Historical patterns of exotic earthworm distributions inform contemporary associations with soil physical and chemical factors across a northern temperate forest

Soil Biology and Biochemistry

Volumn 68, Issue , 2014, Pages 503-514

  Crumsey, Jasmine M ^a   Le Moine, James M ^a   Vogel, Christoph S ^a   Nadelhoffer, Knute J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological invasions; Co inertia analysis; Exotic earthworm biodiversity; Historical data analysis; Northern temperate forest; Soil physical and chemical factors

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; PLANTS (BOTANY); POPULATION STATISTICS; ROADS AND STREETS; SOIL MOISTURE; SURVEYS;

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CHEMICAL FACTORS; CO-INERTIA ANALYSIS; HISTORICAL DATA; NORTHERN TEMPERATE FORESTS;

FORESTRY;

ABUNDANCE; COMMUNITY COMPOSITION; EARTHWORM; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; MAPPING; NUTRIENT CYCLING; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; SOIL NUTRIENT; SOIL PROPERTY; TEMPERATE FOREST;

BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; FORESTRY; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; PLANTS; SOIL; WORMS;

EID: 84887388326     PISSN: 00380717     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.029     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Addison J.A. Distribution and impacts of invasive earthworms in Canadian forest ecosystems. Ecological Impacts of Non-Native Invertebrates and Fungi on Terrestrial Ecosystems 2009, 59-79. Springer, Netherlands. D.W. Langor, J. Sweeney (Eds.).
2. Akaike H. Anew look at the statistical model identification. Automat. Control IEEE Trans. 1974, 19:716-723.
3. Alban D.H., Berry E.C. Effects of earthworm invasion on morphology, carbon, and nitrogen of a forest soil. Appl. Soil Ecol. 1994, 1:243-249.
4. Anderson M.J. Anew method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001, 26:32-46.
5. Araujo Y., Luizão F.J., Barros E. Effect of earthworm addition on soil nitrogen availability, microbial biomass and litter decomposition in mesocosms. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2004, 39:146-152.
6. Ashton I.W., Hyatt L.A., Howe K.M., Gurevitch J., Lerdau M.T. Invasive species accelerate decomposition and litter nitrogen loss in a mixed deciduous forest. Ecol. Appl. 2005, 15:1263-1272.
7. Bohlen P.J., Edwards C.A. Earthworm effects on N dynamics and soil respiration in microcosms receiving organic and inorganic nutrients. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1995, 27:341-348.
8. Bohlen P.J., Pelletier D.M., Groffman P.M., Fahey T.J., Fisk M.C. Influence of earthworm invasion on redistribution and retention of soil carbon and nitrogen in northern temperate forests. Ecosystems 2004, 7:13-27.
9. Bohlen P.J., Scheu S., Hale C.M., McLean M.A., Migge S., Groffman P.M., Parkinson D. Non-native invasive earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2004, 2:427-435.
10. Borcard D., Gillet F., Legendre P. Canonical ordination. Numerical Ecology with R 2011, Springer Science+Business Media. R. Gentleman, K. Hornik, G.G. Parmigiani (Eds.).
11. Bouché M.B. Strategies lombriciennes. Ecological Bulletins 1977, 122-132. (Stockholm). U. Lohm, T. Persson (Eds.).
12. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Multimodel inference understanding AIC and BIC in model selection. Sociol. Methods Res. 2004, 33:261-304.
13. Burtelow A.E., Bohlen P.J., Groffman P.M. Influence of exotic earthworm invasion on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and denitrification potential in forest soils of the northeastern United States. Appl. Soil Ecol. 1998, 9:197-202.
14. Callaham M.A., Hendrix P.F. Relative abundance and seasonal activity of earthworms (Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae) as determined by hand-sorting and formalin extraction in forest soils on the southern Appalachian Piedmont. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1997, 29:317-321.
15. Cameron E.K., Bayne E.M. Road age and its importance in earthworm invasion of northern boreal forests. J.Appl. Ecol. 2009, 46:28-36.
