How Quickly We Forget: The Duration of Persuasion Effects From Mass Communication

Political Communication

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 521-547

  Hill, Seth J ^a   Lo, James ^b   Vavreck, Lynn ^c   Zaller, John ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANNHEIM   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

advertising; decay; elections; mass communication

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886426657     PISSN: 10584609     EISSN: 10917675     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10584609.2013.828143     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Althaus, S. L., Bramlett, B. H. and Gimpel, J. 2012. When war hits home: The geography of military losses and support for war in time and space. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56: 382 - 412.
2. Campbell, A., Converse, P., Miller, W. and Stokes, D. 1960. The American voter, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
3. Chong, D. and Druckman, J. N. 2010. Dynamics in mass communication effects research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Cook, T. D. and Flay, B. 1978. The persistence of experimentally induced attitude change. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 11: 1 - 57.
5. Cook, T. D. and Insko, C. 1968. Persistence of induced attitude change as a function of conclusion reexposure: A laboratory-field experiment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9: 322 - 328.
6. de Vreese, C. 2004. The effects of strategic news on political cynicism, issue evaluations, and policy support: A two-wave experiment. Mass Communication and Society, 7: 191 - 214.
7. Della Vigna, S. and Kaplan, E. 2007. The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122: 1187 - 1234.
8. Franz, M. M. and Ridout, T. N. 2010. Political advertising and persuasion in the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections. American Politics Research, 38: 303
9. Gaines, B. J., Kuklinski, J. H., Quirk, P. J., Peyton, B. and Verkuilen, J. 2007. Same facts, different interpretations: Partisan motivation and opinion on Iraq. Journal of Politics, 69: 957 - 974.
10. Gerber, A. S., Gimpel, J. G., Green, D. P. and Shaw, D. R. 2011. How large and long-lasting are the persuasive effects of televised campaign ads? Results from a randomized field experiment. American Political Science Review, 105: 135 - 150.
11. Goldstein, K. and Freedman, P. 2000. New evidence for new arguments: Money and advertising in the 1996 Senate elections. Journal of Politics, 62: 1087 - 1108.
12. Greenwald, A. G. 1968. " Cognitive learning, cognitive response to persuasion, and attitude change ". In Psychological foundations of attitudes (pp. 149-169), Edited by: Greenwald, A. C., Brock, T. C. and Ostrom, T. M. New York, NY: Academic Press.
13. Hastie, R. and Park, B. 1986. The relationship between memory and judgment depends on whether the judgment task is memory-based or online. Psychological Review, 93: 258
14. Hayes, A. F. and Myers, T. 2009. Testing the proximate casualties hypothesis: Local troop loss, attention to news, and support for military intervention. Mass Communication and Society, 12: 379 - 402.
15. Healy, A. J., Malhotra, N. and Mo, C. H. 2010. Irrelevant events affect voters' evaluations of government performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107: 12804 - 12809.
16. Hill, S. J., Lo, J., Vavreck, L. and Zaller, J. 2007. The opt-in Internet panel: Survey mode, sampling methodology and the implications for political research, Los Angeles.: University of California. Working paper
17. Huber, G. A. and Arceneaux, K. 2007. Identifying the persuasive effects of presidential advertising. American Journal of Political Science, 51: 957 - 977.
18. Iyengar, S. and Kinder, D. R. 1987. News that matters, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
19. Iyengar, S. and Simon, A. 2000. New perspectives and evidence on political communication and campaign effects. Annual Review of Psychology, 51: 149 - 169.
20. Jerit, J. and Barabas, J. 2010. Are survey experiments externally valid?. American Political Science Review, 104: 226 - 242.
21. Johnson, H. H. and Watkins, T. 1971. The effects of message on immediate and delayed attitude change. Psychonomic Science, 22: 101 - 103.
22. Johnston, R., Blais, A., Brady, H. and Crete, J. 1992. Letting the people decide: Dynamics of a Canadian election, Montreal Canada: McGill.
