Opium use and risk of mortality from digestive diseases: A prospective cohort study

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 108, Issue 11, 2013, Pages 1757-1765

  Malekzadeh, Masoud M ^a   Khademi, Hooman ^a,b   Pourshams, Akram ^a   Etemadi, Arash ^a,c   Poustchi, Hossein ^a   Bagheri, Mohammad ^a   Khoshnia, Masoud ^d   Sohrabpour, Amir Ali ^a   Aliasgari, Ali ^a   Jafari, Elham ^a   Islami, Farhad ^a,e   Semnani, Shahryar ^d   Abnet, Christian C ^c   Pharoah, Paul Dp ^f   Brennan, Paul ^b   Boffetta, Paolo ^f,g   Dawsey, Sanford M ^c   Malekzadeh, Reza ^a   Kamangar, Farin ^a,c,h  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER   (France)

^c NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d GOLESTAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^e MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^g INTERNATIONAL PREVENTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (France)

^h MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; IRAN; LIVER DISEASE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; OPIATE ADDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; STOMACH CANCER;

ADULT; AGED; COHORT STUDIES; DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISEASES; DRUG USERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; IRAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; OPIUM; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK; SURVIVAL RATE;

EID: 84887231008     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.336     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Kalant H. Opium revisited: a brief review of its nature, composition, non-medical use and relative risks. Addiction 1997; 92: 267-77. (Pubitemid 27141943)
2. Paul L, SchiffJ. Opium and its alkaloids. Am J Pharm Educ 2002; 66: 186-94.
3. UNODC, World Drug Report 2010. United Nations Publication; 2010. Available from: http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2010.html.
4. Nasrollahzadeh D, Kamangar F, Aghcheli K et al. Opium, tobacco, and alcohol use in relation to oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of Iran. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1857-63. (Pubitemid 351748837)
5. Ghadirian P, Stein GF, Gorodetzky C et al. Oesophageal cancer studies in the Caspian littoral of Iran: some residual results, including opium use as a risk factor. Int J Cancer 1985; 35: 593-7. (Pubitemid 15019794)
6. Aliasgari MA, Kaviani A, Gachkar L et al. Is bladder cancer more common among opium addicts? Urol J. 2004; 1: 253-5.
7. Shakhssalim N, Hosseini SY, Basiri A et al. Prominent bladder cancer risk factors in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11: 601-6.
8. Hosseini SY, Safarinejad MR, Amini E et al. Opium consumption and risk of bladder cancer: a case-control analysis. Urol Oncol 2010; 28: 610-6.
9. Masoumi M, Shahesmaeili A, Mirzazadeh A et al. Opium addiction and severity of coronary artery disease: a case-control study. J Res Med Sci 2010; 15: 27-32.
10. Masoomi M, Ramezani MA, Shahriari S et al. Is opium addiction a risk factor for deep vein thrombosis? A case-control study. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2010; 21: 109-12.
11. Sadeghian S, Darvish S, Davoodi G et al. The association of opium with coronary artery disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007; 14: 715-7. (Pubitemid 47556410)
12. Sadeghian S, Graili P, Salarifar M et al. Opium consumption in men and diabetes mellitus in women are the most important risk factors of premature coronary artery disease in Iran. Int J Cardiol 2010; 141: 116-8.
13. Safaii N, Kazemi B. Effect of opium use on short-term outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 58: 62-7.
14. Masoomi M, Ramezani MA, Karimzadeh H. The relationship of opium addiction with coronary artery disease. Int J Prev Med 2010; 1: 182-6.
15. Khademi H, Malekzadeh R, Pourshams A et al. Opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study: prospective cohort study of 50,000 adults in Iran. BMJ 2012; 344: e2502.
16. Atici S, Cinel I, Cinel L et al. Liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids: an experimental long term treatment model. J Biosci 2005; 30: 245-52. (Pubitemid 40592642)
