Impact and diagnosis of antiplatelet therapy resistance in patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Drug Development Research

Volumn 74, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 492-504

  Gasparovic, Hrvoje ^a   Petricevic, Mate ^a   Biocina, Bojan ^a  

^a KBC Zagreb   (Croatia)

Author keywords

Antiplatelet therapy resistance; Aspirin; Clopidogrel; Coronary artery bypass surgery

Indexed keywords

11 OXOTHROMBOXANE B2; ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ARACHIDONIC ACID; ATORVASTATIN; CANGRELOR; CD40 LIGAND; CLOPIDOGREL; CYCLOOXYGENASE 1; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4; FIBRINOGEN RECEPTOR; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PADGEM PROTEIN; PLACEBO; PRASUGREL; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; PURINERGIC P2Y12 RECEPTOR; THROMBOXANE A2; TICAGRELOR; VASODILATOR STIMULATED PHOSPHOPROTEIN; VORAPAXAR;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ARTERY GRAFT; BLEEDING; BLOOD CLOTTING TIME; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CORONARY STENT; DISEASE SEVERITY; DNA POLYMORPHISM; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG SAFETY; ENDARTERECTOMY; EUROSCORE; FLOW CYTOMETRY; FUNCTION TEST; GRAFT OCCLUSION; GRAFT PATENCY; GRAFT SURVIVAL; HEART INFARCTION; HEART SURGERY; HUMAN; ISCHEMIA; LABORATORY DEVICE; LABORATORY TEST; LIGHT TRANSMISSION AGGREGOMETRY; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; MONOTHERAPY; MULTIPLE ELECTRODE AGGREGOMETRY; OFF PUMP CORONARY SURGERY; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; POINT OF CARE TESTING; POSTOPERATIVE HEMORRHAGE; PREOPERATIVE TREATMENT; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; SAPHENOUS VEIN GRAFT; SECONDARY PREVENTION; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; THERAPY RESISTANCE; THROMBOCYTE ACTIVATION; THROMBOCYTE AGGREGATION INHIBITION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION; THROMBOCYTE FUNCTION ANALYZER; THROMBOCYTE RICH PLASMA; THROMBOCYTE TRANSFUSION; THROMBOELASTOGRAPHY; THROMBOSIS; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY; TREATMENT RESPONSE; UNSTABLE ANGINA PECTORIS; URINALYSIS;

EID: 84888022544     PISSN: 02724391     EISSN: 10982299     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21107     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Al-Lawati AA, Muthuswamy V. 2013. Continuing aspirin causes higher drainage even under full protection with antifibrinolytics. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg; Epub: PMID 23344762.
2. Alstrom U, Granath F, Oldgren J, Stahle E, Tyden H, Siegbahn A. 2009. Platelet inhibition assessed with VerifyNow, flow cytometry and PlateletMapping in patients undergoing heart surgery. Thromb Res 124:572-577.
3. Angiolillo DJ, Firstenberg MS, Price MJ, Tummala PE, Hutyra M, Welsby IJ, Voeltz MD, Chandna H, Ramaiah C, Brtko M, et al. 2012. Bridging antiplatelet therapy with cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 307:265-274.
4. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration. 1994. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy - II: maintenance of vascular graft or arterial patency by antiplatelet therapy. BMJ 308:159-168.
5. Antonino MJ, Mahla E, Bliden KP, Tantry US, Gurbel PA. 2009. Effect of long-term clopidogrel treatment on platelet function and inflammation in patients undergoing coronary arterial stenting. Am J Cardiol 103:1546-1550.
6. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R, Emberson J, Godwin J, Peto R, Buring J, Hennekens C, Kearney P, Meade T, et al. 2009. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet 373:1849-1860.
7. Bednar F, Osmancik P, Vanek T, Mocikova H, Jares M, Straka Z, Widimsky P. 2008. Platelet activity and aspirin efficacy after off-pump compared with on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery: results from the prospective randomized trial PRAGUE 11-Coronary Artery Bypass and REactivity of Thrombocytes (CABARET). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 136:1054-1060.
