The Canadian Arctic Archipelago throughflow in a multiresolution global model: Model assessment and the driving mechanism of interannual variability

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 118, Issue 9, 2013, Pages 4525-4541

  Wekerle, Claudia ^a   Wang, Qiang ^a   Danilov, Sergey ^a   Jung, Thomas ^a   Schröter, Jens ^a  

^a ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arctic; export; freshwater; modeling

Indexed keywords

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; MODELS; SEA ICE; SEA LEVEL; WATER;

ARCTIC; ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY; CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO; EXPORT; FRESHWATER; FRESHWATER TRANSPORTS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATIONS;

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD;

ANNUAL VARIATION; ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; FINITE ELEMENT METHOD; FRESHWATER INPUT; HEAT FLUX; HINDCASTING; NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; SEA ICE; SEA SURFACE HEIGHT; SEASONAL VARIATION; THROUGHFLOW;

ARCTIC; ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; BAFFIN BAY [ARCTIC OCEAN]; BEAUFORT SEA; CANADA; CANADIAN ARCTIC; LABRADOR SEA; LANCASTER SOUND; NARES STRAIT; NUNAVUT; PARRY CHANNEL;

EID: 84887115188     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20330     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Aargaard, K., and, E. C. Carmack, (1989), The role of sea ice and other fresh water in the Arctic circulation, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 14,485-14,498.
2. Agnew, T., A. Lambe, and, D. Long, (2008), Estimating sea ice area flux across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago using enhanced AMSR-E, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C10011, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004582.
3. Aksenov, Y., S. Bacon, A. C. Coward, and, N. P. Holliday, (2010), Polar outflow from the Arctic Ocean: A high resolution model study, J. Mar. Syst., 83, 14-37, doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2010.06.007.
4. Chelton, D., (1983), Effects of sampling errors in statistical estimation, Deep Sea Res., Part A, 30, 1083-1103. (Pubitemid 14504708)
5. Cheng, W., and, P. Rhines, (2004), Response of the overturning circulation to high-latitude fresh-water perturbations in the North Atlantic, Clim. Dyn., 22, 359-372, doi: 10.1007/s00382-003-0385-6. (Pubitemid 38562549)
6. Condron, A., P. Winsor, C. Hill, and, D. Menemenlis, (2009), Simulated response of the Arctic freshwater budget to extreme NAO wind forcing, J. Clim., 22, 2422-2437, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2626.1.
7. Cuny, J., P. Rhines, and, R. Kwok, (2005), Davis Strait volume, freshwater and heat fluxes, Deep Sea Res. I, 52, 519-542, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2004.10.006. (Pubitemid 40359098)
8. Curry, B., C. M. Lee, and, B. Petrie, (2011), Volume, freshwater, and heat fluxes through Davis Strait, 2004-05, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 41, 429-436, doi: 10.1175/2010JPO4536.1.
9. Dai, A., T. Qian, K. E. Trenberth, and, J. D. Milliman, (2009), Changes in continental freshwater discharge from 1948 to 2004, J. Clim., 22, 2773-2792, doi: 10.1175/2008JCLI2592.1.
10. Danilov, S., G. Kivman, and, J. Schröter, (2004), A finite-element ocean model: Principles and evaluation, Ocean Modell., 6 (2), 125-150, doi: 10.1016/S1463-5003(02)00063-X. (Pubitemid 37078460)
11. Dickson, R., T. Osborn, J. Hurrell, J. Meincke, J. Blindheim, B. Adlandsvik, T. Vinje, G. Alekseev, and, W. Maslowski, (2000), The Arctic ocean response to the North Atlantic oscillation, J. Clim., 13, 2671-2696.
12. Dickson, R., B. Rudels, S. Dye, M. Karcher, J. Meincke, and, I. Yashayaev, (2007), Current estimates of freshwater flux through Arctic and subarctic seas, Prog. Oceanogr., 73, 210-230. (Pubitemid 46898564)
13. Fetterer, F., K. Knowles, W. Meier, and, M. Savoie, (2009), Sea Ice Index, digital media, Natl. Snow and Ice Data Cent., Boulder, Colo.
14. Fowler, G., G. Siddall, and, S. Prinsenberg, (2004), An energy-conserving oceanographic profiler for use under mobile ice cover: ICYCLER, Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng., 14, 176-181. (Pubitemid 39316078)
15. Gent, P., and, J. Mcwilliams, (1990), Isopycnal mixing in ocean circulation models, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 20, 150-155.
16. Goosse, H., T. Fichefet, and, J.-M. Campin, (1997), The effects of the water flow through the Canadian Archipelago in a global ice-ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 1507-1510, doi: 10.1029/97GL01352.
17. Houssais, M.-N., and, C. Herbaut, (2011), Atmospheric forcing on the Canadian Arctic Archipelago freshwater outflow and implications for the Labrador Sea variability, J. Geophys. Res., 116, doi: 10.1029/2010JC006323.
