Mixotrophic dinoflagellate red tides in Korean waters: Distribution and ecophysiology

Harmful Algae

Volumn 30, Issue SUPPL.1, 2013, Pages

  Park, Jaeyeon ^a   Jeong, Hae Jin ^b   Yoo, Yeong Du ^b   Yoon, Eun Young ^a  

^a Seoul National University   (South Korea)

^b Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

DIN; DIP; Mixotrophic dinoflagellate; New species; Red tides

Indexed keywords

AKASHIWO SANGUINEA; CERATIUM FURCA; COCHLODINIUM POLYKRIKOIDES; DINOPHYCEAE; GONYAULAX POLYGRAMMA; PROROCENTRUM MINIMUM;

EID: 84887617632     PISSN: 15689883     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2013.10.004     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Anderson D.M. Turning back to red tide. Nature 1997, 388:513-514.
2. Anton A., Teoh P.L., Mohd-Shaleh S.R., Mohammad-Noor N. First occurrence of Cochlodinium blooms in Sabah, Malaysia. Harmful Algae 2008, 7:331-336.
3. Arrigo K.R., Robinson D.H., Worthen D.L., Schieber B., Lizotte M.P. Bio-optical properties of the southestern Ross Sea. J. Geophys. Res. 1998, 103:21683-21695.
4. Azanza R.V., Fukuyo Y., Yap L.G., Takayama H. Prorocentrum minimum bloom and its possible link to a massive fish kill in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern Philippines. Harmful Algae 2005, 4:519-524.
5. Baek S.H., Shimode S., Han M.S., Kikuchi T. Population development of the dinoflagellates Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus during spring and early summer in Iwa Harbor, Sagami Bay, Japan. Ocean Sci. J. 2008, 43:49-59.
6. Bockstahler K.R., Coats D.W. Grazing of the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium sanguineum on ciliate population of Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Biol. 1993, 116:447-487.
7. Bockstahler K.R., Coats D.W. Spatial and temporal aspects of mixotrophy in Chesapeake Bay dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1993, 40:49-60.
8. Burkholder J.M. Implications of harmful microalgae and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in management of sustainable marine fisheries. Ecol. Appl. 1998, 8(Suppl. 1):S37-S63.
9. Burkholder J.M., Glibert P.M., Skelton H.M. Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. Harmful Algae 2008, 8:77-93.
10. Burson A.M. The role of nitrogenous nutrients in the occurrence of the harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium polykrikoides in Long Island estuaries (NY, USA) 2009, Degree of Master of Science. Stony Brook University, 37 pp.
11. Cembella A.D., Antia N.J., Harrison P.J. The utilization of inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds as nutrients by eukaryotic microalgae: a multidisciplinary perspective: Part I. CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 1984, 10:317-391.
12. Chang M., Kim W.S., Lee J.W. Phytoplankton blooms in the coastal waters of Korea - red tides in Masan and Chinhae Bays. Bull. Korean Fish. Soc. 1995, 17:137-156. (written in Korean with English abstract).
13. Chen J., Zhen Y., Tiezhu M., Zhigang M.U. Detection of Prorocentrum donghaiense using sandwich hybridization integrated with nuclease protection assay (NPA-SH). Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2006, 28:1-6.
14. Cho C.H. The phytoplankton of Hansil-Po, 1972-1973 Tong-Yeong. Bull. Fish. Jr. Coll. 1973, 9:26-36. (written in Korean with English abstract).
15. Cho C.H. Mass mortalities of oyster due to red tide in Jinhae Bay in 1978. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 1979, 12:27-33. (written in Korean with English abstract).
16. Cho C.H. Mariculture and eutrophication in Jinhae bay, Korea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1991, 23:275-279.
17. Cloern J.E., Schraga T.S., Lopez C.B., Knowles N., Labiosa R.G., Dugdale R. Climate anomalies generate an exceptional dinoflagellate bloom in San Francisco Bay. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2005, 32:L14608. 5 pp.
18. Coats D.W., Bockstahler K.R. Occurrence of the parasitic dinoflagellate Amoebophrya ceratii in Chesapeake Bay populations of Gymnodinium sanguineum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1994, 41:586-593.
19. Davidson K., Miller P., Wilding T.A., Shutler J., Bresnan E., Kennington K., Swan S. A large and prolonged bloom of Karenia mikimotoi in Scottish waters in 2006. Harmful Algae 2009, 8:349-361.
20. Doremus C. Geochemical control of dinitrogen fixation in the open ocean. Biol. Oceanogr. 1982, 1:429-436.
21. Du X., Peterson W., McCulloch A., Liu G. An unusual bloom of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea off the central Oregon, USA, coast in autumn 2009. Harmful Algae 2011, 10:784-793.