16. Cameron E.K., Bayne E.M., Clapperton M.J. Human-facilitated invasion of exotic earthworms into northern boreal forests. Ecoscience 2007, 14:482-490.
17. Capowiez Y. Differences in burrowing behaviour and spatial interaction between the two earthworm species Aporrectodea nocturna and Allolobophora chlorotica. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2000, 30:341-346.
18. Crow S.E., Filley T.R., McCormick M., Szlavecz K., Stott D.E., Gamblin D., Conyers G. Earthworms, stand age, and species composition interact to influence particulate organic matter chemistry during forest succession. Biogeochemistry 2009, 92:61-82.
19. Crumsey J.M., Le Moine J.M., Capowiez Y., Goodsitt M.M., Larson S.C., Kling G.W., Nadelhoffer K.J. Community-specific impacts of exotic earthworm invasions on soil carbon dynamics in a sandy temperate forest. Ecology 2013, 94.
20. Curry J.P. Factors affecting the abundance of earthworms in soils. Earthworm Ecology 1994, 91-113. CRC Press, Boca Raton. second ed.
21. Curry J.P., Schmidt O. The feeding ecology of earthworms - a review. Pedobiologia 2006, 50:463-477.
22. Curtis P.S., Vogel C.S., Gough C.M., Schmid H.P., Su H.B., Bovard B.D. Respiratory carbon losses and the carbon-use efficiency of a northern hardwood forest, 1999-2003. New Phytol. 2005, 167:437-455.
23. Decaëns T., Rossi J.P. Spatio-temporal structure of earthworm community and soil heterogeneity in a tropical pasture. Ecography 2001, 24:671-682.
24. Deleporte S., Tillier P. Long-term effects of mineral amendments on soil fauna and humus in an acid beech forest floor. For. Ecol. Manag. 1999, 118:245-252.
25. Doledec S., Chessel D. Co-inertia analysis - an alternative method for studying species environment relationships. Freshw. Biol. 1994, 31:277-294.
26. Dray S., Chessel D., Thioulouse J. Co-inertia analysis and the linking of ecological data tables. Ecology 2003, 84:3078-3089.
27. Dray S., Dufour A.B. The ade4 package: implementing the duality diagram for ecologists. J.Stat. Softw. 2007, 22:1-20.
28. Edwards C.A., Bohlen P.J. Biology and Ecology of Earthworms 1996, Chapman & Hall, London.
29. Ehrenfeld J.G., Scott N. Invasive species and the soil: effects on organisms and ecosystem processes 1. Ecol. Appl. 2001, 11:1259-1260.
30. Eijsackers H. Earthworms as colonizers of natural and cultivated soil environments. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2011, 50:1-13.
31. Eisenhauer N., Milcu A., Sabais A.C., Bessler H., Weigelt A., Engels C., Scheu S. Plant community impacts on the structure of earthworm communities depend on season and change with time. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2009, 41:2430-2443.
32. Eisenhauer N., Partsch S., Parkinson D., Scheu S. Invasion of a deciduous forest by earthworms: changes in soil chemistry, microflora, microarthropods and vegetation. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2007, 39:1099-1110.
33. ESRI ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10 2011, Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
34. Fahey T.J., Yavitt J.B., Sherman R.E., Maerz J.C., Groffman P.M., Fisk M.C., Bohlen P.J. Earthworms, litter and soil carbon in a northern hardwood forest. Biogeochemistry 2012, 1-12.
35. Fahey T.J., Yavitt J.B., Sherman R.E., Maerz J.C., Groffman P.M., Fisk M.C., Bohlen P.J. Earthworm effects on the incorporation of litter C and N into soil organic matter in a sugar maple forest. Ecol. Appl. 2013, 23:1185-1201.
36. Filley T.R., McCormick M.K., Crow S.E., Szlavecz K., Whigham D.F., Johnston C.T., van den Heuvel R.N. Comparison of the chemical alteration trajectory of Liriodendron tulipifera L. leaf litter among forests with different earthworm abundance. J.Geophys. Res. Biogeosci. 2008, 113.
37. Fisichelli N.A., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B., Eisenhauer N. Linking direct and indirect pathways mediating earthworms, deer, and understory composition in Great Lakes forests. Biol. Invasions 2013, 15:1057-1066.
