2007, 210:35-42.
119. Wittassek M., Koch H.M., Angerer J., Bruning T. Assessing exposure to phthalates - the human biomonitoring approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011, 55(1):7-31.
120. Wormuth M., Scheringer M., Vollenweider M., Hungerbuhler K. What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans?. Risk Anal 2006, 26:803-824.
121. Xu Y., Cohen Hubal E.A., Clausen P.A., Little J.C. Predicting residential exposure to phthalate plasticiser emitted from vinyl flooring: a mechanistic analysis. Environ Sci Technol 2009, 43:2374-2380.