A review of the role of adult attachment style in psychosis: Unexplored issues and questions for further research

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 27, Issue 4, 2007, Pages 458-475

  Berry, Katherine ^a   Barrowclough, Christine ^a   Wearden, Alison ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Attachment styles; Attachment theory; Measurement; Psychosis; Review; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

ADULT; CONCEPT FORMATION; COPING BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SELF CONCEPT; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY;

CULTURE; HUMANS; INDIVIDUALITY; INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS; OBJECT ATTACHMENT; PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY; PSYCHOPATHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; REACTIVE ATTACHMENT DISORDER; RESEARCH; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY;

EID: 33947260620     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.09.006     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Adshead G. Psychiatric staff as attachment figures. Understanding management problems in psychiatric services in the light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry 172 (1998) 64-69
2. Ainsworth M.D.S., Blehar M.C., Waters E., and Wall S. Patterns of attachment: Psychological study of the strange situation (1978), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
3. Amador X., Flaum M., Andreasen N.C., Strauss D.H., Yale S.A., Clark S.C., et al. Awareness of illness in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 51 (1994) 826-836
4. Andreasen N.C., Flaum M., Swayze V.W., Tyrrell G., and Arndt S. Positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A critical appraisal. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 615-621
5. Baker B., Helmes E., and Kazarian S.S. Past and present perceived attitudes of schizophrenics in relation to rehospitalization. British Journal of Psychiatry 144 (1984) 263-269
6. Banai E., Weller A., and Mikulincer M. Inter-judge agreement in evaluation of adult attachment style: The impact of acquaintanceship. British Journal of Social Psychology 37 (1998) 95-109
7. Barrowclough C., Haddock G., Lowens I., Conner A., Pidliswyi J., and Tracey N. Staff expressed emotion and causal attributions for client problems on a low security unit: An exploratory study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 27 (2001) 517-526
8. Barrowclough C., and Hooley J.M. Attributions and expressed emotion: A review. Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 849-880
9. Barrowclough C., Tarrier N., Andrews B., Humphreys L., Ward J., and Gregg L. Self-esteem in schizophrenia: Relationships between self-evaluation, family attitudes, and symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 (2003) 92-99
10. Bartholomew K. Avoidance of intimacy: An attachment perspective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 7 (1990) 147-178
11. Bartholomew K. Adult attachment processes: Individual and couple perspectives. British Journal of Medical Psychology 70 (1997) 249-263
12. Bartholomew K., and Horowitz L.M. Attachment styles among young adults. A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991) 226-244
13. Belsky J., and Nezworski T. Clinical implications of attachment (1988), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
14. Bentall R.P., Corcoran R., Howard R., Blackwood R., and Kinderman P. Persecutory delusions: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review 21 (2001) 1143-1192
15. Berry K., Wearden A., Barrowclough C., and Liversidge T. Attachment styles, interpersonal relationships and psychotic phenomena in a non-clinical student sample. Personality and Individual Differences 41 (2006) 707-718
16. Birchwood M., and Chadwick P. The omnipotence of voices: Testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychological Medicine 27 (1997) 1345-1353
17. Birchwood M., Meaden A., Trower P., Gilbert P., and Plaistow J. The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine 30 (2000) 337-344
18. Bolen R.M. Validity of attachment theory. Trauma, Violence and Abuse 1 (2000) 128-153
19. Bowins B., and Shugar G. Delusions and self-esteem. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43 (1998) 154-158
20. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 2. Separation (1973), Basic Books, New York
21. Bowlby J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds I. Aetiology and psychopathology in light of attachment theory. British Journal of Psychiatry 130 (1977) 201-210
22. Bowlby J. The making and breaking of affectional bonds (1979), Tavistock, London
23. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 3. Loss (1980), Basic Books, New York
24. Bowlby J. Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. (2nd ed.) (1982), Basic Books, New York
25. Brennan K.A., and Shaver P.R. Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and romantic relationship functioning. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 267-283
26. Bretherton I., and Munholland K.A. Internal working models in attachment relationships. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 497-519
27. Butzlaff R.L., and Hooley J.M. Expressed emotion and psychiatric relapse: A meta-analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry 55 (1998) 547-552