22. Eppley R.W., Rogers J.N., McCarthy J.J. Half-saturation constants for uptake of nitrate and ammonium by marine phytoplankton. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1969, 14:912-920.
23. Fan C., Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.M. Characterization of the affinity for nitrogen, uptake kinetics, and environmental relationships for Prorocentrum minimum in natural blooms and laboratory cultures. Harmful Algae 2003, 2:283-299.
24. Gárate-Lizárraga I., Muñetón-Gómez M.D.S., Verónica Maldonado-López V. Florecimiento del lorecimiento del dinoflagellado Gonyaulax polygramma frente a la isla espiritu santo, golfo de california, mexico. Rev. Invest. Mar. 2006, 27:31-39.
25. Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.M., Kana T.M., Alexander J., Skelton H., Shilling C. Grazing by Karenia brevis on Synechococcus enhances its growth rate and may help to sustain blooms. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2009, 55:17-30.
26. Glibert P.M., Burkholder J.M., Kana T.M. Recent insights about relationships between nutrient availability, forms, and stoichiometry, and the distribution, ecophysiology, and food web effects of pelagic and benthic Prorocentrum species. Harmful Algae 2012, 14:231-259.
27. Gobler C.J., Berry D.L., Anderson O.R., Amanda Burson A., Koch F., Rodgers B.S., Moore L.K., Goleski J.A., Allam B., Bowser P., Tang Y., Nuzzi R. Characterization, dynamics, and ecological impacts of harmful Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms on eastern Long Island, NY, USA. Harmful Algae 2008, 7:293-307.
28. Grindley J.R., Taylor F.J.R., Day J.H. Red water and marine fauna mortality near Cape Town. Trans. Soc. S. Afr. 1964, 37:111-130.
29. Hallegraeff G.M. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 1993, 32:79-99.
30. Han M.S., Yoo K.I. A taxonomical study on the dinoflagellate in Jinhae Bay I. Armored and unarmored dinoflagellates. Bull. KORDI 1983, 5:37-47.
31. Hansen P.J. The role of photosynthesis and food uptake for the growth of marine mixotrophic dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2011, 58:203-214.
32. Hu H., Zhang J., Chen W. Competition of bloom-forming marine phytoplankton at low nutrient concentrations. J. Environ. Sci. 2011, 23:654-663.
33. Ignatiades L., Gotsis-Skretas O., Metaxatos A. Field and culture studies on the ecophysiology of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum (Halim) present in Greek coastal waters. Harmful Algae 2007, 6:153-165.
34. Jacobson D.M., Anderson D.M. Widespread phagocytosis of ciliates and other protists by marine mixotrophic and heterotrophic thecate dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 1996, 32:279-285.
35. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kim J.S., Kim T.H., Kim J.H., Kang N.S., Yih W. Mixotrophy in the phototrophic harmful alga Cochlodinium polykrikoides (Dinophycean): prey species, the effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2004, 51:563-569.
36. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Park J.Y., Song J.Y., Kim S.T., Lee S.H., Kim K.Y., Yih W. Feeding by the phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates: five species newly revealed and six species previously known to be mixotrophic. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2005, 40:133-155.
37. Jeong H.J., Park J.Y., Nho J.H., Park M.O., Ha J.H., Seong K.A., Jeng C., Seong C.N., Lee K.Y., Yih W. Feeding by red-tide dinoflagellates on the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2005, 41:131-143.
38. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Seong K.A., Kim J.H., Park J.Y., Kim S., Lee S.H., Ha J.H., Yih W. Feeding by the mixotrophic red-tide dinoflagellate Gonyaulax polygramma: mechanisms, prey species, effects of prey concentration, and grazing impact. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2005, 38:249-257.
39. Jeong H.J., Kim J.S., Park J.Y., Kim J.H., Kim S.H., Lee I.H., Lee S.H., Ha J.H., Yih W. Stoeckeria algicida n. gen., n. sp. (Dinophyceae) from the coastal waters off southern Korea: morphology and small subunit ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2005, 52:382-390.
40. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kang N.S., Rho J.R., Seong K.A., Park J.W., Nam G.S., Yih W.H. Feeding by the red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium aureolum from the western Korean waters. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2010, 59:239-255.
41. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kim J.S., Seong K.A., Kang N.S., Kim T.H. Growth, feeding, and ecological roles of the mixotrophic and heterotrophic dinoflagellates in marine planktonic food webs. Ocean Sci. J. 2010, 45:65-91.
42. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kang N.S., Lim A.K., Seong K.A., Lee S.Y., Lee M.J., Lee K.H., Kim H.S., Shin W., Nam S.W., Yih W., Lee K. Heterotrophic feeding as a newly identified survival strategy of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:12604-12609.
43. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Kim T.H., Seong K.A., Kang N.S., Lee K.H., Lee S.Y., Kim J.S., Kim S., Yih W.H. Red tides in Masan Bay, Korea in 2004-2005: I. Daily variations in red-tide organisms and environmental factors. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S75-S88.
44. Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Lim A.S., Kim T.W., Lee K., Kang C.K. Raphidophyte red tides in Korean waters. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S41-S52.
45. Kang N.S., Jeong H.J., Moestrup Ø., Shin W.G., Nam S.W., Park J.Y., de Salas M.F., Kim K.W., Noh J.H. Description of a new planktonic mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp. from the coastal waters off western Korea: morphology, pigments, and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2010, 57:121-144.
46. Kang N.S., Jeong H.J., Moestrup Ø., Park T.G. Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp., a new planktonic heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of western Korea: morphology and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2011, 58:284-309.
47. Kang N.S., Lee K.H., Jeong H.J., Yoo Y.D., Seong K.A., Potvin E., Hwang Y.J., Yoon E.Y. Red tides in Shiwha Bay, western Korea: a huge dike and tidal power plant established in a semi-closed embayment system. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S114-S130.
48. Kim H.G. Characteristics of flagellate red tide and environmental conditions in Masan Bay. Bull. NRFDI 1990, 43:1-40. (written in Korean with English abstract).
49. Kim H.G. Recent harmful algal blooms and mitigation strategies in Korea. Ocean Res. (Seoul) 1997, 19:185-192.
50. Kim H.G. Harmful algal blooms in Korean coastal waters focused on three fish killing dinoflagellates. Harmful Algal Blooms in Korea and China. Proceedings of Korea-China Joint Symposium on Harmful Algal Blooms 1998, 1-20.
51. Kim B.E., Cho Y.J., Shim G.B. A study on preference and promoting consumption of slice raw fish to conduct a questionnaire survey of citizens of Busan. J. Fish. Mar. Sci. Edu. 2005, 12:413-426.
52. Kim H.C., Lee C.K., Lee S.G., Kim H.G. Physico-chemical factors on the growth of Cochlodinium polykrikoides and nutrient utilization. J. Korean Fish. Soc. 2001, 34:457-464. (written in Korean with English abstract).
53. Kim T.W., Lee K., Jeong H.D., Lee C.K., Suh Y.S., Lim W.A., Kim K.Y., Jeong H.J. Nutrient dynamics in Korean coastal waters affected by harmful algal blooms. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S15-S27.
54. Kimor B., Moigis A.G., Dohms V., Stienen C. A case of mass occurrence of Prorocentrum minimum in the Kiel Fjord. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1985, 27:209-215.
55. Koizumi Y., Kohno J., Matsuyama N., Uchida T., Honjo T. Environmental features and the mass mortality of fish and shellfish during the Gonyaulax polygramma red tide occurred in and round Uwajima Bay, Japan, in 1994. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi 1996, 62:217-224. (written in Japanese with English abstract).
56. Korean Maine Environment (KOEM), 2012. Data on physical and chemical factors in 1981-2009. (written in Korean). http://www.meis.go.kr/.
57. Kudela R.M., Gobler C.J. Harmful dinoflagellate blooms caused by Cochlodinium sp.: global expansion and ecological strategies facilitating bloom formation. Harmful Algae 2012, 14:71-86.
58. Lee C.K., Park T.G., Park Y.T., Lim W.A. Monitoring and trends in red-tide events in Korea with emphasis on Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S3-S14.
59. Lee J.H., Lee E.H. Water quality and phytoplankton red tide in Deukryang Bay of Korea. Korean J. Environ. Biol. 1999, 17:271-278. (written in Korean with English abstract).
60. Leong S.C.Y., Murata A., Nagashima Y., Taguchi S. Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense in response to different nitrogen sources and concentrations. Toxicon 2004, 43:407-415.
