Gut-lung crosstalk in pulmonary involvement with inflammatory bowel diseases

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 19, Issue 40, 2013, Pages 6794-6804

  Wang, Hui ^a   Liu, Jing Shi ^a,c   Peng, Shao Hua ^a,d   Deng, Xi Yun ^a,d   Zhu, De Mao ^a,e   Javidiparsijani, Sara ^a,f   Wang, Gui Rong ^a,f   Li, Dai Qiang ^a,g   Li, Long Xuan ^a,h   Wang, Yi Chun ^a,c   Luo, Jun Ming ^a,b  

^a Central South University   (China)

^b QINGHAI PROVINCIAL PEOPLE S HOSPITAL   (China)

^c CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

^d HUNAN NORMAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^e CHANGSHA CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (China)

^f State University of New York Upstate Medical University: College of Medicine   (United States)

^g CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY   (China)

^h GUANGDONG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Biao Li relationship; Gut lung crosstalk; Inflammatory bowel disease; Pulmonary symptoms; Social manner

Indexed keywords

CD68 ANTIGEN; OVALBUMIN; SURFACTANT PROTEIN A; THYMIC STROMAL LYMPHOPOIETIN; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR;

ALLERGIC AIRWAY INFLAMMATION; ATOPIC ALLERGIC INFLAMMATION; BRONCHOSCOPY; CROHN DISEASE; ENTERITIS; HIGH RESOLUTION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INTESTINE EPITHELIUM; LUNG FUNCTION TEST; LUNG HYPERREACTIVITY; LUNG LESION; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; PHYSICAL DISEASE BY BODY FUNCTION; PULMONARY DYSFUNCTION; PULMONARY IMPAIRMENT; RESPIRATORY EPITHELIUM; RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE; REVIEW; ULCERATIVE COLITIS;