17. Wood JD, Galligan JJ. Function of opioids in the enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004; 16 (Suppl 2): 17-28. (Pubitemid 39468863)
18. Hewer T, Rose E, Ghadirian P et al. Ingested mutagens from opium and tobacco pyrolysis products and cancer of the oesophagus. Lancet 1978; 2: 494-6. (Pubitemid 9014492)
19. Ribeiro Pinto LF, Swann PF. Opium and oesophageal cancer: effect of morphine and opium on the metabolism of N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosodiethylamine in the rat. Carcinogenesis 1997; 18: 365-9. (Pubitemid 28132430)
20. Shakeri R, Malekzadeh R, Etemadi A et al. Opium: an emerging risk factor for gastric adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2013; 133: 455-61.
21. Sadjadi A, Derakhshan MH, Yazdanbod A et al. Neglected role of hookah and opium in gastric carcinogenesis: a cohort study on risk factors and attributable fractions. Int J Cancer; advance online publication, 24 June 2013; doi: 10.1002/ijc.28344 (e-pub ahead of print).
22. Pourshams A, Saadatian-Elahi M, Nouraie M et al. Golestan cohort study of oesophageal cancer: feasibility and fi rst results. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 176-81. (Pubitemid 40188452)
23. Pourshams A, Khademi H, Malekshah AF et al. Cohort profi le: The Golestan Cohort Study-a prospective study of oesophageal cancer in northern Iran. Int J Epidemiol 2010; 39: 52-9.
24. Abnet CC, Saadatian-Elahi M, Pourshams A et al. Reliability and validity of opiate use self-report in a population at high risk for esophageal cancer in Golestan, Iran. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004; 13: 1068-70. (Pubitemid 38756720)
25. Khademi H, Etemadi A, Kamangar F et al. Verbal autopsy: reliability and validity estimates for causes of death in the Golestan Cohort Study in Iran. PLoS ONE 2010; 5: e11183.
26. Ganji A, Malekzadeh F, Safavi M et al. Digestive and liver disease statistics in Iran. Middle East J Dig Dis 2009; 1: 56-62.
27. Gao Y, Hu N, Han XY et al. Risk factors for esophageal and gastric cancers in Shanxi Province, China: a case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol 2011; 35: e91-9.
28. Kamangar F. Causality in epidemiology. Arch Iran Med 2012; 15: 641-7.
29. Masood A. Opium smoking in the frontier province of Pakistan. Bull Narc 1979; 31: 59-66. (Pubitemid 10167385)
30. Sadeghi A, Behmard S, Vesselinovitch SD. Opium: a potential urinary bladder carcinogen in man. Cancer 1979; 43: 2315-21. (Pubitemid 9246403)
31. Malaveille C, Friesen M, Camus AM et al. Mutagens produced by the pyrolysis of opium and its alkaloids as possible risk factors in cancer of the bladder and oesophagus. Carcinogenesis 1982; 3: 577-85. (Pubitemid 12065090)
32. Shakeri R, Kamangar F, Nasrollahzadeh D et al. Is opium a real risk factor for esophageal cancer or just a methodological artifact? Hospital and neighborhood controls in case-control studies. PLoS ONE 2012; 7: e32711.
33. Merat S, Rezvan H, Nouraie M et al. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis B core antibody in Iran: a population-based study. Arch Iran Med 2009; 12: 225-31.
34. Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. New Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1221-31.
35. Friesen M, O Neill IK, Malaveille C et al. Substituted hydroxyphenanthrenes in opium pyrolysates implicated in oesophageal cancer in Iran: structures and in vitro metabolic activation of a novel class of mutagens. Carcinogenesis 1987; 8: 1423-32. (Pubitemid 18045803)
36. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Ingested nitrate and nitrite, and cyanobacterial peptide toxins. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2010; 94:v-vii, 1-412.
37. Pacifi ci GM, Bencini C, Rane A. Presystemic glucuronidation of morphine in humans and rhesus monkeys: subcellular distribution of the UDP-glucuronyltransferase in the liver and intestine. Xenobiotica 1986; 16: 123-8. (Pubitemid 16126880)
38. van der Laan JW, Krajnc EI, Krajnc-Franken MA et al. Immunotoxicological screening of morphine and methadone in an extended 28 day study in rats. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17: 535-43.