61. Li A.S., Stoecker D.K., Coats D.W., Adam E.J. Ingestion of fluorescently labeled and phycoerythrin-containing prey by mixotrophic dinoflagellates. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 1996, 10:139-147.
62. Loyer S., Lazure P., Gentien P., Ménesguen A. Modelling of Gymnodinium mikimotoi 852 blooms along the French Atlantic coast: geographical and vertical distributions. Hydroécol. Appl. 2001, 13:57-76.
63. Madhu N.V., Reny P.D., Paul M., Ullas N., Resmi P. Occurrence of red tide caused by Karenia mikimotoi (toxic dinoflagellate) in the Southwest coast of India. Indian J. Geo-Mar. Sci. 2011, 40:821-825.
64. Mason P.L., Litaker R.W., Jeong H.J., Ha J.H., Reece K.S., Vogelbein W.K., Stokes N.A., Park J.Y., Steidinger K.A., Vandersea M.W., Kibler S., Tester P.A., Vogelbein W.K. Description of a new genus of Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate, Luciella gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), including two new species: Luciella masanensis sp. nov. and Luciella atlantis sp. nov. J. Phycol. 2007, 43:799-810.
65. Matsubara T., Nagasoe S., Yamasaki Y., Shikata T., Shimasaki Y., Oshima Y., Honjo T. Effects of temperature, salinity, and irradiance on the growth of the dinoflagellate Akashiwo sanguinea. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2007, 342:226-230.
66. Matsuyama Y. Harmful effect of dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama on shellfish aquaculture in Japan. Jpn. Agric. Res. Q. 1999, 33:283-293.
67. Morton S.L., Shuler A., Paternoster J., Fanolua S., Vargo D. Coastal eutrophication, land use changes and Ceratium furca (Dinophyceae) blooms in Pago Harbor, American Samoa 2007-2009. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limn. 2011, 29:790-794.
68. Mulholland M.R., Morse R.E., Boneillo G.E., Bernhardt P.W., Filippino K.C., Procise L.A., Blanco-Garcia J.L., Marshall H.G., Egerton T.A., Hunley W.S., Moore K.A., Berry D.L., Gobler C.J. Understanding causes and impacts of the dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, Blooms in the Chesapeake Bay. Estuar. Coast. 2009, 32:734-747.
69. National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), 2012. Data on red tides in 1987-2009. (written in Korean). http://www.nfrdi.re.kr/redtideinfo.
70. Nygaard K., Tobiesen A. Bacterivory in algae: a survival strategy during nutrient limitation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1993, 38:273-279.
71. Onitsuka G., Miyahara K., Hirose N., Watanabe S., Semura H., Hori R., Nishikawa T., Miyaji K., Yamaguchi M. Large-scale transport of Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms by the Tsushima warm current in the southwest sea of Japan. Harmful Algae 2010, 9:390-397.
72. Orellana-Cepeda E., Granados-Machuca C., Serrano-Esquer J. Ceratium furca: one possible cause of mass mortality of cultured blue-fin tuna at Baja California, Mexico. Harmful Algae 2002 2004, 514-516. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Florida Institute of Oceanogr., IOC (UNESCO), U.S. K.A. Steidinger, J.H. Landberg, C.R. Tomas, G.A. Vargo (Eds.).
73. Park T.G., Lim W.A., Park Y.T., Lee C.K., Jeong H.J. Economic impact, management and mitigation of red tides in Korea. Harmful Algae 2013, 30:S131-S143.
74. Pitcher G.C., Bernard S., Ntuli J. Contrasting bays and red tides in the southern Benguela upwelling system. Oceanography 2008, 21:82-91.
75. Pybus C. Blooms of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyta) in the Galway Bay area. J. Mar. Assoc. U.K. 1990, 70:697-705.
76. Qasim S.Z., Bhattathiri P.M.A., Devassy V.P. Growth kinetics and nutrient requirements of two tropical marine phytoplanktoners. Mar. Biol. 1973, 21:299-304.
77. Qi Y.Z., Zhu C.J. A comparative study of nitrate uptake kinetics by two red tide causative algae. Asian Mar. Biol. 1994, 11:103-106.
78. Qu L.J., Wang D., Huang B.Q., Hong H.S., Qi Y.Z., Lu S.H. Comparative study of phosphorus strategies of three typical harmful algae in Chinese coastal waters. J. Plankton Res. 2008, 30:1007-1017.
79. Richlen M.L., Morton S.L., Jamali E.A., Rajan A., Anderson D.M. The catastrophic 2008-2009 red tide in the Arabian gulf region, with observations on the identification and phylogeny of the fish-killing dinoflagellate Cochlodinium polykrikoides. Harmful Algae 2010, 9:163-172.
80. Robinson M.G., Brown L.N. Copper complexation during a bloom of Gymnodinium sanguineum Hirasaka (Dinophyceae) measured by ASV. Mar. Chem. 1991, 33:105-118.
81. Schnepf E., Winter S. A microtubular basket in the armoured dinoflagellate Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyceae). Arch. Protistenkd. 1990, 138:89-91.
