Clinical review: Lung imaging in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients - an update

Critical Care

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Chiumello, Davide ^a   Froio, Sara ^a   Bouhemad, Belaïd ^b   Camporota, Luigi ^c   Coppola, Silvia ^a  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^b PITIÉ SALPÊTRIÈRE HOSPITAL   (France)

^c ST THOMAS HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HELIUM;

ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; COMPUTER ASSISTED IMPEDANCE TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMAN; LUNG IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; ADVERSE EFFECTS; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; DEVICES; ECHOGRAPHY; IMPEDANCE; LUNG; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; HUMANS; LUNG; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; RADIOGRAPHY, THORACIC; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME, ADULT; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 84887868254     PISSN: 13648535     EISSN: 1466609X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/cc13114     Document Type: Review

References (113)

1. Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE. Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967, 2:319-323.
2. Camporota L, Ranieri VM. What's new in the "Berlin" definition of acute respiratory distress syndrome?. Minerva Anestesiol 2012, 78:1162-1166.
3. Ferguson ND, Fan E, Camporota L, Antonelli M, Anzueto A, Beale R, Brochard L, Brower R, Esteban A, Gattinoni L, Rhodes A, Slutsky AS, Vincent JL, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ranieri VM. The Berlin definition of ARDS: an expanded rationale, justification, and supplementary material. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:1573-1582. 10.1007/s00134-012-2682-1, 22926653.
4. Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, Ferguson ND, Caldwell E, Fan E, Camporota L, Slutsky AS. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA 2012, 307:2526-2533.
5. Bellani G, Mauri T, Pesenti A. Imaging in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care 2012, 18:29-34. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834eb47d, 22143052.
6. Constantin J. Lung imaging in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: from an understanding of pathophysiology to bedside monitoring. Minerva Anestesiol 2012, 79:176-184.
7. Dushianthan A, Grocott MP, Postle AD, Cusack R. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. Postgrad Med J 2011, 87:612-622. 10.1136/pgmj.2011.118398, 21642654.
8. Aberle DR, Brown K. Radiologic considerations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med 1990, 11:737-754.
9. Pinilla I, de Gracia MM, Quintana-Diaz M, Figueira JC. Radiological prognostic factors in patients with pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) infection requiring hospital admission. Emerg Radiol 2011, 18:313-319. 10.1007/s10140-011-0964-5, 21617935.
10. Lichtenstein D, Goldstein I, Mourgeon E, Cluzel P, Grenier P, Rouby JJ. Comparative diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest X-ray, and lung ultrasonography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2004, 100:9-15. 10.1097/00000542-200401000-00006, 14695718.
11. Xirouchaki N, Magkanas E, Vaporidi K, Kondili E, Plataki M, Patrianakos A, Akoumianaki E, Georgopoulos D. Lung ultrasound in critically ill patients: comparison with bedside chest X-ray. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:1488-1493. 10.1007/s00134-011-2317-y, 21809107.
12. Endo S, Shibata S, Sato N, Hashiba E, Tajimi K, Saito K, Kawamae K, Nakane M, Murakawa M. A prospective cohort study of ALI/ARDS in the Tohoku district of Japan (second report). J Anesth 2010, 24:351-358. 10.1007/s00540-010-0881-x, 20349197.
13. Rice TW, Ware LB, Haponik EF, Chiles C, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR, Steingrub JS, Hite RD, Matthay MA, Wright P, Ely EW. Vascular pedicle width in acute lung injury: correlation with intravascular pressures and ability to discriminate fluid status. Crit Care 2011, 15:R86. 10.1186/cc10084, 3219344, 21385351.
14. Gattinoni L, Presenti A, Torresin A, Baglioni S, Rivolta M, Rossi F, Scarani F, Marcolin R, Cappelletti G. Adult respiratory distress syndrome profiles by computed tomography. J Thorac Imaging 1986, 1:25-30. 10.1097/00005382-198607000-00005, 3612906.
15. Gattinoni L, Caironi P, Pelosi P, Goodman LR. What has computed tomography taught us about the acute respiratory distress syndrome?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:1701-1711. 10.1164/ajrccm.164.9.2103121, 11719313.
