Attachment: Developmental pathways to affective dysregulation in young people at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis

British Journal of Clinical Psychology

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 424-437

  Gajwani, Ruchika ^a   Patterson, Paul ^a,b   Birchwood, Max ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b BIRMINGHAM AND SOLIHULL MENTAL HEALTH NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Affective dysregulation; Attachment; Depression; Social anxiety; Ultra high risk of psychosis

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDER; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; OBJECT RELATION; PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; UNITED KINGDOM; YOUNG ADULT; AFFECTIVE DYSREGULATION; ARTICLE; ATTACHMENT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIAL ANXIETY; ULTRA-HIGH RISK OF PSYCHOSIS;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT; ADULT; AFFECT; ANXIETY; ANXIETY DISORDERS; DEPRESSION; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; MALE; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

AFFECTIVE DYSREGULATION; ATTACHMENT; DEPRESSION; SOCIAL ANXIETY; ULTRA-HIGH RISK OF PSYCHOSIS;

EID: 84886092279     PISSN: 01446657     EISSN: 20448260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12027     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Ainsworth, M. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., &, Wall, S., (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
2. Baron, R. M., &, Kenny, D. A., (1986). The moderator mediator variable distinction in social psychological-research-Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
3. Bartholomew, K., (1990). Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 7, 147-178. doi: 10.1177/0265407590072001
4. Bartholomew, K., (1997). Adult attachment processes: Individual and couple perspectives. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 70, 249-263. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8341.1997.tb01903.x
5. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., &, Steer, R. A., (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.56.6.893
6. Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., &, Emery, G., (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
7. Berry, K., Barrowclough, C., &, Wearden, A., (2007). A review of the role of adult attachment style in psychosis: Unexplored issues and questions for further research. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 458-475. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.006
8. Berry, K., Wearden, A., Barrowclough, C., &, Liversidge, T., (2006). Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences, 41, 707-718. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.009
9. Birchwood, M., (2003). Pathways to emotional dysfunction in first-episode psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 373-375. doi: 10.1192/bjp.182.5.373
10. Birchwood, M., Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Meaden, A., Hay, J.,., Miles, J. N., (2004). Interpersonal and role-related schema influence the relationship with the dominant 'voice' in schizophrenia: A comparison of three models. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1571-1580. doi: 10.1017/S0033291704002636
11. Birchwood, M., Trower, P., Brunet, K., Gilbert, P., Iqbal, Z., &, Jackson, C., (2007). Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: A study in first episode psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1025-1037. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.011
12. Bohlin, G., Hagekull, B., &, Rydell, A. M., (2000). Attachment and social functioning: A longitudinal study from infancy to middle childhood. Social Development, 9, 24-39. doi: 10.1111/1467-9507.00109
13. Bowlby, J., (1973). Attachment and loss: Anxiety and anger. In Attachment and loss: Vol. 2: Separation, anxiety and anger. London, UK: The Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis.
14. Bowlby, J., (1979). The making & breaking of affectional bonds. London, UK: Tavistock Publications.
15. Bowlby, J., (1980). Attachment and loss. Vol. 3: Sadness and depression. New York, NY: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J., (1982). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
17. Carlson, E. A., &, Sroufe, L. A., (1995). Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychology. In, D. Cicchetti, &, D. J. Cohen, (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 1: Theory and methods (pp. 581-617). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
18. Carnelley, K. B., Pietromonaco, P. R., &, Jaffe, K., (1994). Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 127-140. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.66.1.127
19. Collins, N. L., (1996). Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 810-832. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.71.4.810
20. Collins, N. L., &, Read, S. J., (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 644-663. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.58.4.644