BIAO-LI RELATIONSHIP; GUT-LUNG CROSSTALK; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE; PULMONARY SYMPTOMS; SOCIAL MANNER;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; IMMUNITY, MUCOSAL; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; INTESTINES; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; PROGNOSIS; RESPIRATORY MUCOSA; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84886994848     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i40.6794     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Mudter J, Neurath MF. Insight into Crohn's disease pathomorphology. Abdom Imaging 2012; 37: 921-926 [PMID: 22476334]
2. Liu H, Patel NR, Walter L, Ingersoll S, Sitaraman SV, Garg P. Constitutive expression of MMP9 in intestinal epithelium worsens murine acute colitis and is associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokine Kc. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304: G793-G803 [PMID: 23471340]
3. Shen J, Qiao Y, Ran Z, Wang T, Xu J, Feng J. Intestinal protein expression profile identifies inflammatory bowel disease and predicts relapse. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2013; 6: 917-925 [PMID: 23638224]
4. Latella G, Fiocchi C, Caprili R. News from the "5th International Meeting on Inflammatory Bowel Diseases" CAPRI 2010. J Crohns Colitis 2010; 4: 690-702 [PMID: 21122584 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2010.08.002]
5. Kappelman MD, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Ollendorf D, Bousvaros A, Grand RJ, Finkelstein JA. The prevalence and geographic distribution of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5: 1424-1429 [PMID: 17904915]
6. Bernstein CN. Epidemiologic clues to inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2010; 12: 495-501 [PMID: 20878276]
7. Vernier G, Cortot A, Gower-Rousseau C, Salomez JL, Colombel JF. [Epidemiology and risk factors of inflammatory bowel diseases]. Rev Prat 2005; 55: 949-961 [PMID: 16052966]
8. Podolsky DK. Inflammatory bowel disease (1) N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 928-937 [PMID: 1881418]
9. Zhulina Y, Hahn-Strömberg V, Shamikh A, Peterson CG, Gustavsson A, Nyhlin N, Wickbom A, Bohr J, Bodin L, Tysk C, Carlson M, Halfvarson J. Subclinical inflammation with increased neutrophil activity in healthy twin siblings reflect environmental influence in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 1725-1731 [PMID: 23669399]
10. Ekbom A. The epidemiology of IBD: a lot of data but little knowledge. How shall we proceed? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2004; 10 Suppl 1: S32-S34 [PMID: 15168828]
11. Thia KT, Loftus EV, Sandborn WJ, Yang SK. An update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 3167-3182 [PMID: 19086963 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02158.x]
12. Zheng JJ, Zhu XS, Huangfu Z, Shi XH, Guo ZR. Prevalence and incidence rates of Crohn's disease in mainland China: a meta-analysis of 55 years of research. J Dig Dis 2010; 11: 161-166 [PMID: 20579219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2980.2010.00431.x]
13. Sood A, Midha V. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Indian J Gastroenterol 2007; 26: 285-289 [PMID: 18431013]
14. Al-Mofarreh MA, Al-Mofleh IA. Emerging inflammatory bowel disease in saudi outpatients: a report of 693 cases. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2013; 19: 16-22 [PMID: 23319033]
15. Barreiro-de Acosta M, Alvarez Castro A, Souto R, Iglesias M, Lorenzo A, Dominguez-Muñoz JE. Emigration to western industrialized countries: A risk factor for developing inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5: 566-569 [PMID: 22115376]
16. Lakatos L, Mester G, Erdelyi Z, Balogh M, Szipocs I, Kamaras G, Lakatos PL. Striking elevation in incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a province of western Hungary between 1977-2001. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10: 404-409 [PMID: 14760767]
17. Molodecky NA, Soon IS, Rabi DM, Ghali WA, Ferris M, Chernoff G, Benchimol EI, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Barkema HW, Kaplan GG. Increasing incidence and prevalence of the inflammatory bowel diseases with time, based on systematic review. Gastroenterology 2012; 142: 46-54. e42; quiz e30 [PMID: 22001864]