23. Johnston, R., Hagen, M. and Jamieson, K. H. 2004. The 2000 presidential election and the foundations of party politics, New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
24. Kelman, H. C and Hovland, C. I. 1953. "Reinstatement" of the communicator in delayed measurement of attitude change. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48: 327 - 335.
25. Kinder, D. R. 2003. " Communication and politics in the age of information ". In Oxford handbook of political psychology, 357 - 393. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
26. Klapper, J. T. 1960. The effects of mass communication, New York, NY: Free Press.
27. Lodge, M., McGraw, K. M. and Stroh, P. 1989. An impression-driven model of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 83: 399 - 419.
28. Lodge, M., Steenbergen, M. and Brau, S. 1995. The responsive voter: Campaign information and the dynamics of candidate evaluation. American Political Science Review, 89: 309 - 326.
29. Malhotra, N. and Krosnick, J. A. 2007. The effect of survey mode and sampling on inferences about political attitudes and behavior: Comparing the 2000 and 2004 ANES to Internet surveys with nonprobability samples. Political Analysis, 15: 286 - 323.
30. McGraw, K., Lodge, M. and Stroh, P. 1990. Online processing in candidate evaluation: The effects of issue order, issue importance, and sophistication. Political Behavior, 12: 41 - 58.
31. Mitchell, D.-G. 2012. It's about time: The lifespan of information effects in a multiweek campaign. American Journal of Political Science, 56: 298 - 311.
32. Mutz, D. and Reeves, B. 2005. The new video malaise: Effects of incivility on political trust. American Political Science Review, 99: 1 - 15.
33. Petty, R. E. and Cacioppo, J. T. 1985. Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion, New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.
34. Petty, R. E., Haugtvedt, C. and Smith, S. 1995. Elaboration as a determinant of attitude strength: Creating attitudes that are persistent, resistant, and predictive of behavior, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
35. Petty, R. E. and Wegener, D. T. 1998. " Attitude change: Multiple roles for persuasion variables ". In The handbook of social psychology, Edited by: Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T. and Lindzey, G. 323 - 390. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
36. Rivers, D., & Bailey, D. (2009). Inference from matched samples in the 2008 US national elections. http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf (http://www.amstat.org/sections/srms/proceedings/y2009/Files/303309.pdf)
37. Rokeach, M. 1975. Long-term attitude change initiated by computer feedback. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26: 453 - 459.
38. Rubin, D. C. and Wenzel, A. 1996. One hundred years of forgetting: A quantitative description of retention. Psychological Review, 103: 734 - 760.
39. Sanders, D., Clarke, H., Stewart, M. and Whiteley, P. 2007. Does mode matter for modeling political choice? Evidence from the 2005 British Election Study. Political Analysis, 15: 257 - 285.
40. Schopler, J., Gruder, C., Miller, M. and Rousseau, M. 1968. The endurance of persuasion induced by a reward and a coercive power figure. Human Relations, 20: 301 - 308.
41. Shaw, D. R. 1999. The effect of TV ads and candidate appearances on statewide presidential votes, 1988-96. American Political Science Review, 93: 345 - 361.
42. Shaw, D. R. 2006. The race to 270: The electoral college and the campaign strategies of 2000 and 2004, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
43. Sides, J. and Vavreck, L. 2013. The gamble: Choice and chance in the 2012 election, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
44. Vavreck, L. and Rivers, D. 2008. The 2006 Cooperative Congressional Election Study. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 18: 355 - 366.
45. Wand, J. N., Shotts, K., Sekhon, J., Mebane, W., Herron, M. and Brady, H. 2001. The butterfly did it: The aberrant vote for Buchanan in Palm Beach County, Florida. American Political Science Review, 95: 793 - 810.
46. Wilson, T. D., Lindsey, S. and Schooler, T. 2000. A model of dual attitudes. Psychological Review, 107: 101 - 126.
47. Zaller, J. 1996. " The myth of massive media impact revisited ". In Political persuasion and attitude change (pp. 17-79), Edited by: Mutz, D. C., Sniderman, P. M. and Brody, R. A. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.