8. Ben-Dor I, Kleiman NS, Lev E. 2009. Assessment, mechanisms, and clinical implication of variability in platelet response to aspirin and clopidogrel therapy. Am J Cardiol 104:227-233.
9. Bhatt DL, Chew DP, Hirsch AT, Ringleb PA, Hacke W, Topol EJ. 2001. Superiority of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients with prior cardiac surgery. Circulation 103:363-368.
10. Bhatt DL, Fox KA, Hacke W, Berger PB, Black HR, Boden WE, Cacoub P, Cohen EA, Creager MA, Easton JD, et al. 2006. Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 354:1706-1717.
11. Bhatt DL, Stone GW, Mahaffey KW, Gibson CM, Steg PG, Hamm CW, Price MJ, Leonardi S, Gallup D, Bramucci E, et al. 2013. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. N Engl J Med 368:1303-1313.
12. Bischof D, Dalbert S, Zollinger A, Ganter MT, Hofer CK. 2010. Thrombelastography in the surgical patient. Minerva Anestesiol 76:131-137.
13. Bourassa MG, Fisher LD, Campeau L, Gillespie MJ, McConney M, Lesperance J. 1985. Long-term fate of bypass grafts: the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) and Montreal Heart Institute experiences. Circulation 72(6 Pt 2):V71-V78.
14. Budaj A, Yusuf S, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Tognoni G, Zhao F, Chrolavicius S, Hunt D, Keltai M, Franzosi MG. 2002. Benefit of clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation in various risk groups. Circulation 106:1622-1626.
15. Burke J, Kraft WK, Greenberg HE, Gleave M, Pitari GM, VanBuren S, Wagner JA, Waldman SA. 2003. Relationship of arachidonic acid concentration to cyclooxygenase-dependent human platelet aggregation. J Clin Pharmacol 43:983-989.
16. Bybee KA, Powell BD, Valeti U, Rosales AG, Kopecky SL, Mullany C, Wright RS. 2005. Preoperative aspirin therapy is associated with improved postoperative outcomes in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Circulation 112(9 Suppl):I286-1292.
17. Calatzis A, Krueger WB. 2004. A new approach to platelet function analysis in whole blood - the multiplate analyzer. Platelets 15:479-517.
18. Campo G, Valgimigli M, Gemmati D, Percoco G, Catozzi L, Frangione A, Federici F, Ferrari F, Tebaldi M, Luccarelli S, et al. 2007. Poor responsiveness to clopidogrel: drug-specific or class-effect mechanism? - evidence from a clopidogrel-to-ticlopidine crossover study. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1132-1137.
19. Cao L, Young N, Liu H, Silvestry S, Sun W, Zhao N, Diehl J, Sun J. 2012. Preoperative aspirin use and outcomes in cardiac surgery patients. Ann Surg 255:399-404.
20. CAPRIE Steering Committee. 1996. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348:1329-1339.
21. Cesari F, Marcucci R, Caporale R, Paniccia R, Romano E, Gensini GF, Abbate R, Gori AM. 2008. Relationship between high platelet turnover and platelet function in high-risk patients with coronary artery disease on dual antiplatelet therapy. Thromb Haemost 99:930-935.
22. Chen L, Bracey AW, Radovancevic R, Cooper JR, Jr, Collard CD, Vaughn WK, Nussmeier NA. 2004. Clopidogrel and bleeding in patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 128:425-431.
23. Chesebro JH, Fuster V, Elveback LR, Clements IP, Smith HC, Holmes DR, Jr, Bardsley WT, Pluth JR, Wallace RB, Puga FJ, et al. 1984. Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin on late vein-graft patency after coronary bypass operations. N Engl J Med 310:209-214.
24. Clarke TA, Waskell LA. 2003. The metabolism of clopidogrel is catalyzed by human cytochrome P450 3A and is inhibited by atorvastatin. Drug Metab Dispos 31:53-59.
25. Dacey LJ, Munoz JJ, Johnson ER, Leavitt BJ, Maloney CT, Morton JR, Olmstead EM, Birkmeyer JD, O'Connor GT. 2000. Effect of preoperative aspirin use on mortality in coronary artery bypass grafting patients. Ann Thorac Surg 70:1986-1990.