18. Rothfuss KS, Stange EF, Herrlinger KR. Extraintestinal manifestations and complications in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 4819-4831 [PMID: 16937463]
19. Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Rawsthorne P, Yu N. The prevalence of extraintestinal diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 1116-1122 [PMID: 11316157]
20. Patil SA, Cross RK. Update in the management of extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2013; 15: 314 [PMID: 23371321]
21. Aloi M, Cucchiara S. Extradigestive manifestations of IBD in pediatrics. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2009; 13 Suppl 1: 23-32 [PMID: 19530508]
22. Ricker JM, Harrison SA. Inflammatory bowel disease: thinking outside of the intestines (Part 2). J Miss State Med Assoc 2008; 49: 365-369 [PMID: 19297932]
23. Jewell D. Do HLA antigens predict the occurrence of extraintestinal manifestations of IBD? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14 Suppl 2: S28 [PMID: 18816758]
24. Bourikas LA, Papadakis KA. Musculoskeletal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009; 15: 1915-1924 [PMID: 19408334]
25. Orchard TR, Wordsworth BP, Jewell DP. Peripheral arthropathies in inflammatory bowel disease: their articular distribution and natural history. Gut 1998; 42: 387-391 [PMID: 9577346]
26. de Vlam K, Mielants H, Cuvelier C, De Keyser F, Veys EM, De Vos M. Spondyloarthropathy is underestimated in inflammatory bowel disease: prevalence and HLA association. J Rheumatol 2000; 27: 2860-2865 [PMID: 11128677]
27. Huang BL, Chandra S, Shih DQ. Skin manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3: 13 [PMID: 22347192]
28. Greenstein AJ, Janowitz HD, Sachar DB. The extra-intestinal complications of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: a study of 700 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1976; 55: 401-412 [PMID: 957999]
29. Navaneethan U, Shen B. Hepatopancreatobiliary manifestations and complications associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 1598-1619 [PMID: 20198712]
30. Duerr RH, Targan SR, Landers CJ, LaRusso NF, Lindsay KL, Wiesner RH, Shanahan F. Neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: a link between primary sclerosing cholangitis and ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 1385-1391 [PMID: 2013383]
31. Tabibian JH, Streiff MB. Inflammatory bowel disease-associated thromboembolism: a systematic review of outcomes with anticoagulation versus catheter-directed thrombolysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18: 161-171 [PMID: 21805543]
32. Bernstein CN, Wajda A, Blanchard JF. The clustering of other chronic inflammatory diseases in inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based study. Gastroenterology 2005; 129: 827-836 [PMID: 16143122]
33. Solem CA, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99: 97-101 [PMID: 14687149]
34. Barabino AV, Gandullia P, Calvi A, Vignola S, Arrigo S, Marco RD. Sudden blindness in a child with Crohn's disease. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17: 4344-4346 [PMID: 22090792]
35. Petrelli EA, McKinley M, Troncale FJ. Ocular manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Ann Ophthalmol 1982; 14: 356-360 [PMID: 6125121]
36. Tokuyama H, Wakino S, Konishi K, Hashiguchi A, Hayashi K, Itoh H. Acute interstitial nephritis associated with ulcerative colitis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2010; 14: 483-486 [PMID: 20499124]
37. Stokke KT, Teisberg PA, Myhre E, Hovig T, Flatmark A, Gjone E. Nephrotic syndrome in ulcerative colitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976; 11: 571-576 [PMID: 981960]
38. Glassman M, Kaplan M, Spivak W. Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in Crohn's disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5: 966-969 [PMID: 2947985]
39. Broide E, Dotan I, Weiss B, Wilschanski M, Yerushalmi B, Klar A, Levine A. Idiopathic pancreatitis preceding the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease is more frequent in pediatric patients. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 52: 714-717 [PMID: 21478760]
