Preoperative cardiac evaluation and management of patients undergoing elective non-cardiac surgery

Medical Journal of Australia

Volumn 199, Issue 10, 2013, Pages 667-673

  Scott, Ian A ^a,b   Shohag, Hasan A ^a   Kam, Peter C A ^c   Jelinek, Michael V ^d   Khadem, Golam M ^a  

^a Princess Alexandra Hospital   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c ROYAL PRINCE ALFRED HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^d St Vincent's Hospital   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; BRAIN NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; HEPARIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT HEPARIN; METOPROLOL;

ADULT; ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; ARTICLE; CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TEST; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM EXAMINATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY RECANALIZATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG SAFETY; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ELECTIVE SURGERY; FEMALE; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PERIOPERATIVE PERIOD; PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SKIN TRANSPLANTATION; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SURGICAL MORTALITY; SURGICAL RISK; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREADMILL EXERCISE; VALVULAR HEART DISEASE; VASCULAR SURGERY;

EID: 84887784652     PISSN: 0025729X     EISSN: 13265377     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5694/mja13.11066     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Surgery in Australian hospitals 2010-11. http://www.aihw.gov.au/hospitals/surgery-2010-11 (accessed Sep 2013).
2. McNicol L, Story DA, Leslie K, et al. Postoperative complications and mortality in older patients having non-cardiac surgery at three Melbourne teaching hospitals. Med J Aust 2007; 186: 447-452.
3. Story DA, Leslie K, Myles PS, et al. Complications and mortality in older surgical patients in Australia and New Zealand (the REASON study): a multicentre, prospective, observational study. Anaesthesia 2010; 65: 1022-1030.
4. Browner WS, Li J, Mangano DT; The Study of Perioperative Ischaemia Research Group. In-hospital and long-term mortality in male veterans following noncardiac surgery. JAMA 1992; 268: 228-232.
5. Khuri SF, Henderson WG, DePalma RG, et al. Determinations of long-term survival after major surgery and the adverse effects of postoperative complications. Ann Surg 2005; 242: 326-343.
6. Kluger MT, Tham EJ, Coleman NA, et al. Inadequate pre-operative evaluation and preparation: a review of 197 reports from the Australian Incident Monitoring Study. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 1173-1178.
7. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: e159-e242.
8. Cardiovascular Expert Group. Therapeutic guidelines: cardiovascular. Version 6. Melbourne: Therapeutic Guidelines Ltd, 2012. http://www.tg.org.au/?sectionid=42 (accessed Nov 2013).
9. Lee TH, Marcantonio ER, Mangione CM, et al. Derivation and prospective validation of a simple index for prediction of cardiac risk of major noncardiac surgery. Circulation 1999; 100: 1043-1049.
10. Ford MK, Beattie WS, Wijeysundera DN. Systematic review: prediction of perioperative cardiac complications and mortality by the Revised Cardiac Risk Index. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 26-35.
11. Welten GM, Schouten O, van Domburg RT, et al. The influence of aging on the prognostic value of the revised cardiac risk index for postoperative cardiac complications in vascular surgery patients. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 34: 632-638.
12. Reilly DF, McNeely MJ, Doerner D, et al. Self-reported exercise tolerance and the risk of serious perioperative complications. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 2185-2192.
13. Eagle KA, Rihal CS, Mickel MC, et al. Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery: influence of coronary disease and type of surgery in 3368 operations. Circulation 1997; 96: 1882-1887.
14. Keus F, de Jong JA, Gooszen HG, van Laarhoven CJ. Laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy for patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (4): CD006231.
15. Kettner SC, Willschke H, Marhofer P. Does regional anaesthesia really improve outcome? Br J Anaesth 2011; 107 Suppl 1: i90-i95.
16. Acute Coronary Syndrome Guidelines Working Group. Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes 2006. Med J Aust 2006; 184 (8 Suppl): S1-S32.
17. Krum H, Jelinek MV, Stewart S, et al. 2011 Update to National Heart Foundation of Australia and Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of chronic heart failure in Australia, 2006. Med J Aust 2011; 194: 405-409.
18. Douglas PS, Garcia MJ, Haines DE, et al. ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/ SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate use criteria for echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 57: 1126-1166.
19. Wijeysundera DN, Beattie WS, Karkouti K, et al. Association of echocardiography before major elective non-cardiac surgery with postoperative survival and length of hospital stay: population based cohort study. BMJ 2011; 342: d3695.
20. Beattie WS, Abdelnaem E, Wijeysundera DN, Buckley DN. A meta-analytic comparison of preoperative stress echocardiography and nuclear scintigraphy imaging. Anesth Analg 2006; 102: 8-16.
21. Struthers R, Erasmus P, Holmes K, et al. Assessing fitness for surgery: a comparison of questionnaire, incremental shuttle walk, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in general surgical patients. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101: 774-780.
22. Stringer W, Casaburi R, Older P. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing: does it improve perioperative care and outcome? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2012; 25: 178-184.
23. Weber M, Luchner A, Seeberger M, et al. Incremental value of high-sensitive troponin T in addition to the revised cardiac index for peri-operative risk stratification in non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 853-862.
24. Rodseth RN, Lurati Buse GA, Bolliger D. The predictive ability of pre-operative B-type natriuretic peptide in vascular patients for major adverse cardiac events: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011; 58: 522-529.
25. Ahn J-H, Park JR, Min JH, et al. Risk stratification using computed tomography coronary angiography in patients undergoing intermediate-risk noncardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2013; 61: 661-668.