16. Rouby JJ, Puybasset L, Nieszkowska A, Lu Q. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: lessons from computed tomography of the whole lung. Crit Care Med 2003, 31:S285-S295. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000057905.74813.BC, 12682454.
17. Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Gusman P, Grenier P, Preteux F, Rouby JJ. Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome. I. Consequences for lung morphology. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26:857-869. 10.1007/s001340051274, 10990099.
18. Rouby JJ, Lu Q, Goldstein I. Selecting the right level of positive end-expiratory pressure in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165:1182-1186. 10.1164/ajrccm.165.8.2105122, 11956065.
19. Hubmayr RD. Perspective on lung injury and recruitment: a skeptical look at the opening and collapse story. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165:1647-1653. 10.1164/rccm.2001080-01CP, 12070067.
20. Rouby JJ, Lu Q, Vieira S. Pressure/volume curves and lung computed tomography in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Eur Respir J Suppl 2003, 42:27s-36s.
21. Rouby JJ, Constantin JM, Roberto De AG, Zhang M, Lu Q. Mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2004, 101:228-234. 10.1097/00000542-200407000-00033, 15220794.
22. Puybasset L, Gusman P, Muller JC, Cluzel P, Coriat P, Rouby JJ. Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome. III. Consequences for the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26:1215-1227. 10.1007/s001340051340, 11089745.
23. Constantin JM, Cayot-Constantin S, Roszyk L, Futier E, Sapin V, Dastugue B, Bazin JE, Rouby JJ. Response to recruitment maneuver influences net alveolar fluid clearance in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Anesthesiology 2007, 106:944-951. 10.1097/01.anes.0000265153.17062.64, 17457125.
24. Constantin JM, Jaber S, Futier E, Cayot-Constantin S, Verny-Pic M, Jung B, Bailly A, Guerin R, Bazin JE. Respiratory effects of different recruitment maneuvers in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care 2008, 12:R50. 10.1186/cc6869, 2447604, 18416847.
25. Constantin JM, Grasso S, Chanques G, Aufort S, Futier E, Sebbane M, Jung B, Gallix B, Bazin JE, Rouby JJ, Jaber S. Lung morphology predicts response to recruitment maneuver in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:1108-1117. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181d451ec, 20154600.
26. Galiatsou E, Kostanti E, Svarna E, Kitsakos A, Koulouras V, Efremidis SC, Nakos G. Prone position augments recruitment and prevents alveolar overinflation in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006, 174:187-197. 10.1164/rccm.200506-899OC, 16645177.
27. Sheard S, Rao P, Devaraj A. Imaging of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Care 2012, 57:607-612. 10.4187/respcare.01731, 22472500.
28. Wang S, Ruan Z, Zhang J, Jin W. The value of pulmonary contusion volume measurement with three-dimensional computed tomography in predicting acute respiratory distress syndrome development. Ann Thorac Surg 2011, 92:1977-1983. 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.05.020, 21967818.
29. Strumwasser A, Chu E, Yeung L, Miraflor E, Sadjadi J, Victorino GP. A novel CT volume index score correlates with outcomes in polytrauma patients with pulmonary contusion. J Surg Res 2011, 170:280-285. 10.1016/j.jss.2011.03.022, 21601877.
30. Reske AW, Reske AP, Gast HA, Seiwerts M, Beda A, Gottschaldt U, Josten C, Schreiter D, Heller N, Wrigge H, Amato MB. Extrapolation from ten sections can make CT-based quantification of lung aeration more practicable. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:1836-1844. 10.1007/s00134-010-2014-2, 20689909.
31. Gattinoni L, Cressoni M. Quantitative CT in ARDS: towards a clinical tool?. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:1803-1804. 10.1007/s00134-010-2016-0, 20689908.
32. Gardelli G, Feletti F, Nanni A, Mughetti M, Piraccini A, Zompatori M. Chest ultrasonography in the ICU. Respir Care 2012, 57:773-781. 10.4187/respcare.01743, 22546298.
33. Agricola E, Arbelot C, Blaivas M, Bouhemad B, Copetti R, Dean A, Dulchavsky S, Elbarbary M, Gargani L, Hoppmann R, Kirkpatrick AW, Lichtenstein D, Liteplo A, Mathis G, Melniker L, Neri L, Noble VE, Petrovic T, Reissig A, Rouby JJ, Seibel A, Soldati G, Storti E, Tsung JW, Via G, Volpicelli G. Ultrasound performs better than radiographs. Thorax 2011, 66:828-829. 10.1136/thx.2010.153239, 21193568.