18. Hunke, E., and, J. Dukowicz, (2001), The elastic-viscous-plastic sea ice dynamics model in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates on a sphere-incorporation of metric term, Mon. Weather Rev., 130, 1848-1865. (Pubitemid 34825248)
19. Jahn, A., B. Tremblay, L. Mysak, and, R. Newton, (2009), Effect of the large-scale atmospheric circulation on the variability of the Arctic Ocean freshwater export, Clim. Dyn., 34, 201-222, doi: 10.1007/s00382-009-0558-z.
20. Jahn, A., et al. (2012), Arctic Ocean freshwater: How robust are model simulations?, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00D16, doi: 10.1029/2012JC007907.
21. Jakobsson, M., R. Macnab, L. Mayer, R. Anderson, M. Edwards, J. Hatzky, H.-W. Schenke, and, P. Johnson, (2008), An improved bathymetric portrayal of the Arctic Ocean: Implications for ocean modeling and geological, geophysical and oceanographic analyses, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L07602, doi: 10.1029/2008GL033520.
22. Kliem, N., and, D. A. Greenberg, (2003), Diagnostic simulations of the summer circulation in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Atmos. Ocean, 41, 273-289. (Pubitemid 38265735)
23. Köberle, C., and, R. Gerdes, (2007), Simulated variability of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance 1948-2001, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 37, 1628-1644, doi: 10.1175/JPO3063.1. (Pubitemid 47065065)
24. Komuro, Y., and, H. Hasumi, (2005), Intensification of the Atlantic deep circulation by the Canadian Archipelago throughflow, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 35, 775-789. (Pubitemid 40959372)
25. Kwok, R., and, G. F. Cunningham, (2008), ICESat over Arctic sea ice: Estimation of snow depth and ice thickness, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C08010, doi: 10.1029/2008JC004753.
26. Large, W., and, S. Yeager, (2008), The global climatology of an interannually varying air-sea flux data set, Clim. Dyn., 33, 341-364, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0441-3.
27. Lietaer, O., T. Fichefet, and, V. Legat, (2008), The effects of resolving the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in a finite element sea ice model, Ocean Modell., 24 (3-4), 140-152, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.06.002.
28. Lique, C., A. M. Treguier, M. Scheinert, and, T. Penduff, (2009), A model-based study of ice and freshwater transport variability along both sides of Greenland, Clim. Dyn., 33, 685-705, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0510-7.
29. Lique, C., A. M. Treguier, B. Blanke, and, N. Grima, (2010), On the origins of water masses exported along both sides of Greenland: A Lagrangian model analysis, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C05019, doi: 10.1029/2009JC005316.
30. Lohmann, K., H. Drange, and, M. Bentsen, (2008), Response of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre to persistent North Atlantic oscillation like forcing, Clim. Dyn., 32, 273-285, doi: 10.1007/s00382-008-0467-6.
31. McGeehan, T., and, W. Maslowski, (2012), Evaluation and control mechanisms of volume and freshwater export through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago in a high-resolution pan-Arctic ice-ocean model, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C00D14, doi: 10.1029/2011JC007261.
32. Melling, H., (2000), Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic, in The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean, edited by, E. L. Lewis, et al., pp. 479-502, Springer, New York.
33. Melling, H., T. A. Agnew, K. K. Falkner, D. A. Greenberg, C. M. Lee, A. Münchow, B. Petrie, S. J. Prinsenberg, R. M. Samelson, and, R. A. Woodgate, (2008), Fresh-water fluxes via Pacific and Arctic outflows across the Canadian polar shelf, in Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, edited by, R. R. Dickson, et al., pp. 193-247, Springer, New York.
34. Münchow, A., and, H. Melling, (2008), Ocean current observations from Nares Strait to the west of Greenland: Interannual to tidal variability and forcing, J. Mar. Res., 66, 801-833.
35. Pacanowski, R., and, S. Philander, (1981), Parameterization of vertical mixing in numerical models of tropical oceans, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 1443-1451.
36. Parkinson, C., and, W. Washington, (1979), A large-scale numerical model of sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 84, 311-337. (Pubitemid 9423169)
37. Peterson, I., J. Hamilton, S. Prinsenberg, and, R. Pettipas, (2012), Wind forcing of volume transport through Lancaster Sound, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C11018, doi: 10.1029/2012JC008140.
38. Prinsenberg, S., and, E. Bennet, (1989), Transport between Peel Sound and Barrow Strait in the Canadian Arctic, Cont. Shelf Res., 9, 427-444.