26. Erasmus Medical Centre Follow-up Investigation Committee. Report on the 2012 follow-up investigation of possible breaches of academic integrity. Sep 2012. http://cardiobrief.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/integrity-report-2012-10-english-translation.pdf (accessed Sep 2013).
27. Devereaux PJ, Yang H, Yusuf S, et al. Effects of extended-release metoprolol succinate in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery (POISE trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 371: 1839-1847.
28. Bouri S, Shun-Shin MJ, Cole GD, et al. Meta-analysis of secure randomized controlled trials of β-blockade to prevent perioperative death in non-cardiac surgery. Heart 2013; Jul 31 [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304262.
29. Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. 2009 ACCF/AHA focused update on perioperative beta blockade incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009; 54: e13-e118.
30. Lindenauer PK, Pekow P, Wang K, et al. Perioperative beta-blocker therapy and mortality after major noncardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 349-361.
31. London MJ, Hur K, Schwartz GG, Henderson WG. Association of perioperative β-blockade with mortality and cardiovascular morbidity following major noncardiac surgery. JAMA 2013; 309: 1704-1713.
32. Flu WJ, van Kuijk JP, Chonchol M, et al. Timing of pre-operative beta-blocker treatment in vascular surgery patients: influence on post-operative outcome. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 56: 1922-1929.
33. Wallace AW, Au S, Cason BA. Perioperative β-blockade: atenolol is associated with reduced mortality when compared to metoprolol. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 824-836.
34. Kapoor AS, Kanji H, Buckingham J, et al. Strength of evidence for perioperative use of statins to reduce cardiovascular risk: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2006; 333: 1149-1155.
35. Chopra V, Wesorick DH, Sussman JB, et al. Effect of perioperative statins on death, myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, and length of stay: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Arch Surg 2012; 147: 181-189.
36. Sanders RD, Nicholson A, Lewis SR, et al. Perioperative statin therapy for improving outcomes during and after noncardiac vascular surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; (7): CD009971.
37. Railton CJ, Wolpin J, Lam-McCulloch J, Belo SE. Renin-angiotensin blockade is associated with increased mortality after vascular surgery. Can J Anaesth 2010; 57: 736-744.
38. Auron M, Harte B, Kumar A, Michota F. Renin-angiotensin system antagonists in the perioperative setting: clinical consequences and recommendations for practice. Postgrad Med J 2011; 87: 472-481.
39. Burger W, Chemnitius JM, Kneissl GD, Rücker G. Low-dose aspirin for secondary cardiovascular prevention - cardiovascular risks after its perioperative withdrawal versus bleeding risks with its continuation - review and metaanalysis. J Intern Med 2005; 257: 399-414.
40. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50, 279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 2667-2674.
41. McFalls EO, Ward HB, Moritz TE, et al. Coronary-artery revascularization before elective major vascular surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2795-2804.
42. Hammill BG, Curtis LH, Bennett-Guerrero E, et al. Impact of heart failure on patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery. Anesthesiology 2008; 108: 559-567.
43. Xu-Cai YO, Brotman DJ, Phillips CO, et al. Outcomes of patients with stable heart failure undergoing elective noncardiac surgery. Mayo Clin Proc 2008; 83: 280-288.
44. Upshaw J, Kiernan MS. Preoperative cardiac risk assessment for noncardiac surgery in patients with heart failure. Curr Heart Fail Rep 2013; 10: 147-156.
45. Detsky AS, Abrams HB, Forbath N, et al. Cardiac assessment for patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. A multifactorial clinical risk index. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 2131-2134.
46. Nishimura RA, Carabello BA, Faxon DP, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guideline update on valvular heart disease: focused update on infective endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 676-685.
47. Cardiac Society of Australia and New Zealand. Guidelines for the use of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary stents undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Sydney: CSANZ, 2009. http://www.csanz.edu.au/Portals/0/Guidelines/Practice/Use%20of%20antiplatelet%20therapy%20in%20patients%20with%20coronary%20stents%20undergoing%20noncardiac%20surgery.pdf (accessed Oct 2013).
48. Douketis JD, Spyropoulos AC, Spencer FA, et al. Perioperative management of antithrombotic therapy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2012; 141 (2 Suppl): e326S-e350S.
49. Hawn MT, Graham LA, Richman JS, et al. Risk of major adverse cardiac events following noncardiac surgery in patients with coronary stents. JAMA 2013; 310: 1462-1472. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278787.
50. Howard-Alpe GM, de Bono J, Hudsmith L, et al. Coronary artery stents and noncardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 2007; 98: 560-574.
51. Dunn AS, Turpie AG. Perioperative management of patients receiving oral anticoagulants: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 901-908.
52. Martin MT, Kuchta AM, Nutescu EA. A clinician's guide to perioperative bridging for patients on oral anticoagulation. J Pharm Pract 2010; 23: 303-312.
53. Finkel KJ, Searleman AC, Tymkew H, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed obstructive sleep apnea among adult surgical patients in an academic medical center. Sleep Med 2009; 10: 753-758.
54. Kaw R, Chung F, Pasupuleti V, et al. Meta-analysis of the association between obstructive sleep apnoea and postoperative outcome. Br J Anaesth 2012; 109: 897-906.
55. McGory ML, Maggard MA, Ko CY. A meta-analysis of perioperative beta blockade: what is the actual risk reduction? Surgery 2005; 138: 171-179.
56. Wijeysundera DN, Naik JS, Beattie WS. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists to prevent perioperative cardiovascular complications: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2003; 114: 742-752.
57. Crossley GH, Poole JE, Rozner MA, et al. The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/ American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) expert consensus statement on the perioperative management of patients with implantable defibrillators, pacemakers and arrhythmia monitors: facilities and patient management: executive summary. Heart Rhythm 2011; 8: e1-e18.