26. Dangas G, Mehran R, Guagliumi G, Caixeta A, Witzenbichler B, Aoki J, Peruga JZ, Brodie BR, Dudek D, Kornowski R, et al. 2009. Role of clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty: results from the HORIZONS-AMI (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 54:1438-1446.
27. De Santo LS, Amarelli C, Della Corte A, Scardone M, Bancone C, Carozza A, Grassia MG, Romano G. 2013. Blood transfusion after on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: focus on modifiable risk factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 43:359-366.
28. Denis CV, Wagner DD. 2007. Platelet adhesion receptors and their ligands in mouse models of thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:728-739.
29. Dunn SP, Steinhubl SR, Bauer D, Charnigo RJ, Berger PB, Topol EJ. 2013. Impact of proton pump inhibitor therapy on the efficacy of clopidogrel in the CAPRIE and CREDO trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2:e004564.
30. Dunning J, Versteegh M, Fabbri A, Pavie A, Kolh P, Lockowandt U, Nashef SA. 2008. Guideline on antiplatelet and anticoagulation management in cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34:73-92.
31. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Edwards FH, Ewy GA, Gardner TJ, Hart JC, Herrmann HC, Hillis LD, Hutter AM, Jr, et al. 2004. ACC/AHA 2004 guideline update for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1999 Guidelines for Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery). Circulation 110:e340-e437.
32. Eikelboom JW, Hirsh J, Weitz JI, Johnston M, Yi Q, Yusuf S. 2002. Aspirin-resistant thromboxane biosynthesis and the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, or cardiovascular death in patients at high risk for cardiovascular events. Circulation 105:1650-1655.
33. Favaloro EJ. 2008. Clinical utility of the PFA-100. Semin Thromb Hemost 34:709-733.
34. Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Joseph O, Wehner P, Mentzer RM, Jr. 2002. Aspirin and postoperative bleeding after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Surg 235:820-827.
35. Ferraris VA, Ferraris SP, Saha SP, Hessel EA, 2nd, Haan CK, Royston BD, Bridges CR, Higgins RS, Despotis G, Brown JR, et al. 2007. Perioperative blood transfusion and blood conservation in cardiac surgery: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and The Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists clinical practice guideline. Ann Thorac Surg 83(5 Suppl):S27-S86.
36. Ferraris VA, Brown JR, Despotis GJ, Hammon JW, Reece TB, Saha SP, Song HK, Clough ER, Shore-Lesserson LJ, Goodnough LT, et al. 2011. 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. Ann Thorac Surg 91:944-982.
37. Fitchett D, Eikelboom J, Fremes S, Mazer D, Singh S, Bittira B, Brister S, Graham J, Gupta M, Karkouti K, et al. 2009. Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients requiring urgent coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: a position statement of the Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Can J Cardiol 25:683-689.
38. Fontana P, Dupont A, Gandrille S, Bachelot-Loza C, Reny JL, Aiach M, Gaussem P. 2003. Adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation is associated with P2Y12 gene sequence variations in healthy subjects. Circulation 108:989-995.
39. Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R, Zhao F, Lakkis N, Gersh BJ, Yusuf S. 2004. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation 110:1202-1208.
40. Gansera B, Schmidtler F, Spiliopoulos K, Angelis I, Neumaier-Prauser P, Kemkes BM. 2003. Urgent or emergent coronary revascularization using bilateral internal thoracic artery after previous clopidogrel antiplatelet therapy. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 51:185-189.
41. Ganter MT, Hofer CK. 2008. Coagulation monitoring: current techniques and clinical use of viscoelastic point-of-care coagulation devices. Anesth Analg 106:1366-1375.
42. Gao G, Zheng Z, Pi Y, Lu B, Lu J, Hu S. 2010. Aspirin plus clopidogrel therapy increases early venous graft patency after coronary artery bypass surgery a single-center, randomized, controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 56:1639-1643.
43. Gasparovic H, Petricevic M, Biocina B. 2011. Letter by Gasparovic et al. Regarding article, "Aspirin plus clopidogrel versus aspirin alone after coronary artery bypass grafting: the Clopidogrel After Surgery for Coronary Artery Disease (CASCADE) Trial". Circulation 124:e193.