39. Prinsenberg, S., and, J. Hamilton, (2005), Monitoring the volume, freshwater and heat fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Atmos. Ocean, 43, 1-22. (Pubitemid 40621720)
40. Prinsenberg, S., J. Hamilton, I. Peterson, and, R. Pettipas, (2009), Observing and interpreting the seasonal variability of the oceanographic fluxes passing through Lancaster Sound of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, in Influence of Climate Change on the Changing Arctic and Sub-Arctic Conditions, edited by, J. Nihoul, pp. 125-143, Springer, New York.
41. Proshutinsky, A., R. H. Bourke, and, F. A. McLaughlin, (2002), The role of the Beaufort Gyre in Arctic climate variability: Seasonal to decadal climate scales, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (23), 2100, doi: 10.1029/2002GL015847.
42. Rabe, B., M. Karcher, U. Schauer, J. M. Toole, R. Krishfield, S. Pisarev, F. Kauker, R. Gerdes, and, T. Kikuchi, (2011), An assessment of Arctic Ocean freshwater content changes from the 1990s to the 2006-2008 period, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 58, 173-185, doi: 10.1016/j.dsr.2010.12.002.
43. Redi, M., (1982), Oceanic isopycnal mixing by coordinate rotation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 1154-1158.
44. Rothrock, D., and, J. Zhang, (2005), Arctic Ocean sea ice volume: What explains its recent depletion?, J. Geophys. Res., 110, C01002, doi: 10.1029/2004JC002282.
45. Schauer, U., A. Beszczynska-Moeller, W. Walczowski, E. Fahrbach, J. Piechura, and, E. Hansen, (2008), Variation of measured heat flow through the Fram Strait between 1997 and 2006, in Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, edited by, R. R. Dickson, et al., pp. 65-85, Springer, New York.
46. Serreze, M. C., A. P. Barrett, A. G. Slater, R. A. Woodgate, K. Aagaard, R. B. Lammers, M. Steele, R. Moritz, M. Meredith, and, C. M. Lee, (2006), The large-scale freshwater cycle of the Arctic, J. Geophys. Res., 111, C11010, doi: 10.1029/2005JC003424.
47. Sidorenko, D., Q. Wang, S. Danilov, and, J. Schröter, (2011), FESOM under coordinated ocean-ice reference experiment forcing, Ocean Dyn., 61, 881-890, doi: 10.1007/s10236-011-0406-7.
48. Skagseth, O., T. Furevik, R. Ingvaldsen, H. L. K. Mork, K. Orvik, and, V. Ozhigin, (2008), Volume and heat transports to the Arctic Ocean via the Norwegian and Barents Seas, in Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, edited by, R. R. Dickson, et al., pp. 45-64, Springer, New York.
49. Steele, M., R. Morley, and, W. Ermold, (2001), PHC: A global ocean hydrography with a high-quality Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 14, 2079-2087, doi: 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014¡2079:PAGOHW¿2.0.CO;2. (Pubitemid 33045339)
50. Terwisscha van Scheltinga, A., P. G. Myers, and, J. D. Pietrzak, (2010), A finite element sea ice model of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Ocean Dyn., 60 (6), 1539-1558, doi: 10.1007/s10236-010-0356-5.
51. Timmermann, R., A. Beckmann, and, H. Hellmer, (2002), Simulations of ice-ocean dynamics in the Weddell Sea. 1. Model configuration and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 107 (C3), 3024, doi: 10.1029/2000JC000741.
52. Timmermann, R., S. Danilov, J. Schröter, C. Böning, D. Sidorenko, and, K. Rollenhagen, (2009), Ocean circulation and sea ice distribution in a finite element global sea ice-ocean model, Ocean Modell., 27 (3-4), 114-129, doi: 10.1016/j.ocemod.2008.10.009.
53. Toulany, B., and, C. Garrett, (1984), Geostrophic control of fluctuating barotropic flow through straits, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 649-655.
54. Wadley, M., and, G. Bigg, (2002), Impact of flow through the Canadian Archipelago and Bering Strait on the North Atlantic and Arctic circulation: An ocean modelling study, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 128, 2187-2203, doi: 10.1256/qj.00.35. (Pubitemid 35250089)
55. Wang, Q., S. Danilov, and, J. Schröter, (2008), Finite element ocean circulation model based on triangular prismatic elements, with application in studying the effect of topography representation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C05015, doi: 10.1029/2007JC004482.
56. Wang, Q., P. Myers, X. Hu, and, A. Bush, (2012), Flow constraints on pathways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, Atmos. Ocean, 50, doi: 10.1080/07055900.2012.704348.
57. Wang, X., Q. Wang, D. Sidorenko, S. Danilov, J. Schröter, and, T. Jung, (2012), Long term ocean simulations in FESOM: Validation and application in studying the impact of Greenland ice sheet melting, Ocean Dyn., 62 doi: 10.1007/s10236-012-0572-2.
58. Woodgate, R. A., T. J. Weingartner, and, R. Lindsay, (2010), The 2007 Bering Strait oceanic heat flux and anomalous Arctic sea-ice retreat, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L01602, doi: 10.1029/2009GL041621.