28. Carnelley K.B., Pietromonaco P.R., and Jaffe K. Depression, working models of others, and relationship functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (1994) 127-140
29. Cassidy J. The nature of the child's ties. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 3-20
30. Collins N.L. Working models of attachment: Implications for explanation, emotion, and behaviour. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (1996) 810-832
31. Collins N.L., and Read S.J. Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1990) 644-663
32. Cook W.L. Understanding attachment security in family context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 285-294
33. Crowell J.A., Fraley R.C., and Shaver P.R. Measurement of individual differences in adolescent and adult attachment. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical Applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 434-465
34. Crowell J.A., and Treboux D. A review of adult attachment measures: Implications for theory and research. Social Development 4 (1995) 294-327
35. Diamond D., and Doane J.A. Disturbed attachment and negative affective style: An intergenerational spiral. British Journal of Psychiatry 164 (1994) 770-781
36. Difilippo J.M., and Overholser J.C. Depression, adult attachment, and recollections of parental caring during childhood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 190 (2002) 663-669
37. Doering S., Mueller E., Koepcke W., Pietzcker A., Gaebel W., Linden M., et al. Predictors of relapse and rehospitalisation in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Schizophrenia Bulletin 24 (1998) 87-98
38. Dolan R.T., Arnkoff D.B., and Glass C.R. Client attachment style and the psychotherapist's interpersonal stance. Psychotherapy 30 (1993) 408-412
39. Dozier M. Attachment organisation and treatment use for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychotherapy 2 (1990) 47-60
40. Dozier M., Cue K.L., and Barnett L. Clinicians as caregivers: Role of attachment organisation in treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62 (1994) 793-800
41. Dozier M., and Lee S. Discrepancies between self- and other- report of psychiatric symptomatology: Effects of dismissing attachment strategies. Development and Psychopathology 7 (1995) 217-226
42. Dozier M., Lomax L., Tyrrell C.L., and Lee S.W. The challenge of treatment for clients with dismissing states of mind. Attachment and Human Development 3 (2001) 62-76
43. Dozier M., Stevenson A.L., Lee S.W., and Velligan D.I. Attachment organization and familial overinvolvement for adults with serious psychopathological disorders. Development and Psychopathology 3 (1991) 475-489
44. Dozier M., Stovall K.C., and Albus K.E. Attachment and psychopathology in adulthood. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 497-519
45. Drayton M., Birchwood M., and Trower P. Early attachment experience and recovery from psychosis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 37 (1998) 269-284
46. Dunkle J.H., and Friedlander M.L. Contribution of therapist experience and personal characteristics to the working alliance. Journal of Counseling Psychology 43 (1996) 456-460
47. Farber B.A., Lippert R.A., and Nevas D.B. The therapist as attachment figure. Psychotherapy 32 (1995) 204-212
48. Fonagy P., Leigh T., Steele M., Steele H., Kennedy R., Mattoon G., et al. The relation of attachment status, psychiatric classification, and response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64 (1996) 22-31
49. Fowler D. Cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. From understanding to treatment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Skills 4 (2000) 199-215
50. Frank A.F., and Gunderson J.G. The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 47 (1990) 228-236
51. Garety P.A., and Freeman D. Cognitive approaches to delusions: A critical review of theories and evidence. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 38 (1999) 113-154
52. Garety P.A., Kuipers E., Fowler D., Freeman D., and Bebbington P.E. A cognitive model of the positive symptoms of psychosis. Psychological Medicine 31 (2001) 189-195
53. Goodwin I. The relevance of attachment theory to the philosophy, organization and practice of adult mental health services. Clinical Psychology Review 23 (2003) 35-56
54. Griffin D., and Bartholomew K. Metaphysics of measurement: The case of adult attachment. In: Bartholomew K., and Perlman D. (Eds). Advances in personal relationships: Vol 5. Attachment processes in adulthood (1994), Jessica Kingsley, London 17-52
55. Griffin D., and Bartholomew K. Models of self and other: Fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 67 (1994) 430-445
56. Hamilton C.E. Continuity and discontinuity of attachment from infancy through adolescence. Child Development 71 (2000) 690-694
57. Harvey P.D. Vulnerability to schizophrenia. In: Ingram R.E., and Price J.M. (Eds). Vulnerability to psychopathology: Risk across the lifespan (2001), Guilford Press, New York 355-365
58. Hazan C., and Shaver P. Romantic love conceptualised as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (1987) 511-524
59. Hesse E. The Adult Attachment Interview: Historical and current perspectives. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 395-433
60. Hooley J.M., and Hiller J.B. Personality and expressed emotion. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 109 (2000) 40-44