44. Gasparovic H, Petricevic M, Kopjar T, Djuric Z, Svetina L, Biocina B. 2012a. Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with aspirin resistance following coronary artery bypass grafting: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [NCT01159639]. Trials 13:148. PMID: 22920307.
45. Gasparovic H, Petricevic M, Kopjar T, Djuric Z, Svetina L, Biocina B. 2012b. Dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with aspirin resistance following coronary artery bypass grafting: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [NCT01159639]. Trials 13:148.
46. Gengo FM, Rubin L, Robson M, Rainka M, Gengo MF, Mager DE, Bates V. 2008. Effects of ibuprofen on the magnitude and duration of aspirin's inhibition of platelet aggregation: clinical consequences in stroke prophylaxis. J Clin Pharmacol 48:117-122.
47. Ghaffarinejad MH, Fazelifar AF, Shirvani SM, Asdaghpoor E, Fazeli F, Bonakdar HR, Noohi F. 2007. The effect of preoperative aspirin use on postoperative bleeding and perioperative myocardial infarction in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Cardiol J 14:453-457.
48. Gluckman TJ, McLean RC, Schulman SP, Kickler TS, Shapiro EP, Conte JV, McNicholas KW, Segal JB, Rade JJ. 2011. Effects of aspirin responsiveness and platelet reactivity on early vein graft thrombosis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1069-1077.
49. Goksedef D, Panagopoulos G, Nassiri N, Levine RL, Hountis PG, Plestis KA. 2012. Intraoperative use of recombinant activated factor VII during complex aortic surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 143:1198-1204.
50. Gori AM, Cesari F, Marcucci R, Giusti B, Paniccia R, Antonucci E, Gensini GF, Abbate R. 2009. The balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines is associated with platelet aggregability in acute coronary syndrome patients. Atherosclerosis 202:255-262.
51. Group I-C. 1988. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet 2:349-360.
52. Gum PA, Kottke-Marchant K, Poggio ED, Gurm H, Welsh PA, Brooks L, Sapp SK, Topol EJ. 2001. Profile and prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 88:230-235.
53. Gum PA, Kottke-Marchant K, Welsh PA, White J, Topol EJ. 2003. A prospective, blinded determination of the natural history of aspirin resistance among stable patients with cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:961-965.
54. Gurbuz AT, Zia AA, Vuran AC, Cui H, Aytac A. 2006. Postoperative clopidogrel improves mid-term outcome after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective study. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 29:190-195.
55. Harrington RA, Stone GW, McNulty S, White HD, Lincoff AM, Gibson CM, Pollack CV, Jr, Montalescot G, Mahaffey KW, Kleiman NS, et al. 2009. Platelet inhibition with cangrelor in patients undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 361:2318-2329.
56. Harrison P, Segal H, Blasbery K, Furtado C, Silver L, Rothwell PM. 2005. Screening for aspirin responsiveness after transient ischemic attack and stroke: comparison of 2 point-of-care platelet function tests with optical aggregometry. Stroke 36:1001-1005.
57. Hattersley PG. 1966. Activated coagulation time of whole blood. Jama 196:436-440.
58. Hillis LD, Smith PK, Anderson JL, Bittl JA, Bridges CR, Byrne JG, Cigarroa JE, Disesa VJ, Hiratzka LF, Hutter AM, Jr, et al. 2011. 2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for coronary artery bypass graft surgery. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:e123-e210.
59. Hongo RH, Ley J, Dick SE, Yee RR. 2002. The effect of clopidogrel in combination with aspirin when given before coronary artery bypass grafting. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:231-237.
60. Jambor C, Weber CF, Gerhardt K, Dietrich W, Spannagl M, Heindl B, Zwissler B. 2009. Whole blood multiple electrode aggregometry is a reliable point-of-care test of aspirin-induced platelet dysfunction. Anesth Analg 109:25-31.
61. Kaplan ZS, Jackson SP. 2011. The role of platelets in atherothrombosis. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2011:51-61.
62. Karabulut H, Toraman F, Evrenkaya S, Goksel O, Tarcan S, Alhan C. 2004. Clopidogrel does not increase bleeding and allogenic blood transfusion in coronary artery surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 25:419-423.