82. Seong K.A., Jeong H.J., Kim S., Kim G.H., Kang J.H. Bacterivory by co-occurring red-tide algae, heterotrophic nanoflagellates, and ciliates on marine bacteria. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2006, 322:85-97.
83. Shankle A.M., Mayali X., Franks P.J.S. Temporal patterns in population genetic diversity of Prorocentrum micans (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 2004, 40:239-247.
84. Shim J.H., Lee W.H. Plankton study in the southeastern sea of Korea (I) - phytoplankton distribution in September, 1981. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Korea 1983, 18:91-103. (written in Korean with English abstract).
85. Shim J.H., Shin E.Y., Choi J.K. A taxonomical study on the dinoflagellates of the coastal waters in the vicinity of Yeosu, Korea. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Korea 1981, 16:57-98. (written in Korean with English abstract).
86. Shumway S.E. A review of the effects of algal blooms on shellfish and aquaculture. J. World Aquacult. Soc. 1990, 21:65-102.
87. Sierra-Beltrán A.P., Cortés-Altamirano R., Cortés-Lara M.C. Occurrences of Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) in México. Harmful Algae 2005, 4:507-517.
88. Smalley G.W., Coats D.W. Ecology of the red-tide dinoflagellate Ceratium furca: distribution, mixotrophy, and grazing impact on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2002, 49:63-73.
89. Smayda T.J. Harmful phytoplankton blooms: their ecophysiology and general relevance to phytoplankton blooms in the sea. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42:1137-1153.
90. Sournia A. Red tide and toxic marine phytoplankton of the world ocean: an inquiry into diversity. Harmful Marine Algal Blooms 1995, 103-112. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. P. Lassus, G. Arzul, E. Erand, P. Gentien, C. Marcaillou (Eds.).
91. Stoecker D.K. Mixotrophy among dinoflagellates. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 1999, 46:97-401.
92. Stoecker D.K., Li A.S., Coats D.W., Gustafson D.E., Nannen M.K. Mixotrophy in the dinoflagellate Prorocentrum minimum. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1997, 152:1-12.
93. Takahashi M., Fukazawa N. A mechanism of "red-tide" formation. Mar. Biol. 1982, 70:267-273.
94. Tango P.J., Magnien R., Butler W., Luckett C., Luckenbach M., Lacouture R., Poukish C. Impacts and potential effects due to Prorocentrum minimum blooms in Chesapeake Bay. Harmful Algae 2005, 4:525-531.
95. Thomas W.H., Dodsom A.N. Effect of interactions between temperature and nitrate supply on the cell-division rates of two marine phytoflagellates. Mar. Biol. 1974, 24:213-217.
96. Van Dolah F.M. Marine algal toxins: origins, health effects, and their increased occurrence. Environ. Health Perspect. 2000, 108:133-141.
97. Yamaguchi M. Physiological ecology of the red tide flagellate Gymnodinium nagasakiense (Dinophyceae) - mechanism of the red tide occurrence and its prediction. Bull. Nansei Natl. Fish. Res. Inst. 1994, 27:251-394.
98. Yamamoto T., Tarutani K. Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of Alexandrium tamarense from Mikawa Bay, Japan. Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms 1996, 293-296. IOC/UNESCO, Paris. T. Yasumoto, Y. Oshima, Y. Fukuyo (Eds.).
99. Yamamoto T., Tarutani K. Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from Hiroshima Bay in the Seto Inland Sea, Japan. Phycol. Res. 1999, 47:27-32.
100. Yoo K.I. Population of dynamics of red tide organisms in the coastal water. Bull. Environ. Sci. 1984, 5:57-63. (written in Korean with English abstract).
101. Yoo Y.D., Jeong H.J., Kim M.S., Kang N.S., Song J.Y., Shin W.G., Kim K.Y., Lee K.T. Feeding by phototrophic red-tide dinoflagellates on the ubiquitous marine diatom Skeletonema costatum. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2009, 56:413-420.
102. Yoon E.Y., Kang N.S., Jeong H.J. Gyrodinium moestrupii, n. sp., a new planktonic heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of western Korea: morphology and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 2012, 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00632.x.
103. Yulin W., Chengxu Z., Yongshan Z., Xinming P., Weihua L. Evolution and causes of formation of Gymnodinium sanguineum bloom in Yantai Sishili Bay. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limn. 2000, 32:159-167.
104. Zhang Q., Yu R., Song J., Yan T., Wang Y., Zhou M. Will harmful dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi grow phagotrophically?. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limn. 2011, 29:849-859.