34. Bouhemad B, Zhang M, Lu Q, Rouby JJ. Clinical review: Bedside lung ultrasound in critical care practice. Crit Care 2007, 11:205. 10.1186/cc5668, 2151891, 17316468.
35. Remerand F, Dellamonica J, Mao Z, Ferrari F, Bouhemad B, Jianxin Y, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Ichai C, Rouby JJ. Multiplane ultrasound approach to quantify pleural effusion at the bedside. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:656-664. 10.1007/s00134-010-1769-9, 20140421.
36. Volpicelli G, Elbarbary M, Blaivas M, Lichtenstein DA, Mathis G, Kirkpatrick AW, Melniker L, Gargani L, Noble VE, Via G, Dean A, Tsung JW, Soldati G, Copetti R, Bouhemad B, Reissig A, Agricola E, Rouby JJ, Arbelot C, Liteplo A, Sargsyan A, Silva F, Hoppmann R, Breitkreutz R, Seibel A, Neri L, Storti E, Petrovic T. International evidence-based recommendations for point-of-care lung ultrasound. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:577-591. 10.1007/s00134-012-2513-4, 22392031.
37. Via G, Storti E, Gulati G, Neri L, Mojoli F, Braschi A. Lung ultrasound in the ICU: from diagnostic instrument to respiratory monitoring tool. Minerva Anestesiol 2012, 78:1282-1296.
38. Bouhemad B, Liu ZH, Arbelot C, Zhang M, Ferarri F, Le Guen M, Girard M, Lu Q, Rouby JJ. Ultrasound assessment of antibiotic-induced pulmonary reaeration in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2010, 38:84-92. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181b08cdb, 19633538.
39. Copetti R, Soldati G, Copetti P. Chest sonography: a useful tool to differentiate acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2008, 6:16. 10.1186/1476-7120-6-16, 2386861, 18442425.
40. Cianchi G, Bonizzoli M, Pasquini A, Bonacchi M, Zagli G, Ciapetti M, Sani G, Batacchi S, Biondi S, Bernardo P, Lazzeri C, Giovannini V, Azzi A, Abbate R, Gensini G, Peris A. Ventilatory and ECMO treatment of H1N1-induced severe respiratory failure: results of an Italian referral ECMO center. BMC Pulm Med 2011, 11:2. 10.1186/1471-2466-11-2, 3022902, 21223541.
41. Bellani G, Amigoni M, Pesenti A. Positron emission tomography in ARDS: a new look at an old syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol 2011, 77:439-447.
42. Musch G. Positron emission tomography: a tool for better understanding of ventilator-induced and acute lung injury. Curr Opin Crit Care 2011, 17:7-12. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834272ab, 3805985, 21169828.
43. de Prost N, Tucci MR, Melo MF. Assessment of lung inflammation with 18F-FDG PET during acute lung injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010, 195:292-300. 10.2214/AJR.10.4499, 3172046, 20651183.
44. Bellani G, Messa C, Guerra L, Spagnolli E, Foti G, Patroniti N, Fumagalli R, Musch G, Fazio F, Pesenti A. Lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome show diffuse inflammation in normally aerated regions: a [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT study. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:2216-2222. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181aab31f, 19487931.
45. Rodrigues RS, Miller PR, Bozza FA, Marchiori E, Zimmerman GA, Hoffman JM, Morton KA. FDG-PET in patients at risk for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a preliminary report. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34:2273-2278. 10.1007/s00134-008-1220-7, 18682917.
46. Caironi P, Cressoni M, Chiumello D, Ranieri M, Quintel M, Russo SG, Cornejo R, Bugedo G, Carlesso E, Russo R, Caspani L, Gattinoni L. Lung opening and closing during ventilation of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010, 181:578-586. 10.1164/rccm.200905-0787OC, 19910610.
47. Dreyfuss D, Saumon G. Ventilator-induced lung injury: lessons from experimental studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:294-323. 10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9604014, 9445314.