38. Gates G.E. Check list and bibliography of North American earthworms. Am. Midl. Nat. 1942, 27:86-108.
39. Gates G.E. Farewell to North American megadriles. Megadrilogica 1982, 4:12-77.
40. Gaudinski J.B., Trumbore S.E., Davidson E.A., Zheng S. Soil carbon cycling in a temperate forest: radiocarbon-based estimates of residence times, sequestration rates and partitioning of fluxes. Biogeochemistry 2000, 51:33-69.
41. Gee G.W., Bauder J.W. Particle size analysis. Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1: Physical and Mineralogical Methods 1986, vol. 9:383-411. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, WI. second ed.
42. Giraudoux P. pgirmess: Data Analysis in Ecology. R Package Version 1.5.6 2012, http://cran.r-project.org/package=pgirmess.
43. Gough C.M., Vogel C.S., Harrold K.H., George K., Curtis P.S. The legacy of harvest and fire on ecosystem carbon storage in a north temperate forest. Glob. Change Biol. 2007, 13:1935-1949.
44. Gough C.M., Vogel C.S., Schmid H.P., Curtis P.S. Controls on annual forest carbon storage: lessons from the past and predictions for the future. Bioscience 2008, 58:609-622.
45. Gough C.M., Vogel C.S., Schmid H.P., Su H.B., Curtis P.S. Multi-year convergence of biometric and meteorological estimates of forest carbon storage. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2008, 148:158-170.
46. Gundale M.J., Jolly W.M., Deluca T.H. Susceptibility of a northern hardwood forest to exotic earthworm invasion. Conserv. Biol. 2005, 19:1075-1083.
47. Hale C.M., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B. Exotic European earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, USA. Ecol. Appl. 2005, 15:848-860.
48. Hale C.M., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B. Changes in hardwood forest understory plant communities in response to European earthworm invasions. Ecology 2006, 87:1637-1649.
49. Harrell F.E. Hmisc: Harrell Miscellaneous Package. R Package Version 3.10-1 2012, http://cran.r-project.org/package=Hmisc.
50. Hendriksen N.B. Leaf litter selection by detritivore and geophagous earthworms. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1990, 10:17-21.
51. Hendrix P.F., Bohlen P.J. Exotic earthworm invasions in North America: ecological and policy implications. Bioscience 2002, 52:801-811.
52. Hendrix P.F., Callaham M.A., Drake J.M., Huang C.-Y., James S.W., Snyder B.A., Zhang W. Pandora's box contained bait: the global problem of introduced earthworms. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 2008, 39:593-613.
53. Hirth J.R., Li G.D., Chan K.Y., Cullis B.R. Long-term effects of lime on earthworm abundance and biomass in an acidic soil on the south-western slopes of New South Wales, Australia. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2009, 43:106-114.
54. Holdsworth A.R., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B. Regional extent of an ecosystem engineer: earthworm invasion in northern hardwood forests. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:1666-1677.
55. Holdsworth A.R., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B. Litter decomposition in earthworm-invaded northern hardwood forests: role of invasion degree and litter chemistry. Ecoscience 2008, 15:536-544.
56. Holdsworth A.R., Frelich L.E., Reich P.B. Leaf litter disappearance in earthworm-invaded northern hardwood forests: role of tree species and the chemistry and diversity of litter. Ecosystems 2012, 15:913-926.
57. Husz G. Lithium chloride solution as an extraction agent for soils. J.Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 2001, 164:71-75.
58. James S.W. Systematics, biogeography, and ecology of nearctic earthworms from eastern, central, southern and southwestern United States. Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography in North America 1995, 29-52. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton. P.F. Hendrix (Ed.).
59. James S.W., Hendrix P.F. Invasion of exotic earthworms into North America and other regions. Earthworm Ecology 2004, 75-88. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. C.A. Edwards (Ed.).
60. Jégou D., Cluzeau D., Balesdent J., Tréhen P. Effects of four ecological categories of earthworms on carbon transfer in soil. Appl. Soil Ecol. 1998, 9:249-255.