39. Sumathi T, Niranjali Devaraj S. Effect of Bacopa monniera on liver and kidney toxicity in chronic use of opioids. Phytomed 2009; 16: 897-903.
40. Borzelleca JF, Egle JJ, Harris LS et al. Toxicological evaluation of mu-agonists. Part I: Assessment of toxicity following 30 days of repeated oral dosing of male and female rats with levo-alpha-acetylmethadol HCl (LAAM). J Appl Toxicol 1994; 14: 435-46. (Pubitemid 24364531)
41. Nagamatsu K, Ohno Y, Ikebuchi H et al. Morphine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes and its implications for hepatotoxicity. Biochem pharmacol 1986; 35: 3543-8. (Pubitemid 17179199)
42. Bekheet SH. Morphine sulphate induced histopathological and histochemical changes in the rat liver. Tissue Cell 2010; 42: 266-72.
43. Abu-Shanab A, Quigley EM. The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 7: 691-701.
44. DuPont AW, DuPont HL. The intestinal microbiota and chronic disorders of the gut. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8: 523-31.
45. Wang Z, Klipfell E, Bennett BJ et al. Gut fl ora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular disease. Nature 2011; 472: 57-63.
46. Maloy KJ, Powrie F. Intestinal homeostasis and its breakdown in infl ammatory bowel disease. Nature 2011; 474: 298-306.
47. Bosshart H. Morphine and cancer progression: hydrogen peroxide points to need for more research. J Opioid manag 2011; 7: 93-6.
48. Mousavi MR, Damghani MA, Haghdoust AA et al. Opium and risk of laryngeal cancer. Laryngoscope 2003; 113: 1939-43. (Pubitemid 37409681)
49. Fimiani C, Arcuri E, Santoni A et al. Mu3 opiate receptor expression in lung and lung carcinoma: ligand binding and coupling to nitric oxide release. Cancer Lett 1999; 146: 45-51. (Pubitemid 29462555)
50. Behmard S, Sadeghi A, Mohareri MR et al. Positive association of opium addiction and cancer of the bladder. Results of urine cytology in 3,500 opium addicts. Acta Cytol 1981; 25: 142-6. (Pubitemid 11152560)
51. Da Costa JL, Tock EP, Boey HK. Lung disease with chronic obstruction in opium smokers in Singapore. Clinical, electrocardiographic, radiological, functional and pathological features. Thorax 1971; 26: 555-71.
52. Ghodse AH, Myles JS. Asthma in opiate addicts. J Psychosom Res 1987; 31: 41-4. (Pubitemid 17235090)
53. Agius R. Opiate inhalation and occupational asthma. BMJ 1989; 298: 323. (Pubitemid 19052613)
54. Solomon DH, Rassen JA, Glynn RJ et al. The comparative safety of analgesics in older adults with arthritis. Arch Intern Med 2010; 170: 1968-76.
55. Gomes T, Mamdani MM, Dhalla IA et al. Opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with nonmalignant pain. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 686-91.
56. Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Sivilotti ML et al. Prescribing of opioid analgesics and related mortality before and aft er the introduction of long-acting oxycodone. CMAJ 2009; 181: 891-6.
57. Fischer B, Rehm J. Deaths related to the use of prescription opioids. CMAJ 2009; 181: 881-2.
58. Dhalla IA. Opium, opioids, and an increased risk of death. BMJ 2012; 344: e2617.
59. Degenhardt L, Randall D, Hall W et al. Mortality among clients of a statewide opioid pharmacotherapy program over 20 years: risk factors and lives saved. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 105: 9-15.
60. Okie S. A fl ood of opioids, a rising tide of deaths. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1981-5.
61. Reece AS. Commentary on opium use and mortality in Golestan Cohort Study. Arch Iran Med 2012; 15: 588-90.
62. Darke S, Dufl ou J, Torok M. The comparative toxicology and major organ pathology of fatal methadone and heroin toxicity cases. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 106: 1-6.
63. Reece AS. Differing age related trajectories of dysfunction in several organ systems in opiate dependence. Aging Clin Exp Res 2012; 24: 85-96.
64. Reece AS, Davidson P. Defi cit of circulating stem-progenitor cells in opiate addiction: a pilot study. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2007; 2: 19.