48. Kolobow T, Moretti MP, Fumagalli R, Mascheroni D, Prato P, Chen V, Joris M. Severe impairment in lung function induced by high peak airway pressure during mechanical ventilation. An experimental study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987, 135:312-315.
49. de Prost N, Dreyfuss D. How to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury?. Minerva Anestesiol 2012, 78:1054-1066.
50. Terragni PP, Rosboch G, Tealdi A, Corno E, Menaldo E, Davini O, Gandini G, Herrmann P, Mascia L, Quintel M, Slutsky AS, Gattinoni L, Ranieri VM. Tidal hyperinflation during low tidal volume ventilation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007, 175:160-166. 10.1164/rccm.200607-915OC, 17038660.
51. Bellani G, Guerra L, Musch G, Zanella A, Patroniti N, Mauri T, Messa C, Pesenti A. Lung regional metabolic activity and gas volume changes induced by tidal ventilation in patients with acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:1193-1199. 10.1164/rccm.201008-1318OC, 3114052, 21257791.
52. Chen DL, Bedient TJ, Kozlowski J, Rosenbluth DB, Isakow W, Ferkol TW, Thomas B, Mintun MA, Schuster DP, Walter MJ. [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for lung antiinflammatory response evaluation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180:533-539. 10.1164/rccm.200904-0501OC, 2742744, 19574441.
53. Bodenstein M, David M, Markstaller K. Principles of electrical impedance tomography and its clinical application. Crit Care Med 2009, 37:713-724. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181958d2f, 19114889.
54. Bayford RH. Bioimpedance tomography (electrical impedance tomography). Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2006, 8:63-91. 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095716, 16834552.
55. Leonhardt S, Lachmann B. Electrical impedance tomography: the holy grail of ventilation and perfusion monitoring?. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:1917-1929. 10.1007/s00134-012-2684-z, 22992946.
56. Muders T, Luepschen H, Putensen C. Impedance tomography as a new monitoring technique. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16:269-275. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3283390cbf, 20445445.
57. Hinz J, Hahn G, Neumann P, Sydow M, Mohrenweiser P, Hellige G, Burchardi H. End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitoring of end-expiratory lung volume change. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29:37-43.
58. Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Electrical impedance tomography: potentials and pitfalls. Curr Opin Crit Care 2012, 18:35-41. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834eb462, 22201705.
59. Cereda M, Emami K, Kadlecek S, Xin Y, Mongkolwisetwara P, Profka H, Barulic A, Pickup S, Mansson S, Wollmer P, Ishii M, Deutschman CS, Rizi RR. Quantitative imaging of alveolar recruitment with hyperpolarized gas MRI during mechanical ventilation. J Appl Physiol 2011, 110:499-511. 10.1152/japplphysiol.00841.2010, 3043787, 21127207.
60. Kauczor HU. MRI of the Lung 2009, Berlin: Springer.
61. Matsuoka S, Hunsaker AR, Gill RR, Jacobson FL, Ohno Y, Patz S, Hatabu H. Functional MR imaging of the lung. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2008, 16:275-289. 10.1016/j.mric.2008.03.006, 18474332.
62. Hopkins SR. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the lung: a physiological perspective. J Thorac Imaging 2004, 19:228-234. 10.1097/01.rti.0000142839.37482.c2, 15502609.
63. Emami K, Stephen M, Kadlecek S, Cadman RV, Ishii M, Rizi RR. Quantitative assessment of lung using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009, 6:431-438. 10.1513/pats.200902-008AW, 2731803, 19687215.
64. Wallet F, Delannoy B, Haquin A, Debord S, Leray V, Bourdin G, Bayle F, Richard JC, Boussel L, Guerin C. Evaluation of recruited lung volume at inspiratory plateau pressure with PEEP using bedside digital chest X-ray in patients with acute lung injury/ARDS. Respir Care 2013, 58:416-423. 10.4187/respcare.01893, 23443282.
65. Rouby JJ, Arbelot C, Brisson H, Lu Q, Bouhemad B. Measurement of alveolar recruitment at the bedside: the beginning of a new era in respiratory monitoring?. Respir Care 2013, 58:539-542. 10.4187/respcare.02363, 23443286.