63. Kolh P, Wijns W, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, Garg S, Huber K, James S, Knuuti J, et al. 2010. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 38(Suppl):S1-S52.
64. Kratzer MA, Born GV. 1985. Simulation of primary haemostasis in vitro. Haemostasis 15:357-362.
65. Kuijpers MJ, Nieuwenhuys CM, Feijge MA, Kloots W, Giesen PL, Jerling JC, oude Egbrink MG, Heemskerk JW. 2005. Regulation of tissue factor-induced coagulation and platelet aggregation in flowing whole blood. Thromb Haemost 93:97-105.
66. Kulik A, Chan V, Ruel M. 2009. Antiplatelet therapy and coronary artery bypass graft surgery: perioperative safety and efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 8:169-182.
67. Kulik A, Le May MR, Voisine P, Tardif JC, Delarochelliere R, Naidoo S, Wells GA, Mesana TG, Ruel M. 2010. Aspirin plus clopidogrel versus aspirin alone after coronary artery bypass grafting: the clopidogrel after surgery for coronary artery disease (CASCADE) Trial. Circulation 122:2680-2687.
68. Lasne D, Fiemeyer A, Chatellier G, Chammas C, Baron JF, Aiach M. 2000. A study of platelet functions with a new analyzer using high shear stress (PFA 100) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft. Thromb Haemost 84:794-799.
69. Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS, Tait AR, Carville DG, Guyer KE, Bates ER. 2003. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug-drug interaction. Circulation 107:32-37.
70. Lau WC, Gurbel PA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Hopp AS, Carville DG, Guyer KE, Tait AR, Bates ER. 2004. Contribution of hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 metabolic activity to the phenomenon of clopidogrel resistance. Circulation 109:166-171.
71. Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, Bailey SR, Bittl JA, Cercek B, Chambers CE, Ellis SG, Guyton RA, Hollenberg SM, et al. 2011. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:e44-122.
72. Liang Y, Johnston M, Hirsh J, Pare G, Li C, Mehta S, Teo KK, Sloane D, Yi Q, Zhu J, et al. 2012. Relation between clopidogrel active metabolite levels and different platelet aggregation methods in patients receiving clopidogrel and aspirin. J Thromb Thrombolysis 34:429-436.
73. Lim E, Ali Z, Ali A, Routledge T, Edmonds L, Altman DG, Large S. 2003. Indirect comparison meta-analysis of aspirin therapy after coronary surgery. BMJ 327:1309.
74. Lordkipanidze M, Pharand C, Schampaert E, Turgeon J, Palisaitis DA, Diodati JG. 2007. A comparison of six major platelet function tests to determine the prevalence of aspirin resistance in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 28:1702-1708.
75. Lorenz RL, Schacky CV, Weber M, Meister W, Kotzur J, Reichardt B, Theisen K, Weber PC. 1984. Improved aortocoronary bypass patency by low-dose aspirin (100 mg daily). Effects on platelet aggregation and thromboxane formation. Lancet 1:1261-1264.
76. Maltais S, Perrault LP, Do QB. 2008. Effect of clopidogrel on bleeding and transfusions after off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery: impact of discontinuation prior to surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 34:127-131.
77. Mangiacapra F, Muller O, Ntalianis A, Trana C, Heyndrickx GR, Bartunek J, Vanderheyden M, Wijns W, De Bruyne B, Barbato E. 2010. Comparison of 600 versus 300-mg clopidogrel loading dose in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol 106:1208-1211.
78. Marcucci R, Gori AM, Paniccia R, Giusti B, Valente S, Giglioli C, Buonamici P, Antoniucci D, Abbate R, Gensini GF. 2009. Cardiovascular death and nonfatal myocardial infarction in acute coronary syndrome patients receiving coronary stenting are predicted by residual platelet reactivity to ADP detected by a point-of-care assay: a 12-month follow-up. Circulation 119:237-242.
79. Maree AO, Curtin RJ, Dooley M, Conroy RM, Crean P, Cox D, Fitzgerald DJ. 2005. Platelet response to low-dose enteric-coated aspirin in patients with stable cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1258-1263.
80. Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V, Shechter M, Beinart R, Goldenberg I, Novikov I, Pres H, Savion N, Varon D, et al. 2004. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 109:3171-3175.
81. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, Malmberg K, Rupprecht H, Zhao F, Chrolavicius S, et al. 2001. Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 358:527-533.
82. Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L, Ardissino D, Cattaneo M, Belli C, Mannucci PM, Rosenberg RD. 1994. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation 90:61-68.
83. Michelson AD. 2004. Platelet function testing in cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 110:e489-e493.
84. Michelson AD, Frelinger AL, 3rd, Furman MI. 2006. Current options in platelet function testing. Am J Cardiol 98(10A):4N-10N.
85. Mikkola R, Wistbacka JO, Gunn J, Heikkinen J, Lahtinen J, Teittinen K, Kuttila K, Juvonen T, Airaksinen J, Biancari F. 2012. Timing of preoperative aspirin discontinuation and outcome after elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 26:245-250.
86. Mohr FW, Morice MC, Kappetein AP, Feldman TE, Stahle E, Colombo A, Mack MJ, Holmes DR, Jr, Morel MA, Van Dyck N, et al. 2013. Coronary artery bypass graft surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with three-vessel disease and left main coronary disease: 5-year follow-up of the randomised, clinical SYNTAX trial. Lancet 381:629-638.
87. Morici N, Moja L, Rosato V, Oreglia JA, Sacco A, De Marco F, Bruschi G, Klugmann S, La Vecchia C, Savonitto S. 2013. Time from adenosine di-phosphate receptor antagonist discontinuation to coronary bypass surgery in patients with acute coronary syndrome: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Int J Cardiol; PMID: 23340485. Epub ahead of print.
88. Morrow DA, Braunwald E, Bonaca MP, Ameriso SF, Dalby AJ, Fish MP, Fox KA, Lipka LJ, Liu X, Nicolau JC, et al. 2012. Vorapaxar in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events. N Engl J Med 366:1404-1413.
89. Murphy GJ, Angelini GD. 2006. Indications for blood transfusion in cardiac surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 82:2323-2334.
90. Nguyen TA, Diodati JG, Pharand C. 2005. Resistance to clopidogrel: a review of the evidence. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:1157-1164.
91. Nieswandt B, Watson SP. 2003. Platelet-collagen interaction: is GPVI the central receptor? Blood 102:449-461.
92. O'Donoghue ML, Braunwald E, Antman EM, Murphy SA, Bates ER, Rozenman Y, Michelson AD, Hautvast RW, Ver Lee PN, Close SL, et al. 2009. Pharmacodynamic effect and clinical efficacy of clopidogrel and prasugrel with or without a proton-pump inhibitor: an analysis of two randomised trials. Lancet 374:989-997.
93. Perry DJ, Fitzmaurice DA, Kitchen S, Mackie IJ, Mallett S. 2010. Point-of-care testing in haemostasis. Br J Haematol 150:501-514.
94. Petricevic M, Biocina B, Konosic S, Kopjar T, Kunac N, Gasparovic H. 2013a. Assessment of platelet function by whole blood impedance aggregometry in coronary artery bypass grafting patients on acetylsalicylic acid treatment may prompt a switch to dual antiplatelet therapy. Heart Vessels 28:57-65.
95. Petricevic M, Biocina B, Milicic D, Konosic S, Ivancan V, Milosevic M, Burcar I, Gasparovic H. 2013b. Bleeding risk assessment using multiple electrode aggregometry in patients following coronary artery bypass surgery. J Thromb Thrombolysis 35:31-40.
96. Petricevic MBB, Konosic S, Kopjar T, Milosevic M, Gasparovic H. 2011. Definition of acetylsalicylic acid resistance using multiple electrode aggregometry in patients following coronary artery bypass grafting. In: Forum THS, editor. 21st World Congress World Society of Cardio-Thoracic Surgeons. Berlin, Germany: Abstract book, p 70-71.
97. Quinn MJ, Bhatt DL, Zidar F, Vivekananthan D, Chew DP, Ellis SG, Plow E, Topol EJ. 2004. Effect of clopidogrel pretreatment on inflammatory marker expression in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 93:679-684.
