Water conservation: Theory and evidence in urban areas of the developed world

Annual Review of Environment and Resources

Volumn 38, Issue , 2013, Pages 227-248

  Saurí, David ^a  

^a INSTITUT DE CIÈNCIA I TECNOLOGIA AMBIENTALS   (Spain)

Author keywords

behavior; cities; governance; households

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR; CITIES; CONSERVATION PRACTICES; DECENTRALIZED DECISION MAKING; ECONOMIC PROFILES; GOVERNANCE; HOUSEHOLDS; URBAN CONSERVATION;

URBAN PLANNING;

WATER CONSERVATION;

EID: 84887423384     PISSN: 15435938     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-environ-013113-142651     Document Type: Article

References (149)

1. World Econ. Forum. 2011. Water Security. The Water-Food-Energy Nexus. Washington, DC: Island
2. World Econ. Forum. 2010. Rebuilding Water Management. New York: World Econ. Forum.http://www. weforum.org/node/60098
3. Kennedy P. 2012. Water, Water Everywhere.. Chicago, IL: Tribune Media Serv. http://www. tmsfeatures.com/columns/political/international/paul-kennedy/ 25561319.html?articleURL=http://rss.tmsfeatures.com/websvc-bin/rss-story-read. cgi?resid =201208201200TMSPKENNEDY-ctnpk-b-20120820
4. Bates BC, Kundzewicz ZW, Wu S, Palutikof JP. 2008. Climate Change and Water. Geneva, Switz.: Secr. Intergov. Panel Clim. Change
5. Moss RH, Edmonds JA, Hibbard KA, Manning MR, Rose SK, et al. 2010. The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment. Nature 463:747-56
6. Vörösmarty J, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers RB. 2000. Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science 289:284-88 (Pubitemid 30469903)
7. Glennon R. 2009. Unquenchable: America's Water Crisis and What to Do About It. Washington, DC: Island
8. Maxwell S (with Yates S). 2011. The Future of Water. Denver, CO: Am. Water Works Assoc.
9. Pearce F. 2006. When the Rivers Run Dry. Boston: Beacon
10. Prud'homme A. 2011. The Ripple Effect: The Fate of Freshwater in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Scribner
11. Yudelson J. 2010. Preventing the Next Urban Water Crisis. Gabriola Island, BC: New Soc.
12. Eur. Environ. Agency. 2003. Europe's water: an indicator-based assessment. Topic Rep. No. 1/2003 EEA, Copenhagen
13. Eur. Environ. Agency. 2006. Urban sprawl in Europe-the ignored challenge. EEA Rep. No. 10/2006, EEA, Copenhagen
14. Eur. Environ. Agency. 2009. Water resources across Europe-confronting water scarcity and drought. EEA Rep. No. 2/2009, EEA, Copenhagen
15. Troy P, ed. 2008. Troubled Waters: Confronting the Water Crisis in Australian Cities. Canberra, Aust.: Natl. Aust. Univ. Press
16. UNESCO. 2012. The UN World Water Development Report: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk. Paris: UNESCO
17. Inman D, Jeffrey P. 2006.A review of residential water conservation tool performance and influences on implementation effectiveness. Urban Water J. 3:127-43 (Pubitemid 44741953)
18. Willis RM, Stewart RA, Panuwatwanich K, Williams PR, Hollingsworth AL. 2011. Quantifying the influence of environmental and water conservation attitudes on household end use water consumption. J. Environ. Manag. 92:1996-2009
19. Minist. Land, Infrastruct. Transport Tour. 2008. Water Resources in Japan. Tokyo: Water Re-sour. Dep./Minist. Land, Infrastruct. Transport Tour. http://www.mlit.go.jp/tochimizushigen/mizsei/water-resources/index.html
20. March H, Domènech L, Sauri D. 2013. Water conservation campaigns and citizen perceptions: the drought of 2007-2008 in the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Nat. Hazards 65(3):1951-66
21. Rosegrant MW, Ringler C, Zhu T. 2007. Water for agriculture: maintaining food security under growing scarcity. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34:205-22
22. Hsiao TC, Steduto P, Fereres E. 2007. A systematic and quantitative approach to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Irrig. Sci. 25:209-31 (Pubitemid 46411949)
23. Schaible GD, Aillery MP. 2012. Water conservation in irrigated agriculture: trends and challenges in the face of emerging demands. USDA Econ. Res. Serv., Econ. Inf. Bull. No. 99, Washington, DC. 60 pp. http://www.ers.usda. gov/media/884158/eib99.pdf