66. Gattinoni L, Pelosi P, Crotti S, Valenza F. Effects of positive end-expiratory pressure on regional distribution of tidal volume and recruitment in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995, 151:1807-1814. 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767524, 7767524.
67. Malbouisson LM, Muller JC, Constantin JM, Lu Q, Puybasset L, Rouby JJ. Computed tomography assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced alveolar recruitment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:1444-1450. 10.1164/ajrccm.163.6.2005001, 11371416.
68. Luecke T, Corradi F, Pelosi P. Lung imaging for titration of mechanical ventilation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012, 25:131-140. 10.1097/ACO.0b013e32835003fb, 22395440.
69. Chiumello D, Carlesso E, Cadringher P, Caironi P, Valenza F, Polli F, Tallarini F, Cozzi P, Cressoni M, Colombo A, Marini JJ, Gattinoni L. Lung stress and strain during mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:346-355. 10.1164/rccm.200710-1589OC, 18451319.
70. Bruhn A, Bugedo D, Riquelme F, Varas J, Retamal J, Besa C, Cabrera C, Bugedo G. Tidal volume is a major determinant of cyclic recruitment-derecruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Minerva Anestesiol 2011, 77:418-426.
71. Lu Q, Zhang M, Girardi C, Bouhemad B, Kesecioglu J, Rouby JJ. Computed tomography assessment of exogenous surfactant-induced lung reaeration in patients with acute lung injury. Crit Care 2010, 14:R135. 10.1186/cc9186, 2945105, 20633284.
72. Chiumello D, Marino A, Brioni M, Menga F, Cigada I, Lazzerini M, Andrisani MC, Biondetti P, Cesana B, Gattinoni L. Visual anatomical lung CT scan assessment of lung recruitability. Intensive Care Med 2012, 39:66-73.
73. Yoshida T, Rinka H, Kaji A, Yoshimoto A, Arimoto H, Miyaichi T, Kan M. The impact of spontaneous ventilation on distribution of lung aeration in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: airway pressure release ventilation versus pressure support ventilation. Anesth Analg 2009, 109:1892-1900. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181bbd918, 19923518.
74. Mentzelopoulos SD, Theodoridou M, Malachias S, Sourlas S, Exarchos DN, Chondros D, Roussos C, Zakynthinos SG. Scanographic comparison of high frequency oscillation with versus without tracheal gas insufflation in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2011, 37:990-999. 10.1007/s00134-011-2162-z, 21369813.
75. Stefanidis K, Dimopoulos S, Tripodaki ES, Vitzilaios K, Politis P, Piperopoulos P, Nanas S. Lung sonography and recruitment in patients with early acute respiratory distress syndrome: a pilot study. Crit Care 2011, 15:R185. 10.1186/cc10338, 3387628, 21816054.
76. Agricola E, Bove T, Oppizzi M, Marino G, Zangrillo A, Margonato A, Picano E. "Ultrasound comet-tail images" : a marker of pulmonary edema: a comparative study with wedge pressure and extravascular lung water. Chest 2005, 127:1690-1695. 10.1378/chest.127.5.1690, 15888847.
77. Agricola E, Picano E, Oppizzi M, Pisani M, Meris A, Fragasso G, Margonato A. Assessment of stress-induced pulmonary interstitial edema by chest ultrasound during exercise echocardiography and its correlation with left ventricular function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006, 19:457-463. 10.1016/j.echo.2005.11.013, 16581487.
78. Gargani L. Lung ultrasound: a new tool for the cardiologist. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 2011, 9:6. 10.1186/1476-7120-9-6, 3059291, 21352576.
79. Jambrik Z, Monti S, Coppola V, Agricola E, Mottola G, Miniati M, Picano E. Usefulness of ultrasound lung comets as a nonradiologic sign of extravascular lung water. Am J Cardiol 2004, 93:1265-1270. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.02.012, 15135701.
80. Jambrik Z, Gargani L, Adamicza A, Kaszaki J, Varga A, Forster T, Boros M, Picano E. B-lines quantify the lung water content: a lung ultrasound versus lung gravimetry study in acute lung injury. Ultrasound Med Biol 2010, 36:2004-2010. 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2010.09.003, 21030138.