21. Cougnard, A., Marcelis, M., Myin-Germeys, I., De Graaf, R., Vollebergh, W., Krabbendam, L.,., Van Os, J., (2007). Does normal developmental expression of psychosis combine with environmental risk to cause persistence of psychosis? A psychosis proneness-persistence model. Psychological Medicine, 37, 513-528. doi: 10.1017/S0033291706009731
22. Couture, S., Lecomte, T., &, Leclerc, C., (2007). Personality characteristics and attachment in first episode psychosis: Impact on social functioning. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 195, 631-639. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31811f4021
23. Cummings, E. M., &, Cicchetti, D., (1990). Toward a transactional model of relations between attachment and depression. In, M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti, &, E. M. Cummings, (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (pp. 339-372). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
24. Dozier, M., (1990). Attachment organization and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology, 2, 47-60. doi: 10.1017/S0954579400000584
25. Dozier, M., Stovall, K. C., &, Albus, K., (1999). Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In, J. Cassidy, &, P. R. Shaver, (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 497-519). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
26. Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Hart, T. A., Schneier, F. R., &, Liebowitz, M. R., (2001). Attachment in individuals with social anxiety disorder: The relationship among adult attachment styles, social anxiety, and depression. Emotion, 1, 365-380. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.365
27. Fisher, H. L., Appiah-Kusi, E., &, Grant, C., (2012). Anxiety and negative self-schemas mediate the association between childhood maltreatment and paranoia. Psychiatry Research, 196, 323-324. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.12. 004
28. Fonagy, P., (1999). Psychoanalytic theory from the viewpoint of attachment theory and research. In, J. Cassidy, &, P. R. Shaver, (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 595-624). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
29. Garety, P. A., Kuipers, E., Fowler, D., Freeman, D., &, Bebbington, P. E., (2001). A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 31, 189-195. doi: 10.1017/S0033291701003312
30. Gumley, A. I., &, MacBeth, A., (2006). A trauma-based model of relapse in psychosis. In, W. Larkin, &, A. P. Morrison, (Eds.), Trauma and psychosis: New directions for theory and therapy (pp. 283-304). Hove: Routledge.
31. Johnstone, E. C., Ebmeier, K. P., Miller, P., Owens, D. G. C., &, Lawrie, S. M., (2005). Predicting schizophrenia: Findings from the Edinburgh high-risk study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 18-25. doi: 10.1192/bjp.186.1.18
32. Lee, A., &, Hankin, B. L., (2009). Insecure attachment, dysfunctional attitudes, and low self-esteem predicting prospective symptoms of depression and anxiety during adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 38, 219-231. doi: 10.1080/15374410802698396
33. Mattick, R. P., &, Clarke, J. C., (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
34. McGlashan, T. H., Miller, T. J., Woods, S. C., Rosen, J. L., Hoffman, R. E., &, Davidson, L., (2002). Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (version 3.1). New Haven, CT: PRIME Research Clinic, Yale School of Medicine.
35. Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., &, Pereg, D., (2003). Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 77-102.
36. Miller, T. J., McGlashan, T. H., Rosen, J. L., Somjee, L., Markovich, P. J., Stein, K., &, Woods, S. W., (2002). Prospective diagnosis of the initial prodrome for schizophrenia based on the structured interview for prodromal syndromes: Preliminary evidence of inter-rater reliability and predictive validity. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159 (5), 863-865. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.863
37. Morrison, A. P., French, P., Stewart, S. L., Birchwood, M., Fowler, D., Gumley, A. I.,., Dunn, G., (2012). Early detection and intervention evaluation for people at risk of psychosis: Multisite randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal, 344, e2233. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e2233
38. Muris, P., Meesters, C., van Melick, M., &, Zwambag, L., (2001). Self-reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 809-818. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00074-X
39. Murphy, B., &, Bates, G. W., (1997). Adult attachment style and vulnerability to depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 22, 835-844. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(96)00277-2
40. Owens, K. A., Haddock, G., &, Berry, K., (2012). The role of the therapeutic alliance in the regulation of emotion in psychosis: An attachment perspective. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1002/cpp.1793
41. Owens, D. G. C., Miller, P., Lawrie, S. M., &, Johnstone, E. C., (2005). Pathogenesis of schizophrenia: A psychopathological perspective. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 386-393. doi: 10.1192/bjp.186.5.386