24. March H, Perarnau J, Sauri D. 2012. Exploring the links between immigration, ageing and domestic water consumption: the case of the metropolitan area of Barcelona. Reg. Stud. 46(2):229-44
25. Poquet G, Maresca B. 2006. La consommation d'eau baisse dans les grandes villes européennes. Consomm. Modes de Vie 192: unpaged
26. Brooks D. 2006. An operational definition of water demand management. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 22(4):521-28 (Pubitemid 44896036)
27. Stephenson D. 1999. Demand management theory. Water SA 25:115-22 (Pubitemid 29285292)
28. Tate DM. 1993. An overview of water demand management and conservation. In Vision 21: Water for People. Geneva: Water Supply Sanit. Collab. Counc.
29. Dziegielewski B. 1999. Management of water demand: unresolved issues. J. Contemp. Water Res. Educ. 1:1-7
30. Savenije GHH, Van Der Zaag A. 2002. Water as an economic good and demand management: paradigms and pitfalls. Water Int. 27(1):98-104
31. Strang V. 2004. The Meaning of Water. London: Berg
32. Kallis G, Ray I, Fulton J, McMahon JE. 2010. Public versus private: Does it matter for water conservation? Insights from California. Environ. Manag. 4:177-91
33. Maddaus W, Gleason G, Darmondy J. 1996. Integrating conservation into water supply planning. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 11(88):57-67
34. Gleick PH. 2003. Water Use. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 28:275-314
35. Chenoweth J. 2008. Minimum water requirement for social and economic development. Desalination 229:245-56 (Pubitemid 351927750)
36. Gleick PH. 1996. Basic water requirements for human activities: meeting basic needs. Water Int. 21:83-92 (Pubitemid 27145293)
37. Aquaterra. 2008. Water and the Environment: International Comparisons of Domestic Per Capita Water Consumption. Bristol, UK: Environ. Agency
38. US Environ. Prot. Agency. 2008. Water Sense. Indoor Water Use in the United States. Washington, DC: US Environ. Prot. Agency. http://www.epa.gov/ WaterSense/docs/ws-indoor508.pdf
39. Cahill R, Lund J. 2011. Residential water conservation in Australia and California. J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag. 139(1):117-21
40. Domene E, Sauŕi D, Mart́i X, Molina J, Huelin S. 2004. Tipoloǵias de vivienda y consumo de agua en la Región Metropolitana de Barcelona. Paper presented at IV Congr. Ibèric de Gestió i Planificació de l'Aigua, Tortosa, Spain
41. Corral-Verdugo V, Carrus G, Bonnes M, Moser G, Sinha JPB. 2008. Environmental beliefs and endorsement of sustainable development principles in water conservation: toward a new human interdependence paradigm scale. Environ. Behav. 40(5):703-35
42. Buzar S, Ogden PE, Hall R. 2005. Households matter: the quiet demography of urban transformation. Prog. Hum. Geogr. 29(4):413-36 (Pubitemid 41301145)
43. Randolph B, Troy P. 2008. Attitudes to conservation and water consumption. Environ. Sci. Policy 11:441-55
44. Hurlimann A, Dolnicar S, Meyer P. 2009. Understanding behaviour to inform water supply management in developed nations-a review of literature, conceptual model and research agenda. J. Environ. Manag. 91:47-56
45. Gilg A, Barr S. 2006. Behavioral attitudes towards water saving? Evidence from a study of environmental actions. Ecol. Econ. 57:400-14
46. Nauges C, Thomas A. 2000. Privately operated water utilities, municipal price negotiation, and estimation of residential water demand: the case of France. Land Econ. 76(1):68-85 (Pubitemid 30397980)
47. Martínez-Espiñeira R. 2002. Residential water demand in the northwest of Spain. Environ. Resour. Econ. 21(2):161-87 (Pubitemid 34281169)
48. Gregory GD, Di Leo M. 2003. Repeated behavior and environmental psychology: the role of personal involvement and habit formation in explaining water consumption. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 33:1261-96 (Pubitemid 37306728)
49. Hamilton LC. 1983. Saving water: a causal model of household conservation. Soc. Perspect. 26(4):355-74
50. Nauges C, Reynaud A. 2002. Estimation de la demande domestique d'eau potable en France. Rev. Econ. 52(1):167-85 (Pubitemid 33215903)