81. Baldi G, Gargani L, Abramo A, D'Errico L, Caramella D, Picano E, Giunta F, Forfori F. Lung water assessment by lung ultrasonography in intensive care: a pilot study. Intensive Care Med 2013, 39:74-84. 10.1007/s00134-012-2694-x, 23052950.
82. Bouhemad B, Brisson H, Le Guen M, Arbelot C, Lu Q, Rouby JJ. Bedside ultrasound assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung recruitment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011, 183:341-347. 10.1164/rccm.201003-0369OC, 20851923.
83. Lowhagen K, Lindgren S, Odenstedt H, Stenqvist O, Lundin S. A new non-radiological method to assess potential lung recruitability: a pilot study in ALI patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2011, 55:165-174. 10.1111/j.1399-6576.2010.02331.x, 21039359.
84. Grychtol B, Wolf GK, Adler A, Arnold JH. Towards lung EIT image segmentation: automatic classification of lung tissue state from analysis of EIT monitored recruitment manoeuvres. Physiol Meas 2010, 31:S31-S43. 10.1088/0967-3334/31/8/S03, 20647613.
85. Lowhagen K, Lundin S, Stenqvist O. Regional intratidal gas distribution in acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome - assessed by electric impedance tomography. Minerva Anestesiol 2010, 76:1024-1035.
86. Domenighetti G, Maggiorini M. Electrical impedance tomography to guide ventilation in ALI-ARDS patients: a research tool for zealous physiologists or an imminent support for the real world intensivist?. Minerva Anestesiol 2010, 76:986-988.
87. Wolf GK, Gomez-Laberge C, Rettig JS, Vargas SO, Smallwood CD, Prabhu SP, Vitali SH, Zurakowski D, Arnold JH. Mechanical ventilation guided by electrical impedance tomography in experimental acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2013, 41:1296-1304. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3182771516, 23474677.
88. Vieira SR, Puybasset L, Richecoeur J, Lu Q, Cluzel P, Gusman PB, Coriat P, Rouby JJ. A lung computed tomographic assessment of positive end-expiratory pressure-induced lung overdistension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158:1571-1577. 10.1164/ajrccm.158.5.9802101, 9817710.
89. Gevenois PA, De Vuyst P, de Maertelaer V, Zanen J, Jacobovitz D, Cosio MG, Yernault JC. Comparison of computed density and microscopic morphometry in pulmonary emphysema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154:187-192. 10.1164/ajrccm.154.1.8680679, 8680679.
90. Reske AW, Busse H, Amato MB, Jaekel M, Kahn T, Schwarzkopf P, Schreiter D, Gottschaldt U, Seiwerts M. Image reconstruction affects computer tomographic assessment of lung hyperinflation. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34:2044-2053. 10.1007/s00134-008-1175-8, 18537024.
91. Nieszkowska A, Lu Q, Vieira S, Elman M, Fetita C, Rouby JJ. Incidence and regional distribution of lung overinflation during mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure. Crit Care Med 2004, 32:1496-1503. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000130170.88512.07, 15241094.
92. Treggiari MM, Romand JA, Martin JB, Suter PM. Air cysts and bronchiectasis prevail in nondependent areas in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: a computed tomographic study of ventilator-associated changes. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:1747-1752. 10.1097/00003246-200208000-00012, 12163787.
93. Gorg C, Bert T. Transcutaneous colour Doppler sonography of lung consolidations: review and pictorial essay. Part 2: colour Doppler sonographic patterns of pulmonary consolidations. Ultraschall Med 2004, 25:285-291. 10.1055/s-2004-813091, 15300503.
94. Gorg C, Bert T. Transcutaneous colour Doppler sonography of lung consolidations: review and pictorial essay. Part 1: pathophysiologic and colour Doppler sonographic basics of pulmonary vascularity. Ultraschall Med 2004, 25:221-226.
95. Dakin J, Jones AT, Hansell DM, Hoffman EA, Evans TW. Changes in lung composition and regional perfusion and tissue distribution in patients with ARDS. Respirology 2011, 16:1265-1272. 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02048.x, 3204166, 21883676.