61. Jégou D., Cluzeau D., Wolf H.J., Gandon Y., Tréhen P. Assessment of the burrow system of Lumbricus terrestris, Aporrectodea giardi, and Aporrectodea caliginosa using X-ray computed tomography. Biol. Fertil. Soils 1998, 26:116-121.
62. Jiménez J.J., Decaëns T., Rossi J.P. Stability of the spatio-temporal distribution and niche overlap in neotropical earthworm assemblages. Acta Oecol. 2006, 30:299-311.
63. Jiménez J.J., Decaens T., Rossi J.P. Soil environmental heterogeneity allows spatial co-occurrence of competitor earthworm species in a gallery forest of the Colombian "Llanos". Oikos 2012, 121:915-926.
64. Lachnicht S.L., Hendrix P.F. Interaction of the earthworm Diplocardia mississippiensis (Megascolecidae) with microbial and nutrient dynamics in a subtropical Spodosol. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2001, 33:1411-1417.
65. Lavelle P. The structure of earthworm communities. Earthworm Ecology 1983, 449-466. Springer.
66. Lavelle P., Pashanasi B., Charpentier F., Gilot C., Rossi J.P., Derouard L., Andre J., Ponge J.F., Bernier N. Large-scale effects of earthworms on soil organic matter and nutrient dynamics. Earthworm Ecol. 1998, 103-122.
67. Lee K.E. Earthworms: Their Ecology and Relationships with Soils and Land Use 1985, Academic Press, Sydney.
68. Lesnoff M., Lancelot R. aod: Analysis of Overdispersed Data. R Package Version 1.3 2012, URL:. http://cran.r-project.org/package=aod.
69. Lowe C.N., Butt K.R. Influence of organic matter on earthworm production and behaviour: a laboratory-based approach with applications for soil restoration. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2002, 38:173-176.
70. 13C) for studying the mobilisation of old soil organic carbon by endogeic earthworms (Lumbricidae). Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2007, 43:S201-S208.
71. Marhan S., Scheu S. Mixing of different mineral soil layers by endogeic earthworms affects carbon and nitrogen mineralization. Biol. Fertil. Soils 2006, 42:308-314.
72. Martinelli L.A., Piccolo M.C., Townsend A.R., Vitousek P.M., Cuevas E., McDowell W., Robertson G.P., Santos O.C., Treseder K. Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical versus temperate forests. New Perspectives on Nitrogen Cycling in the Temperate and Tropical Americas 1999, 45-65. Springer.
73. McCune B., Grace J.B., Urban D.L. Analysis of Ecological Communities 2002, MjM Software Design, Gleneden Beach, Oregon.
74. McFarlane K.J., Hanson P.J., Matamala R., Porras R.C., Torn M.S. Plant litter to mineral soil sinks: tracking carbon flux into soil sinks in temperate broadleaf forests in the eastern US with radiocarbon. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts 2011, 0320.
75. McLean M.A., Parkinson D. Soil impacts of the epigeic earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra on organic matter and microbial activity in lodgepole pine forest. Can. J. For. Res. 1997, 27:1907-1913.
76. McLean M.A., Parkinson D. Changes in structure, organic matter and microbial activity in pine forest soil following the introduction of Dendrobaena octaedra (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Soil Biol. Biochem. 1997, 29:537-540.
77. Melillo J.M., Aber J.D., Linkins A.E., Ricca A., Fry B., Nadelhoffer K.J. Carbon and nitrogen dynamics along the decay continuum: plant litter to soil organic matter. Plant Soil 1989, 115:189-198.
78. Michigan Department of Natural Resources [MDNR], Rockford Map Publishers, Inc State of Michigan Public Land Survey System 1998, MDNR-Michigan Resource Inventory System, Lansing, MI. second ed.
79. Michigan Department of Natural Resources [MDNR], U.S.Geological Survey Michigan Digital Aerial Imagery Archive of U.S. Geological Survey Digital Orthophoto Quadrangle (DOQ) Images 2012, MDNR-Michigan Resource Inventory System, Lansing, MI.