51. Smith A, Ali M. 2006. Understanding the impact of cultural and religious water use. Water Environ. J. 20:203-9 (Pubitemid 46729796)
52. De Oliver M. 1999. Attitudes and inaction: a case study of the manifest demographics of urban water conservations. Environ. Behav. 31:372-94 (Pubitemid 29396029)
53. HinesJ, Hungerford H, TomeraA. 1987. Analysis and synthesisofresearchon responsible environmental behavior: a meta-analysis. J. Environ. Educ. 18(2):1-8
54. Berk RA, Schulman D, McKeever M, Freeman HE. 1993. Measuring the impact of water conservation campaigns in California. Clim. Change 24:233-48
55. Aisa R, Larramona G. 2012. Household water saving: evidence from Spain. Water Resour. Res. 48(12):W12522
56. Bustos Aguayo JM, Flores Herrera M, Andrade Palos P. 2004. Predicción de la conservación de agua a partir de factores sociocognitivos. Medio Ambiente Comport. Hum. 5:53-70
57. Fielding KS, Russell S, Spinks A, Mankad A. 2012. Determinants of household water conservation: the role of demographic, infrastructure, behavior and psychosocial variables. Water Resour. Res. 48(10):W10510
58. Millock K, Nauges C. 2010. Household adoption of water efficient equipment: the role of socioeconomic factors, environmental attitudes and policy. Environ. Resour. Econ. 46:539-65
59. Dolnicar S, Hurlimann A. 2010. Australians' water conservation behaviours and attitudes. Aust. J. Water Resour. 14(1):43-53
60. Nancarrow BE, Smith LM, Syme GJ. 1996/97. The ways people think about water. J. Environ. Syst. 25:15-27
61. Aitken CK, McMahon TA, Wearing AJ, Finlayson BL. 1994. Residential water use: predicting and reducing consumption. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 24:136-58
62. Hassell T, URS Aust. Pty Ltd. 2007. Promoting behavioural change in household water consumption: literature review. Rep. Final 130907 prepared for Smart Water, Victoria, Aust.
63. Sadalla EK, Krull JL. 1995. Self-presentational barriers to resource conservation. Environ. Behav. 27(3):328-53 (Pubitemid 26428717)
64. Blaine TW, Clayton S, Robbins P, Grewal PS. 2012. Homeowner attitudes and practices towards residential landscape management in Ohio, USA. Environ. Manag. 50:257-71
65. Corral-Verdugo V, Bechtel R, Fraijo-Sing B. 2003. Environmental beliefs and water conservation: an empirical study. J. Environ. Psychol. 23:247-57 (Pubitemid 37041576)
66. Jorgensen B, Graymore M, O'Toole K. 2009. Household water use behavior: an integrated model. J. Environ. Manag. 91:227-36
67. Baldassare M, Katz C. 1992. The personal threat of environmental problems as predictor of environmental practices. Environ. Behav. 24(5):602-16 (Pubitemid 23365245)
68. Korfiatis KJ, Hovardas T, Pantis JD. 2004. Determinants of environmental behavior in societies in transition: evidence from five European countries. Popul. Environ. 25(6):563-84 (Pubitemid 41461854)
69. Welte T, Anastasio P. 2010. To conserve or not to conserve: Is status the question? Environ. Behav. 42(6):845-63
70. Dolnicar S, Hurlimann A, Grün B. 2012. Water conservation behavior in Australia. J. Environ. Manag. 105:44-52
71. Howe CW. 1982. The impact of price on residential water demand: some insights. Water Resour. Res. 18:713-16 (Pubitemid 13272114)
72. Rogers P, De Silva R, Bhatia R. 2002. Water is an economic good: how to use prices to promote equity, efficiency and sustainability. Water Policy 1:1-17 (Pubitemid 34653185)
73. Cantin B, Shrubsole D, Ait-Ouyahia M. 2005. Using economic instruments for water demand management: introduction. Can. Water Resour. J. 30(1):1-10 (Pubitemid 40701429)
74. Grafton RQ, Kompas T, To H, Ward M. 2009. Residential water consumption: a cross country analysis. Res. Rep. No. 23, Environ. Econ. Res. Hub, Crawford School Econ. Gov., Aust. Natl. Univ., Canberra, Aust.
75. Zetland D, Gasson C. 2012. A global survey of urban water tariffs: Are they sustainable, efficient and fair? Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 12:1-16
76. Dalhuisen JM, de Groot HLF, Rodenburg CA, Nijkamp P. 2002. Economic aspects of sustainable water use: evidence from a horizontal comparison of European cities. Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. 2:75-94