96. Borges JB, Suarez-Sipmann F, Bohm SH, Tusman G, Melo A, Maripuu E, Sandstrom M, Park M, Costa EL, Hedenstierna G, Amato M. Regional lung perfusion estimated by electrical impedance tomography in a piglet model of lung collapse. J Appl Physiol 2012, 112:225-236. 10.1152/japplphysiol.01090.2010, 21960654.
97. Rouby JJ, Puybasset L, Cluzel P, Richecoeur J, Lu Q, Grenier P. Regional distribution of gas and tissue in acute respiratory distress syndrome. II. Physiological correlations and definition of an ARDS Severity Score. CT Scan ARDS Study Group. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26:1046-1056. 10.1007/s001340051317, 11030160.
98. Chung JH, Kradin RL, Greene RE, Shepard JA, Digumarthy SR. CT predictors of mortality in pathology confirmed ARDS. Eur Radiol 2011, 21:730-737. 10.1007/s00330-010-1979-0, 20927526.
99. Grieser C, Goldmann A, Steffen IG, Kastrup M, Fernandez CM, Engert U, Deja M, Lojewski C, Denecke T. Computed tomography findings from patients with ARDS due to Influenza A (H1N1) virus-associated pneumonia. Eur J Radiol 2012, 81:389-394. 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.12.085, 21306851.
100. Chiumello D, Taccone P, Berto V, Marino A, Migliara G, Lazzerini M, Gattinoni L. Long-term outcomes in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome ventilated in supine or prone position. Intensive Care Med 2012, 38:221-229. 10.1007/s00134-011-2445-4, 22187085.
101. Masclans JR, Roca O, Munoz X, Pallisa E, Torres F, Rello J, Morell F. Quality of life, pulmonary function, and tomographic scan abnormalities after ARDS. Chest 2011, 139:1340-1346. 10.1378/chest.10-2438, 21330382.
102. Chiumello D, Marino A, Lazzerini M, Caspani ML, Gattinoni L. Lung recruitability in ARDS H1N1 patients. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36:1791-1792. 10.1007/s00134-010-1955-9, 20631985.
103. Fanara B, Manzon C, Barbot O, Desmettre T, Capellier G. Recommendations for the intra-hospital transport of critically ill patients. Crit Care 2010, 14:R87. 10.1186/cc9018, 2911721, 20470381.
104. Beckmann U, Gillies DM, Berenholtz SM, Wu AW, Pronovost P. Incidents relating to the intra-hospital transfer of critically ill patients. An analysis of the reports submitted to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study in Intensive Care. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30:1579-1585.
105. Guidelines for the transfer of critically ill patients. Guidelines Committee of the American College of Critical Care Medicine; Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Transfer Guidelines Task Force. Crit Care Med 1993, 21:931-937. 10.1097/00003246-199306000-00024, 8080468.
106. Intensive Care Society Guidelines for the transport of the critically ill adult [http://www.ics.ac.uk/ics-homepage/guidelines-standards/], Intensive Care Society.
107. SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patient [http://www.siaarti.it/lineeguida/pdf_img/file_42.pdf], SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care.
108. Mayo JR. Radiation dose issues in longitudinal studies involving computed tomography. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2008, 5:934-939. 10.1513/pats.200808-079QC, 19056720.
109. Shah DJ, Sachs RK, Wilson DJ. Radiation-induced cancer: a modern view. Br J Radiol 2012, 85:e1166-e1173. 10.1259/bjr/25026140, 23175483.
110. International Commission on Radiological Protection ICRP-60. Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection 1991, Oxford: Pergamon Press, International Commission on Radiological Protection.
111. Institut de France Academie des Sciences Dose-effect relationships and estimation of the carcinogenic effects of low doses of ionizing radiation [http://www.academie-sciences.fr/activite/rapport/rapport070405.pdf], Institut de France Academie des Sciences.
112. Cardis E, Vrijheid M, Blettner M. The 15-Country Collaborative Study of Cancer Risk among Radiation Workers in the Nuclear Industry: estimates of radiation-related cancer risks. Radiat Res 2007, 167:396-416. 10.1667/RR0553.1, 17388693.
113. Mayo JR, Aldrich J, Muller NL. Radiation exposure at chest CT: a statement of the Fleischner Society. Radiology 2003, 228:15-21. 10.1148/radiol.2281020874, 12832569.