98. Rafiq S, Johansson PI, Zacho M, Stissing T, Kofoed K, Lilleor NB, Steinbruchel DA. 2012. Thrombelastographic haemostatic status and antiplatelet therapy after coronary artery bypass surgery (TEG-CABG trial): assessing and monitoring the antithrombotic effect of clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone in hypercoagulable patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 13:48.
99. Ranucci M, Baryshnikova E, Soro G, Ballotta A, De Benedetti D, Conti D. 2011. Multiple electrode whole-blood aggregometry and bleeding in cardiac surgery patients receiving thienopyridines. Ann Thorac Surg 91:123-129.
100. Roe MT, Armstrong PW, Fox KA, White HD, Prabhakaran D, Goodman SG, Cornel JH, Bhatt DL, Clemmensen P, Martinez F, et al. 2012. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel for acute coronary syndromes without revascularization. N Engl J Med 367:1297-1309.
101. Ruggeri ZM, Mendolicchio GL. 2007. Adhesion mechanisms in platelet function. Circ Res 100:1673-1685.
102. Sadiq PA, Puri A, Dixit M, Ghatak A, Dwivedi SK, Narain VS, Saran RK, Puri VK. 2005. Profile and prevalence of aspirin resistance in Indian patients with coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J 57:658-661.
103. Sambu N, Warner T, Curzen N. 2011. Clopidogrel withdrawal: is there a "rebound" phenomenon? Thromb Haemost 105:211-220.
104. Sanon S, Lee VV, Elayda M, Wilson JM. 2009. Use of aspirin versus clopidogrel plus aspirin after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 15:540-544.
105. Saw J, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Kereiakes DJ, Serebruany VL, Brennan D, Topol EJ. 2003. Lack of adverse clopidogrel-atorvastatin clinical interaction from secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled clopidogrel trial. Circulation 108:921-924.
106. Schneider DJ, Sobel BE. 2007. Conundrums in the combined use of anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs. Circulation 116:305-315.
107. Sellers MM, Stallone JN. 2008. Sympathy for the devil: the role of thromboxane in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H1978-H1986.
108. Serebruany VL, Malinin AI, Callahan KP, Gurbel PA, Steinhubl SR. 2001. Statins do not affect platelet inhibition with clopidogrel during coronary stenting. Atherosclerosis 159:239-241.
109. Sharma GV, Khuri SF, Josa M, Folland ED, Parisi AF. 1983. The effect of antiplatelet therapy on saphenous vein coronary artery bypass graft patency. Circulation 68(3 Pt 2):II218-II221.
110. Skoric B, Milicic D, Lovric D, Gornik I, Skoric KN, Sertic J. 2010. Initial patency of the infarct-related artery in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is related to platelet response to aspirin. Int J Cardiol 140:356-358.
111. Smith PK, Goodnough LT, Levy JH, Poston RS, Short MA, Weerakkody GJ, Lenarz LA. 2012. Mortality benefit with prasugrel in the TRITON-TIMI 38 coronary artery bypass grafting cohort: risk-adjusted retrospective data analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:388-396.
112. Sorensen R, Abildstrom SZ, Hansen PR, Hvelplund A, Andersson C, Charlot M, Fosbol EL, Kober L, Madsen JK, Gislason GH, et al. 2011. Efficacy of post-operative clopidogrel treatment in patients revascularized with coronary artery bypass grafting after myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:1202-1209.
113. Souckova L, Opatrilova R, Suk P, Cundrle I, Jr, Pavlik M, Zvonicek V, Hlinomaz O, Sramek V. 2013. Impaired bioavailability and antiplatelet effect of high-dose clopidogrel in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Eur J Clin Pharmacol 69:309-317.
114. Spiess BD, Tuman KJ, McCarthy RJ, DeLaria GA, Schillo R, Ivankovich AD. 1987. Thromboelastography as an indicator of postcardiopulmonary bypass coagulopathies. J Clin Monit 3:25-30.
115. Spiess BD, Gillies BS, Chandler W, Verrier E. 1995. Changes in transfusion therapy and reexploration rate after institution of a blood management program in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 9:168-173.
116. Srinivasan AK, Grayson AD, Pullan DM, Fabri BM, Dihmis WC. 2003. Effect of preoperative aspirin use in off-pump coronary artery bypass operations. Ann Thorac Surg 76:41-45.