42. Parker, G., Roussos, J., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., Mitchell, P., Wilhelm, K., &, Austin, M. P., (1997). The development of a refined measure of dysfunctional parenting and assessment of its relevance in patients with affective disorders. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1193-1203. doi: 10.1017/S003329179700545X
43. Peters, L., (2000). Discriminant validity of the Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory (SPAI), the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 943-950. doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00131-X
44. Read, J., &, Gumley, A., (2008). Can attachment theory help explain the relationship between childhood adversity and psychosis? Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis, 2, 1-35.
45. Reinecke, M. A., &, Rogers, G. M., (2001). Dysfunctional attitudes and attachment style among clinically depressed adults. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 129-141. doi: 10.1017/S1352465801002016
46. Richter, P., Werner, J., Heerlein, A., Kraus, A., &, Sauer, H., (1998). On the validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-A review. Psychopathology, 31, 160-168. doi: 10.1159/000066239
47. Roberts, J. E., Gotlib, I. H., &, Kassel, J. D., (1996). Adult attachment security and symptoms of depression: The mediating roles of dysfunctional attitudes and low self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 310-320. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.310
48. Rosenstein, D. S., &, Horowitz, H. A., (1996). Adolescent attachment and psychopathology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 244-253. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.244
49. Schutters, S. I., Dominguez, M., Knappe, S., Lieb, R., van Os, J., Schruers, K. R. J., &, Wittchen, H. U., (2012). The association between social phobia, social anxiety cognitions and paranoid symptoms. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 125, 213-227. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01787.x
50. Shorter, E., &, Tyrer, P., (2003). Separation of anxiety and depressive disorders: Blind alley in psychopharmacology and classification of disease. British Medical Journal, 327, 158-160. doi: 10.1136/bmj.327.7407.158
51. Sroufe, L. A., Carlson, E. A., Levy, A. K., &, Egeland, B., (1999). Implications of attachment theory for developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 1-13. doi: 10.1017/S0954579499001923
52. Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., Muller, N., Hofler, M., Lieb, R., &, Wittchen, H. U., (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression-A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 251-256. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251
53. Stein, H., Koontz, A. D., Fonagy, P., Allen, J. G., Fultz, J., Brethour, J. R.,., Evans, R. B., (2002). Adult attachment: What are the underlying dimensions? Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 75, 77-91. doi: 10.1348/147608302169562
54. Tait, L., Birchwood, M., &, Trower, P., (2004). Adapting to the challenge of psychosis: Personal resilience and the use of sealing-over (avoidant) coping strategies. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 410-415. doi: 10.1192/bjp.185.5.410
55. Thompson, R. A., (1999). Early attachment and later development. In, J. Cassidy, &, P. R. Shaver, (Eds.), Handbook of attachment (pp. 265-286). New York, NY: Guilford.
56. van IJzendoorn, M. H., &, Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., (1997). Intergenerational transmission of attachment: A move to the contextual level. In, L. D. Atkinson, &, K. J. Zucker, (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 135-168). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
57. van Os, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R. V., De Graaf, R., &, Verdoux, H., (2002). Cannabis use and psychosis: A longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156, 319-327. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf043
58. Warren, S. L., Huston, L., Egeland, B., &, Sroufe, L. A., (1997). Child and adolescent anxiety disorders and early attachment. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 637-644. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199705000-00014
59. Wigman, J. T., van Nierop, M., Vollebergh, W. A., Lieb, R., Beesdo-Baum, K., Wittchen, H. U., &, van Os, J., (2012). Evidence that psychotic symptoms are prevalent in disorders of anxiety and depression, impacting on illness onset, risk, and severity-Implications for diagnosis and ultra-high risk research. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38, 247-257. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbr196
60. Yung, A. R., Phillips, L. J., Yuen, H. P., Francey, S. M., McFarlane, C. A., Hallgren, M., &, McGorry, P. D., (2003). Psychosis prediction: 12-month follow up of a high-risk ("prodromal") group. Schizophrenia Research, 60, 21-32. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00167-6