77. Renwick ME, Archibald SO. 1998. Demand side management policies for residential water use: Who bears the conservation burden? Land Econ. 74:343-59
78. Kaika M. 2003. The Water Framework Directive: a new directive for a changing social, political and economic European framework. Eur. Plan. Stud. 11(3):299-316 (Pubitemid 36709011)
79. Barraqué B. 2011. Is individual metering socially sustainable? The case of multifamily housing in France. Water Altern. 4(2):223-44
80. Arbués F, Villanúa I. 2006. Potential for pricing policies in water resource management: estimation of urban residential water demand in Zaragoza, Spain. Urban Stud. 43(13):2421-42 (Pubitemid 44857854)
81. Arbués F, Garćia-Valiñas MA, Mart́inez- Espiñeira R. 2003. Estimation of residential water demand: a state-of-the-art review. J. Soc. Econ. 32:81-102 (Pubitemid 36357265)
82. Boland J, Whittington D. 2000 The political economy of water tariff design in developing countries: increasing block tariffs versus uniform price with rebate. In The Political Economy of Water Pricing Reforms, ed. A Dinar, pp. 215-35. Washington, DC: World Bank
83. Griffin RC, Mjelde JW. 2011. Distributing water bounty. Ecol. Econ. 72:116-28
84. Bakker K. 2010 Privatizing Water. Governance Failure and the World's Urban Water Crisis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press
85. Roca J, Tello E, Padilla E. 2006. Ahorro de agua y tarifas domésticas. In Alternativas para la gestión del agua en Cataluña. Una visión desde la perspectiva de la Nueva Cultura del Agua, ed. A Estevan, N Prat. Bilbao: Bazeak
86. Garcia S, Reynaud A. 2004. Estimating the benefits of efficient water pricing in France. Resour. Energy Econ. 26:1-25 (Pubitemid 38256931)
87. Dalhuisen JM, Florax RJGM, deGroot HLF, NijkampP.2003. Price and income elasticitiesofresidential water demand: a meta-analysis. Land Econ. 79(2):292-308 (Pubitemid 38127080)
88. Kenney DS, Goemans C, Klein R, Lowrey J, Reidy K. 2008. Residential water demand management: lessons from Aurora, Colorado. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 44(1):192-207 (Pubitemid 351517619)
89. Domene E, Sauŕi D, Parés M. 2005. Urbanization and sustainable resource use: the case of garden watering in the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Urban Geogr. 26:520-35
90. Barberan R, Arbués F. 2009. Equity in domestic water rates design. Water Resour. Manag. 23(10):2101-18
91. Liu J, Daily GC, Ehrlich PE, Luck GW. 2003. Effects of household dynamics on resource consumption and biodiversity. Nature 421:530-33 (Pubitemid 36168444)
92. Olmstead SM, Stavins RN. 2008. Comparing price and non-price approaches to water conservation. Fac. Res. Work. Pap. RWP08-034, Harvard Kennedy School Gov., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA
93. Schleich J, Hillebrand T. 2009. Determinants of residential water demand in Germany. Ecol. Econ. 68:1756-69
94. Cooley H, Gleick PH. 2009. Urban water-use efficiencies: lessons from United States cities. In The World's Water 2008-2009: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources, ed. PH Gleick, H Cooley, MJ Cohen, M. Morikawa, J Morrison, M Palaniappan. Washington, DC: Island
95. Michelsen J, McGuckin JT, Stumpf D. 1999. Nonprice water conservation programs as a demand management tool. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 35(3):593-602 (Pubitemid 29270653)
96. Nieswiadomy ML. 1992. Estimating urban residential water demand: effects of price structure, conservation and education. Water Resour. Res. 28(3):609-15
97. Vidal M, Domene E, Sauri D. 2011. Changing geographies of water-related consumption: residential swimming pools in suburban Barcelona. Area 43(1):67-75
98. Campbell HE, Johnson RM, Larson EH.2004. Prices, devices, people, or rules: the relative effectiveness of policy instruments in water conservation. Rev. Policy Res. 21:637-82
99. Syme GJ, Shao Q, Po M, Campbell E. 2004. Predicting and understanding home garden water use. Landsc. Urban Plan. 68:121-28 (Pubitemid 38362152)