40. Weber P, Seibold F, Jenss H. Acute pancreatitis in Crohn's disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1993; 17: 286-291 [PMID: 8308212]
41. Hegnhøj J, Hansen CP, Rannem T, Søbirk H, Andersen LB, Andersen JR. Pancreatic function in Crohn's disease. Gut 1990; 31: 1076-1079 [PMID: 1698692]
42. Heikius B, Niemelä S, Lehtola J, Karttunen T, Lähde S. Pancreatic duct abnormalities and pancreatic function in patients with chronic inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996; 31: 517-523 [PMID: 8734352]
43. Singh S, Kumar N, Loftus EV, Kane SV. Neurologic complications in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: increasing relevance in the era of biologics. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19: 864-872 [PMID: 22552994]
44. Lossos A, River Y, Eliakim A, Steiner I. Neurologic aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. Neurology 1995; 45: 416-421 [PMID: 7898687]
45. Geissler A, Andus T, Roth M, Kullmann F, Caesar I, Held P, Gross V, Feuerbach S, Schölmerich J. Focal white-matter lesions in brain of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Lancet 1995; 345: 897-898 [PMID: 7707814]
46. Mendoza JL, Lana R, Taxonera C, Alba C, Izquierdo S, Díaz-Rubio M. [Extraintestinal manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 125: 297-300 [PMID: 16159555]
47. Munck A, Murciano D, Pariente R, Cezard JP, Navarro J. Latent pulmonary function abnormalities in children with Crohn's disease. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 377-380 [PMID: 7789480]
48. Ceyhan BB, Karakurt S, Cevik H, Sungur M. Bronchial hyperreactivity and allergic status in inflammatory bowel disease. Respiration 2003; 70: 60-66 [PMID: 12584393]
49. Tzanakis N, Samiou M, Bouros D, Mouzas J, Kouroumalis E, Siafakas NM. Small airways function in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 382-386 [PMID: 9476847]
50. Kraft SC, Earle RH, Roesler M, Esterly JR. Unexplained bronchopulmonary disease with inflammatory bowel disease. Arch Intern Med 1976; 136: 454-459 [PMID: 1267553]
51. Songür N, Songür Y, Tüzün M, Doǧan I, Tüzün D, Ensari A, Hekimoglu B. Pulmonary function tests and high-resolution CT in the detection of pulmonary involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2003; 37: 292-298 [PMID: 14506385]
52. Larsen S, Bendtzen K, Nielsen OH. Extraintestinal manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease: epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Ann Med 2010; 42: 97-114 [PMID: 20166813 DOI: 10.3109/07853890903559724]
53. Luo JM, Liu ZQ, Eugene CY. Overexpression of pulmonary surfactant protein A like molecules in inflammatory bowel disease tissues. Zhongnan Daxue Xuebao Yixueban 2008; 33: 979-986 [PMID: 19060364]
54. Liu Y, Wang XY, Yang X, Jing S, Zhu L, Gao SH. Lung and intestine: a specific link in an ulcerative colitis rat model. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2013; 2013: 124530 [PMID: 23606829]
55. Gao L, Wang J, Li F, Gao S, Deng Y. Analysis on clinically drug-used law for lung-intestine related diseases. J Tradit Chin Med 2012; 32: 523-528 [PMID: 23427382]
56. Liu P, Wang P, Tian D, Liu J, Chen G, Liu S. Study on traditional Chinese medicine theory of lung being connected with large intestine. J Tradit Chin Med 2012; 32: 482-487 [PMID: 23297577]
57. Ni JX, Gao SH. Understanding the viscera-related theory that the lung and large intestine are exterior-interiorly related. J Tradit Chin Med 2012; 32: 293-298 [PMID: 22876460]
58. Ekbom A, Brandt L, Granath F, Löfdahl CG, Egesten A. Increased risk of both ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in a population suffering from COPD. Lung 2008; 186: 167-172 [PMID: 18330638 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-008-9080-z]
59. Mortaz E, Adcock IM, Folkerts G, Barnes PJ, Paul Vos A, Garssen J. Probiotics in the management of lung diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013: 751068 [PMID: 23737654]
60. Keely S, Talley NJ, Hansbro PM. Pulmonary-intestinal crosstalk in mucosal inflammatory disease. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5: 7-18 [PMID: 22089028 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.55]