80. Murchie W.R. Natural History Studies on the Earthworms of Michigan 1954, 296. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Michigan, Dissertation Abstracts International, 14-08, p. 1279, AAF0008388.
81. Murchie W.R. Survey of the Michigan Earthworm Fauna. Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science Arts and Letters 1956, vol. 41:53-72.
82. Murchie W.R. Biology of the oligochaete Bimastos zeteki Smith and Gittins (Lumbricidae) in northern Michigan. Am. Midl. Nat. 1960, 194-215.
83. Muys B., Granval P.H. Earthworms as bio-indicators of forest site quality. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1997, 29:323-328.
84. 15N-enriched additions to an oak forest and a red pine plantation. Ecol. Appl. 1999, 9:72-86.
85. Nadelhoffer K.J., Fry B. Controls on natural nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 abundances in forest soil organic matter. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1988, 52:1633-1640.
86. Nadelhoffer K.J., Fry B. Nitrogen isotope studies in forest ecosystems. Stable Isotopes in Ecology and Environmental Science 1994, Blackwell Scientific Publications. K. Lajtha, H. Michener (Eds.).
87. National Resources Conservation Service Soil Survey of Cheboygan County, Michigan 1991, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C.
88. Nave L.E., Gough C.M., Maurer K.D., Bohrer G., Hardiman B.S., Le Moine J., Munoz A.B., Nadelhoffer K.J., Sparks J.P., Strahm B.D. Disturbance and the resilience of coupled carbon and nitrogen cycling in a north temperate forest. J.Geophys. Res. 2011, 116:G04016.
89. Nuutinen V., Nieminen M., Butt K.R. Introducing deep burrowing earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) into arable heavy clay under boreal conditions. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2006, 42:S269-S274.
90. Oksanen J., Blanchet F.G., Kindt R., Legendre P., Minchin P.R., O'Hara R.B., Simpson G.L., Solymos P., Henry M., Stevens H., Wagner H. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. R Package Version 2.0-5 2012, http://cran.r-project.org/package=vegan.
91. Pérez-Losada M., Bloch R., Breinholt J.W., Pfenninger M., Domínguez J. Taxonomic assessment of Lumbricidae (Oligochaeta) earthworm genera using DNA barcodes. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2012, 48:41-47.
92. Phillipson J., Bolton P.J. The respiratory metabolism of selected Lumbricidae. Oecologia 1976, 22:135-152.
93. Potthoff M., Asche N., Stein B., Muhs A., Beese F. Earthworm communities in temperate beech wood forest soils affected by liming. Eur. J. Soil Biol. 2008, 44:247-254.
94. R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2012, R Development Core Team, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.
95. Reich P.B., Oleksyn J., Modrzynski J., Mrozinski P., Hobbie S.E., Eissenstat D.M., Chorover J., Chadwick O.A., Hale C.M., Tjoelker M.G. Linking litter calcium, earthworms and soil properties: a common garden test with 14 tree species. Ecol. Lett. 2005, 8:811-818.
96. Reynolds J.W. Status of exotic earthworm systematics and biogeography in North America. Earthworm Ecology and Biogeography 1995, 1-28. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida, USA. P.F. Hendrix (Ed.).
97. 15N as an integrator of the nitrogen cycle. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2001, 16:153-162.
98. Rossi J.P. The spatiotemporal pattern of a tropical earthworm species assemblage and its relationship with soil structure. Pedobiologia 2003, 47:497-503.
99. Sackett T.E., Smith S.M., Basiliko N. Indirect and direct effects of exotic earthworms on soil nutrient and carbon pools in North American temperate forests. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2012, 57:459-467.
100. Satchell J.E. Some aspects of earthworm ecology. Soil Zoology. Butterworths Scientific Publications 1955, 180-201. K.D. Keith (Ed.).
101. Satchell J.E. r worms and k worms: a basis for classifying lumbricid earthworm strategies. Soil Biology as Related to Land Use Practices 1980, 848-864.