100. Woltemade C, Fuellhart K. 2013. Economic efficiency of residential water conservation programs in a Pennsylvania public water utility. Prof. Geogr. 65(1):116-29
101. Baumann DD, Boland JJ, Hanemann WM. 1998. Urban Water Demand Management and Planning. New York: MacGraw-Hill
102. Renwick ME, Green RD. 2000. Do residential water demand side management policies measure up? An analysis of eight California water agencies. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 40:37-55 (Pubitemid 30466631)
103. Wang YD, Song JS, Byrne J, Yun SJ. 1999. Evaluating the persistence of residential water conservation: a 1992-1997 panel study of a water utility program in Delaware. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 35(5):1269-76 (Pubitemid 29498955)
104. Syme GJ, Nancarrow BE, Seligman C. 2000. The evaluation of information campaigns to promote voluntary household water conservation. Eval. Rev. 24(6):539-78
105. Roibas D, Garćia-Valiñas MA, Wall A. 2007. Measuring welfare losses from interruption and pricing as responses to water shortages: an application to the case of Seville. Environ. Resour. Econ. 38(2):231-43 (Pubitemid 47305486)
106. Howarth D, Butler S. 2004. Communicating water conservation: How can the public be engaged? Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply 4:33-34
107. Shandas V, Parandvash GH. 2010. Integrating urban form and demographics in water-demand management: an empirical case study of Portland, Oregon. Environ. Plan. B 37(1):112-28
108. Anderson WP, Kanaroglou PS, Miller EJ. 1996. Urban form, energy, and the environment: a review of issues, evidence, and policy. Urban Stud. 33(1):7-35
109. Haase D, Nuiss H.2007. Does urban sprawl drive changes in the water balance and policy? The case of Leipzig (Germany) 1870-2003. Landsc. Urban Plan. 80:1-13 (Pubitemid 46275146)
110. Sauri D. 2003. Lights and shadows of urban water demand management: the case of the metropolitan region of Barcelona. Eur. Plan. Stud. 11(3):233-43
111. Ferguson BK. 1987. Water conservation methods in urban landscape irrigation: an exploratory overview. J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. 23:147-52 (Pubitemid 17075586)
112. LohM, Coghlan P. 2003. Domestic Water Use Study in Perth, Western Australia, 1998-2001. Perth, Aust.: Water Corp. 33 pp.
113. Pares M, March H, Sauri D. 2013. Atlantic gardens in Mediterranean climates: understanding the production of suburban natures in Barcelona. Int. J. Urban Reg. Res. 37(1):328-47
114. Bhatti M, Andrew C. 2004. Home, the culture of nature and meanings of gardens in late modernity. Hous. Stud. 19:37-51 (Pubitemid 38162767)
115. Askew LE, McGuirk PM. 2004. Watering the suburbs: distinction, conformity and the suburban garden. Aust. Geogr. 35:17-37 (Pubitemid 38587309)
116. Kiesling FM, Manning CM. 2010. How green is your thumb? Environmental gardening identity and ecological gardening practices. J. Environ. Psychol. 30:315-27
117. Hurd BH, St. Hilaire R, White JM. 2006. Residential landscapes, homeowner attitudes, and water-wise choices in New Mexico. HortTechnology 16:241-46
118. Robbins P. 2007 Lawn People. Philadelphia: Tempe Univ. Press
119. Robbins P, Birkenholtz T. 2003. Turfgrass revolution: measuring the expansion of the American lawn. Land Use Policy 20:181-94 (Pubitemid 36745966)
120. Spinti JE, St. Hilaire R, Van Leeuwen D. 2004. Balancing landscape preferences and water conservation in a desert community. HortTechnology 4:72-77 (Pubitemid 37538261)
121. Larsen L, Harlan SL. 2006. Desert dreamscapes: residential landscape preference and behavior. Landsc. Urban Plan. 78:85-100 (Pubitemid 44374801)
122. Yabiku ST, Casagrande DG, Farley-Metzger E. 2008. Preferences for landscape choice in a southwestern desert city. Environ. Behav. 40:382-400
123. Mustafa D, Smucker TA, Ginn F, Johns R, Connely S. 2010. Xeriscape people and the cultural politics of turfgrass transformation. Environ. Plan. D 28:600-17
124. Cox R. 2009. How Many Swimming Pools Are in the US? Pool blog. http://blog.poolcenter.com/article.aspx?articleid=6053