61. Kaplan GG, Hubbard J, Korzenik J, Sands BE, Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Wheeler AJ, Villeneuve PJ. The inflammatory bowel diseases and ambient air pollution: a novel association. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105: 2412-2419 [PMID: 20588264 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.252]
62. Beamish LA, Osornio-Vargas AR, Wine E. Air pollution: An environmental factor contributing to intestinal disease. J Crohns Colitis 2011; 5: 279-286 [PMID: 21683297 DOI: 10.1016/ j.crohns.2011.02.017]
63. Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Binion DG, Saeian K. Ambient air pollution correlates with hospitalizations for inflammatory bowel disease: an ecologic analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011; 17: 1138-1145 [PMID: 20806342 DOI: 10.1002/ ibd.21455]
64. Markell KW, Renz EM, White CE, Albrecht ME, Blackbourne LH, Park MS, Barillo DA, Chung KK, Kozar RA, Minei JP, Cohn SM, Herndon DN, Cancio LC, Holcomb JB, Wolf SE. Abdominal complications after severe burns. J Am Coll Surg 2009; 208: 940-947; discussion 940-947 [PMID: 19476867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.12.023]
65. Luo JM, Wan YS, Liu ZQ, Wang GR, Floros J, Zhou HH. Regularity of distribution of immunoreactive pulmonary surfactant protein A in rat tissues. Int J Mol Med 2004; 14: 343-351 [PMID: 15289884]
66. Spira A, Grossman R, Balter M. Large airway disease associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Chest 1998; 113: 1723-1726 [PMID: 9631822]
67. Rogers BH, Clark LM, Kirsner JB. The epidemiologic and demographic characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease: an analysis of a computerized file of 1400 patients. J Chronic Dis 1971; 24: 743-773 [PMID: 5146188]
68. Vandenplas O, Casel S, Delos M, Trigaux JP, Melange M, Marchand E. Granulomatous bronchiolitis associated with Crohn's disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 1676-1679 [PMID: 9817724]
69. Storch I, Sachar D, Katz S. Pulmonary manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2003; 9: 104-115 [PMID: 12769444]
70. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. III. complications. Gut 1964; 5: 1-22 [PMID: 14127503]
71. Harrison OJ, Maloy KJ. Innate immune activation in intestinal homeostasis. J Innate Immun 2011; 3: 585-593 [PMID: 21912101]
72. Franke A, McGovern DP, Barrett JC, Wang K, Radford-Smith GL, Ahmad T, Lees CW, Balschun T, Lee J, Roberts R, Anderson CA, Bis JC, Bumpstead S, Ellinghaus D, Festen EM, Georges M, Green T, Haritunians T, Jostins L, Latiano A, Mathew CG, Montgomery GW, Prescott NJ, Raychaudhuri S, Rotter JI, Schumm P, Sharma Y, Simms LA, Taylor KD, Whiteman D, Wijmenga C, Baldassano RN, Barclay M, Bayless TM, Brand S, Büning C, Cohen A, Colombel JF, Cottone M, Stronati L, Denson T, De Vos M, D'Inca R, Dubinsky M, Edwards C, Florin T, Franchimont D, Gearry R, Glas J, Van Gossum A, Guthery SL, Halfvarson J, Verspaget HW, Hugot JP, Karban A, Laukens D, Lawrance I, Lemann M, Levine A, Libioulle C, Louis E, Mowat C, Newman W, Panés J, Phillips A, Proctor DD, Regueiro M, Russell R, Rutgeerts P, Sanderson J, Sans M, Seibold F, Steinhart AH, Stokkers PC, Torkvist L, Kullak-Ublick G, Wilson D, Walters T, Targan SR, Brant SR, Rioux JD, D'Amato M, Weersma RK, Kugathasan S, Griffiths AM, Mansfield JC, Vermeire S, Duerr RH, Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Schreiber S, Cho JH, Annese V, Hakonarson H, Daly MJ, Parkes M. Genome-wide meta-analysis increases to 71 the number of confirmed Crohn's disease susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 2010; 42: 1118-1125 [PMID: 21102463]
73. Satsangi J, Grootscholten C, Holt H, Jewell DP. Clinical patterns of familial inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 1996; 38: 738-741 [PMID: 8707121]
74. Herrlinger KR, Noftz MK, Dalhoff K, Ludwig D, Stange EF, Fellermann K. Alterations in pulmonary function in inflammatory bowel disease are frequent and persist during remission. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 377-381 [PMID: 11866276]
75. Mohamed-Hussein AA, Mohamed NA, Ibrahim ME. Changes in pulmonary function in patients with ulcerative colitis. Respir Med 2007; 101: 977-982 [PMID: 17049827]
76. Douglas JG, McDonald CF, Leslie MJ, Gillon J, Crompton GK, McHardy GJ. Respiratory impairment in inflammatory bowel disease: does it vary with disease activity? Respir Med 1989; 83: 389-394 [PMID: 2616823]