117. Stein PD, Schunemann HJ, Dalen JE, Gutterman D. 2004. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with saphenous vein and internal mammary artery bypass grafts: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest 126(3 Suppl):600S-608S.
118. Sun JC, Teoh KH, Lamy A, Sheth T, Ellins ML, Jung H, Yusuf S, Anand S, Connolly S, Whitlock RP, et al. 2010. Randomized trial of aspirin and clopidogrel versus aspirin alone for the prevention of coronary artery bypass graft occlusion: the Preoperative Aspirin and Postoperative Antiplatelets in Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting study. Am Heart J 160:1178-1184.
119. Taggart DP, Siddiqui A, Wheatley DJ. 1990. Low-dose preoperative aspirin therapy, postoperative blood loss, and transfusion requirements. Ann Thorac Surg 50:424-428.
120. Tantry US, Bliden KP, Gurbel PA. 2005. Overestimation of platelet aspirin resistance detection by thrombelastograph platelet mapping and validation by conventional aggregometry using arachidonic acid stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol 46:1705-1709.
121. Tello-Montoliu A, Tomasello SD, Ueno M, Angiolillo DJ. 2011. Antiplatelet therapy: thrombin receptor antagonists. Br J Clin Pharmacol 72:658-671.
122. Ti LK, Cheong KF, Chen FG. 2002. Prediction of excessive bleeding after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: the influence of timing and heparinase on thromboelastography. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 16:545-550.
123. Toth O, Calatzis A, Penz S, Losonczy H, Siess W. 2006. Multiple electrode aggregometry: a new device to measure platelet aggregation in whole blood. Thromb Haemost 96:781-788.
124. Vaccarino GN, Thierer J, Albertal M, Vrancic M, Piccinini F, Benzadon M, Raich H, Navia DO. 2009. Impact of preoperative clopidogrel in off pump coronary artery bypass surgery: a propensity score analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 137:309-313.
125. von Pape KW, Dzijan-Horn M, Bohner J, Spannagl M, Weisser H, Calatzis A. 2007. [Control of aspirin effect in chronic cardiovascular patients using two whole blood platelet function assays. PFA-100 and multiplate]. Hamostaseologie 27:155-160.
126. Vorobcsuk A, Aradi D, Farkasfalvi K, Horvath IG, Komocsi A. 2012. Outcomes of patients receiving clopidogrel prior to cardiac surgery. Int J Cardiol 156:34-40.
127. Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, Cannon CP, Emanuelsson H, Held C, Horrow J, Husted S, James S, Katus H, et al. 2009. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 361:1045-1057.
128. Wang TH, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. 2006. Aspirin and clopidogrel resistance: an emerging clinical entity. Eur Heart J 27:647-654.
129. Weber AA, Przytulski B, Schanz A, Hohlfeld T, Schror K. 2002. Towards a definition of aspirin resistance: a typological approach. Platelets 13:37-40.
130. Wijns W, Kolh P, Danchin N, Di Mario C, Falk V, Folliguet T, Garg S, Huber K, James S, Knuuti J, et al. 2010. Guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J 31:2501-2555.
131. Wiviott SD, Antman EM, Winters KJ, Weerakkody G, Murphy SA, Behounek BD, Carney RJ, Lazzam C, McKay RG, McCabe CH, et al. 2005. Randomized comparison of prasugrel (CS-747, LY640315), a novel thienopyridine P2Y12 antagonist, with clopidogrel in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the Joint Utilization of Medications to Block Platelets Optimally (JUMBO)-TIMI 26 trial. Circulation 111:3366-3373.
132. Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, Montalescot G, Ruzyllo W, Gottlieb S, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, De Servi S, Murphy SA, et al. 2007. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 357:2001-2015.
133. Woo YJ, Grand T, Valettas N. 2003. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting attenuates postoperative bleeding associated with preoperative clopidogrel administration. Heart Surg Forum 6:282-285.
134. Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. 2001. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 345:494-502.
135. Zimmermann N, Kienzle P, Weber AA, Winter J, Gams E, Schror K, Hohlfeld T. 2001. Aspirin resistance after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 121:982-984.