125. Eurospa Pool News. 2012. 2011. Plusde 1, 6million depiscines en France. http://www.eurospapoolnews. com/actualites-piscines-spas-fr/38451.htm
126. Wiltse J. 2007. Contested Waters: A Social History of Swimming Pools in America. Chapel Hill: Univ. N. C. Press
127. Gober P, Kirkwood C. 2010. Vulnerability assessment of climate-induced water shortage in Phoenix. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107(50):21295-99
128. Wentz E, Gober P. 2007. Determinants of small-area water consumption for the city of Phoenix, Arizona. Water Resour. Manag. 2:1849-63 (Pubitemid 47629408)
129. Nakagawa N, Kawamura A, Amaguchi H. 2010. Analysis of decreasing tendency of domestic water use per capita in Tokyo. Presented at BALWOIS: Water Obs. Inf. System Decision Support Conf. Ohrid, Maced. http://balwois.com/balwois/ administration/full-paper/ffp-1444.pdf
130. Alitchkov DK, Kostova IS. 1996. Possibilities for water conservation in Bulgaria. GeoJournal 40:421-29
131. Asoc. Esp. Abast. Agua Saneam. (AEAS). 2012. Encuesta 2012 de Suministro de Agua Potable y Saneamiento en Espana. Madrid, Spain: AEAS. http://www.iagua.es/noticias/gestion/12/06/28/encuesta-2012-de-suministro-de- agua-potable-y-saneamiento-en-espana-18441
132. PoirierJP. 2012. Eastern European countries. In European Water and Sanitation Services versus Sustainable Development. Presented at Athens European Week 2012. Paris: Ecole des Ponts/AgroParisTech
133. Ogden PE, Schnoebelen F. 2005. The rise of the small household: demographic change and household structure in Paris. Popul. Space Place 4(11):251-56
134. Pfeffer MJ, Stycos JM. 2002. Immigrant environmental behaviors in New York City. Soc. Sci. Q. 83(1):64-81
135. Souriau J. 2011. Les principaux déterminants de la consommation d'eau à Paris: un état des lieux. Paris: EAU&3E/Eau de Paris
136. Barraqué B, Isnard L, Montginoul M, Rinaudo JD, Souriau J. 2011. Baisse des consommations d'eau potable et développement durable. Responsab. Environ. 63:102-8
137. Tierney K. 2012. Disaster governance: social, political and economic dimensions. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37:341-67
138. Moss T, Newig J. 2010. Multilevel water governance and problems of scale: setting the stage for a broader debate. Environ. Manag. 46:1-6
139. Brondizio ES, Ostrom EO, Young R. 2009. Connectivity and the governance of multilevel social-ecological systems: the role of social capital. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 34:253-78
140. Marks G, Hooghe L. 2003. Unraveling the central state, but how? Types of multi-level governance. Am. Polit. Sci. Rev. 97(2):233-43 (Pubitemid 36737845)
141. DeEstefanoL, Hernandez-MoraN.2012. Water planning and management after theEUWater Framework Directive. In Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain. Can We Square the Circle? ed. L de Stefano, MR Llamas, pp. 35-44. Leiden, Neth.: CRC Press
142. Swyngedouw E. 2000. Authoritarian governance, power, and the politics of rescaling. Environ. Plan. D 18:63-76 (Pubitemid 30172491)
143. Page B. 2005. Paying for water and the geography of commodities. Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr. 30(3):293-306 (Pubitemid 43922513)
144. Davis J. 2005. Private sector participation in the water and sanitation sector. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 30:145-83 (Pubitemid 41750939)
145. Mankad A. 2012. Decentralised water systems: emotional influences on resource decision making. Environ. Int. 44:128-40
146. Domènech L. 2011. Rethinking water management: from centralised to decentralised water supply and sanitation models. Doc. d'Anàlisi Geogr. 57(2):293-310
147. Domènech L, March H, Sauŕi D. 2013. Degrowth initiatives in the urban water sector? A social multi-criteria evaluation of non-conventional water alternatives in metropolitan Barcelona. J. Clean. Prod. 38:44-55
148. Furlong K, Bakker K. 2011. Governance and sustainability at a local scale: the challenge of water conservation. Can. Public Policy 37(2):219-37
149. Harlan SL, Yabiku SC, Larsen L, Brazel AJ. 2009. Household water consumption in an arid city: affluence, affordance, and attitudes. Soc. Nat. Resour. 22(8):691-709