77. Godet PG, Cowie R, Woodman RC, Sutherland LR. Pulmonary function abnormalities in patients with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 1154-1156 [PMID: 9219789]
78. Ozyilmaz E, Yildirim B, Erbas G, Akten S, Oguzulgen IK, Tunc B, Tuncer C, Turktas H. Value of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FE NO) for the diagnosis of pulmonary involvement due to inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16: 670-676 [PMID: 19705414]
79. Mahadeva R, Walsh G, Flower CD, Shneerson JM. Clinical and radiological characteristics of lung disease in inflammatory bowel disease. Eur Respir J 2000; 15: 41-48 [PMID: 10678619]
80. Colby TV, Camus P. Pathology of pulmonary involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. ERSJ 2007; 39: 199-207
81. Louis E, Louis R, Drion V, Bonnet V, Lamproye A, Radermecker M, Belaiche J. Increased frequency of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Allergy 1995; 50: 729-733 [PMID: 8546267]
82. Mansi A, Cucchiara S, Greco L, Sarnelli P, Pisanti C, Franco MT, Santamaria F. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children and adolescents with Crohn's disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1051-1054 [PMID: 10712362]
83. Yu LC. The epithelial gatekeeper against food allergy. Pediatr Neonatol 2009; 50: 247-254 [PMID: 20025136]
84. Jaeger D, Kleinhans D, Czuppon AB, Baur X. Latex-specific proteins causing immediate-type cutaneous, nasal, bronchial, and systemic reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992; 89: 759-768 [PMID: 1545097]
85. Holgate ST, Roberts G, Arshad HS, Howarth PH, Davies DE. The role of the airway epithelium and its interaction with environmental factors in asthma pathogenesis. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2009; 6: 655-659 [PMID: 20008870]
86. Abraham C, Medzhitov R. Interactions between the host innate immune system and microbes in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 1729-1737 [PMID: 21530739]
87. Gribar SC, Anand RJ, Sodhi CP, Hackam DJ. The role of epithelial Toll-like receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 83: 493-498 [PMID: 18160540]
88. Kato A, Schleimer RP. Beyond inflammation: airway epithelial cells are at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19: 711-720 [PMID: 17928212]
89. Cucchiara S, Stronati L, Aloi M. Interactions between intestinal microbiota and innate immune system in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012; 46 Suppl: S64-S66 [PMID: 22955361]
90. Roda G, Sartini A, Zambon E, Calafiore A, Marocchi M, Caponi A, Belluzzi A, Roda E. Intestinal epithelial cells in inflammatory bowel diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4264-4271 [PMID: 20818809]
91. Laukoetter MG, Nava P, Nusrat A. Role of the intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 401-407 [PMID: 18200662]
92. Defendenti C, Sarzi-Puttini P, Grosso S, Croce A, Senesi O, Saibeni S, Bollani S, Almasio PL, Bruno S, Atzeni F. B lymphocyte intestinal homing in inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Immunol 2011; 12: 71 [PMID: 22208453 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-12-71]
93. Shao L, Kamalu O, Mayer L. Non-classical MHC class I molecules on intestinal epithelial cells: mediators of mucosal crosstalk. Immunol Rev 2005; 206: 160-176 [PMID: 16048548]
94. Himmel ME, Hardenberg G, Piccirillo CA, Steiner TS, Levings MK. The role of T-regulatory cells and Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease. Immunology 2008; 125: 145-153 [PMID: 18798918]
95. Voss E, Wehkamp J, Wehkamp K, Stange EF, Schröder JM, Harder J. NOD2/CARD15 mediates induction of the antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensin-2. J Biol Chem 2006; 281: 2005-2011 [PMID: 16319062]
96. Scholz CC, Taylor CT. Targeting the HIF pathway in inflammation and immunity. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13: 646-653 [PMID: 23660374]
97. Oh K, Seo MW, Lee GY, Byoun OJ, Kang HR, Cho SH, Lee DS. Airway epithelial cells initiate the allergen response through transglutaminase 2 by inducing IL-33 expression and a subsequent Th2 response. Respir Res 2013; 14: 35 [PMID: 23496815]