102. Satchell J.E. Earthworm Ecology in Forest Soils. Earthworm Ecology 1983, 161-170. Springer.
103. Scheu S. Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts (Lumbrucidae). Biol. Fertil. Soils 1987, 5:230-234.
104. Scheu S., Parkinson D. Effects of earthworms on nutrient dynamics, carbon turnover and microorganisms in soils from cool temperate forests of the Canadian Rocky Mountains-laboratory studies. Appl. Soil Ecol. 1994, 1:113-125.
105. 14C-labelled beech leaf litter. Soil Biol. Biochem. 1991, 23:1029-1034.
106. Schwert D.P. Active and passive dispersal of lumbricid earthworms. International Soil Zoology Colloquium 1980, 182-189.
107. Schwert D.P. Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae. Soil Biology Guide 1990, 341-356. Wiley, New York. D.L. Dindal (Ed.).
108. Shartell L.M., Lilleskov E.A., Storer A.J. Predicting exotic earthworm distribution in the northern Great Lakes region. Biol. Invasions 2013, 1-11.
109. Shipitalo M., Protz R. Chemistry and micromorphology of aggregation in earthworm casts. Geoderma 1989, 45:357-374.
110. Smith F., Green B. The Porifera, Oligochaeta, and Certain Other Groups of Invertebrates in the Vicinity of Douglas Lake, Michigan. Report of the Michigan Academy of Science 1916, vol. 17:81.
111. Stoscheck L.M., Sherman R.E., Suárez E.R., Fahey T.J. Exotic earthworm distributions did not expand over a decade in a hardwood forest in New York State. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2012, 62:124-130.
112. Straube D., Johnson E.A., Parkinson D., Scheu S., Eisenhauer N. Nonlinearity of effects of invasive ecosystem engineers on abiotic soil properties and soil biota. Oikos 2009, 118:885-896.
113. Suárez E.R., Fahey T.J., Groffman P.M., Yavitt J.B., Bohlen P.J. Spatial and temporal dynamics of exotic earthworm communities along invasion fronts in a temperate hardwood forest in south-central New York (USA). Biol. Invasions 2006, 8:553-564.
114. Suárez E.R., Fahey T.J., Yavitt J.B., Groffman P.M., Bohlen P.J. Patterns of litter disappearance in a northern hardwood forest invaded by exotic earthworms. Ecol. Appl. 2006, 16:154-165.
115. Thielemann U. The octet-method for sampling earthworm populations. Pedobiologia 1986, 29:296-302.
116. USDA Forest Service. Forest Inventory and Analysis Fiscal Year 2001 Business Report 2002, USDA Forest Service.
117. Uvarov A.V. Inter- and intraspecific interactions in lumbricid earthworms: their role for earthworm performance and ecosystem functioning. Pedobiologia 2009, 53:1-27.
118. Vande Kopple B. Monthly Temperature and Precipitation (1979-2012) 2012, University of Michigan Biological Station, Pellston, MI, UMBS Information Management System. http://sitemaker.umich.edu/umbs/climatology.
119. Venables W.N., Ripley B.D. Modern Applied Statistics with S 2002, Springer, New York. fourth ed.
120. Whalen J.K. Spatial and temporal distribution of earthworm patches in corn field, hayfield and forest systems of southwestern Quebec, Canada. Appl. Soil Ecol. 2004, 27:143-151.
121. Whalen J.K., Costa C. Linking spatio-temporal dynamics of earthworm populations to nutrient cycling in temperate agricultural and forest ecosystems. Pedobiologia 2003, 47:801-806.
122. Wironen M., Moore T.R. Exotic earthworm invasion increases soil carbon and nitrogen in an old-growth forest in southern Quebec. Can. J. For. Res. 2006, 36:845-854.
123. Xia L., Szlavecz K., Swan C.M., Burgess J.L. Inter- and intra-specific interactions of Lumbricus rubellus (Hoffmeister, 1843) and Octolasion lacteum (Orley, 1881) (Lumbricidae) and the implication for C cycling. Soil Biol. Biochem. 2011, 43:1584-1590.
124. Zicsi A., Szlavecz K., Csuzdi C. Leaf litter acceptance and cast deposition by peregrine and endemic European lumbricids (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Pedobiologia 2011, 54:S145-S152.