98. Martin C, Frija J, Burgel PR. Dysfunctional lung anatomy and small airways degeneration in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2013; 8: 7-13 [PMID: 23319856]
99. Schleimer RP, Lane AP, Kim J. Innate and acquired immunity and epithelial cell function in chronic rhinosinusitis. Clin Allergy Immunol 2007; 20: 51-78 [PMID: 17534045]
100. Upham JW, Stick SM. Interactions between airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells: implications for the regulation of airway inflammation. Curr Drug Targets 2006; 7: 541-545 [PMID: 16719765]
101. Yilmaz A, Yilmaz Demirci N, Hoşgün D, Uner E, Erdoǧan Y, Gökçek A, Caǧlar A. Pulmonary involvement in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16: 4952-4957 [PMID: 20954282]
102. Sartor RB. Pathogenetic and clinical relevance of cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease. Immunol Res 1991; 10: 465-471 [PMID: 1955773]
103. Pullman WE, Elsbury S, Kobayashi M, Hapel AJ, Doe WF. Enhanced mucosal cytokine production in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 1992; 102: 529-537 [PMID: 1370662]
104. D'Andrea N, Vigliarolo R, Sanguinetti CM. Respiratory involvement in inflammatory bowel diseases. Multidiscip Respir Med 2010; 5: 173-182 [PMID: 22958334 DOI: 10.1186/2049-695 8-5-3-173]
105. Eaton TE, Lambie N, Wells AU. Bronchiectasis following colectomy for Crohn's disease. Thorax 1998; 53: 529-531 [PMID: 9713458]
106. Black H, Mendoza M, Murin S. Thoracic manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease. Chest 2007; 131: 524-532 [PMID: 17296657]
107. Luo J, Li Y, Gong R. The mechanism of atopic march may be the 'social' event of cells and molecules (Review). Int J Mol Med 2010; 26: 779-785 [PMID: 21042770]
108. Luo J, Wan Y. Tightly regulated distribution of family members of proteins is related to social property in the open body system (Review). Int J Mol Med 2006; 17: 411-418 [PMID: 16465386]
109. Desai D, Patil S, Udwadia Z, Maheshwari S, Abraham P, Joshi A. Pulmonary manifestations in inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2011; 30: 225-228 [PMID: 21935713 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-011-0129-1]
110. Bhagat S, Das KM. A shared and unique peptide in the human colon, eye, and joint detected by a monoclonal antibody. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 103-108 [PMID: 8020652]
111. Oshitani N, Watanabe K, Nakamura S, Higuchi K, Arakawa T. [Extraintestinal complications in patients with ulcerative colitis]. Nihon Rinsho 2005; 63: 874-878 [PMID: 15881184]
112. Zhou B, Comeau MR, De Smedt T, Liggitt HD, Dahl ME, Lewis DB, Gyarmati D, Aye T, Campbell DJ, Ziegler SF. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin as a key initiator of allergic airway inflammation in mice. Nat Immunol 2005; 6: 1047-1053 [PMID: 16142237]
113. Zhu Z, Oh MH, Yu J, Liu YJ, Zheng T. The Role of TSLP in IL-13-induced atopic march. Sci Rep 2011; 1: 23 [PMID: 22355542]
114. Zhang Z, Hener P, Frossard N, Kato S, Metzger D, Li M, Chambon P. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin overproduced by keratinocytes in mouse skin aggravates experimental asthma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; 106: 1536-1541 [PMID: 19188585]
115. Ying S, O'Connor B, Ratoff J, Meng Q, Mallett K, Cousins D, Robinson D, Zhang G, Zhao J, Lee TH, Corrigan C. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression is increased in asthmatic airways and correlates with expression of Th2-attracting chemokines and disease severity. J Immunol 2005; 174: 8183-8190 [PMID: 15944327]
116. Nienhaus A, Kromark K, Raulf-Heimsoth M, van Kampen V, Merget R. Outcome of occupational latex allergy--work ability and quality of life. PLoS One 2008; 3: e3459 [PMID: 18941629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003459]
117. Zheng X, Yang Y, Zheng X, Zhou X, Ding W, Liu W. Correlation between the lung and large intestine from the microecological changes of lung and intestine flora. ZhongYi Zazhi 2011; 52: 865-867
118. Li D, Yang S, Chen R. Experimental study on the mechanism of protective effect of free Fu on gut-derived endotoxinmediated lung damage. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2004; 24: 528-530 [PMID: 15641712]