61. Horowitz L.M., Rosenberg S.E., and Bartholomew K. Interpersonal problems, attachment styles, and outcome in brief dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 61 (1993) 549-560
62. Jacobsen T., Hibbs E., and Ziegenhain U. Maternal expressed emotion related to attachment disorganization in early childhood: A preliminary report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 41 (2000) 899-906
63. Kirkpatrick L.A., and Hazan C. Attachment styles and close relationships: A four-year prospective study. Personal Relationships 1 (1994) 123-142
64. Klohnen E.C., and Bera S. Behavioural and experiential patterns of avoidantly and securely attached women across adulthood: A 30-year longitudinal perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998) 230-250
65. Kobak, R.R. (in press). The Attachment Q-Sort. Unpublished manuscript, University of Delaware.
66. Korfmacher J., Adam E., Ogawa J., and Egeland B. Adult attachment: Implications for the therapeutic process in a home visitation intervention. Applied Development Science 1 (1997) 43-52
67. Krabbendam L., Janssen I., Bak M., Bijl R.V., de Graaf R., and van Os. Neuroticism and low self-esteem as risk factors for psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 37 (2002) 1-6
68. Lebell M.B., Marder S.R., Mintz J., Mintz L.I., Tompson M., Wirshing W., et al. Patients' perceptions of family emotional climate and outcome in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 162 (1993) 751-754
69. Magana A.B., Goldstein M.J., Karno M., Milkowitz D.J., Jenkins J., and Falloon I.R.H. A brief method for assessing expressed emotion in relatives of psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Research 17 (1986) 203-212
70. Main M., Kaplan N., and Cassidy J. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. In: Bretherton I., and Waters E. (Eds). Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development Vol. 50 (1985) 66-104
71. Mallinckrodt B. Attachment, social competencies, social support, and interpersonal processes in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research 10 (2000) 239-266
72. Mason O., Startup M., Halpin S., Schall U., Conrad A., and Carr V. Risk factors for transition to first episode psychosis amongst individuals with 'at risk mental states'. Schizophrenia Research 71 (2004) 227-237
73. McGlashan T.H. Recovery style from mental illness and long-term outcome. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 175 (1987) 681-685
74. Mickelson K.D., Kessler R.C., and Shaver P.R. Adult attachment in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 73 (1997) 1092-1106
75. Mikulincer M., and Florian V. The relationship between adult attachment styles and emotional and cognitive reactions to stressful events. In: Simpson J.A., and Rholes W.S. (Eds). Attachment theory and close relationships (1998), Guilford Press, London 143-165
76. Mikulincer M., Shaver P.R., and Pereg D. Attachment theory and affect regulation: The dynamics, development, and cognitive consequences of attachment-related strategies. Motivation and Emotion 27 (2003) 77-102
77. Morrison A.P., Bowe S., Larkin W., and Nothard S. The psychological impact of admission: Some preliminary findings. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 187 (1999) 250-253
78. Muller R.T., Lemieux K.E., and Sicoli L.A. Attachment and psychopathology among formerly maltreated adults. Journal of Family Violence 16 (2001) 151-169
79. Mueser K.T., Goodman L.B., Trumbetta S.L., Rosenberg S.D., Osher F.C., Vidaver R., et al. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 493-499
80. Nuechterlein K.H., and Dawson M.E. A heuristic vulnerability stress model of schizophrenic episodes. Schizophrenia Bulletin 10 (1984) 300-312
81. Onstad S., Skre I., Torgersen S., and Kringlen E. Family interaction: Parental representation in schizophrenic patient. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 90 (1994) 67-70 (Suppl.)
82. Paley G., Shapiro D.A., and Worrall-Davies A. Familial origins of expressed emotion in relatives of people with schizophrenia. Journal of Mental Health 9 (2000) 655-663
83. Parker G., and Mater R. Predicting schizophrenic relapse: A comparison of two measures. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 20 (1986) 82-86
84. Parker J.G., Fairley M., Greenwood J., Jurd S., and Silove D. Parental representation of schizophrenics and their association with onset and course of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 141 (1982) 573-581
85. Parker G., Roussos J., Hadzi-Pavlovic D., Mitchell P., Wilhelm K., and Austin M.P. The development of a refined measure of dysfunctional parenting and assessment of its relevance in patients with affective disorder. Psychological Medicine 27 (1997) 1193-1203
86. Parker G., Tupling H., and Brown L.B. A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology 52 (1979) 1-10
87. Patterson P., Birchwood M., and Cochrane R. Preventing the entrenchment of high expressed emotion in first episode psychosis. Early developmental attachment pathways. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34 (2000) 191-197 (Suppl.)
88. Penn D.L., Corrigan P.W., Bentall R.P., Racenstein J.M., and Newman L. Social cognition in schizophrenia. Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997) 114-132
89. Penn D.L., Mueser K.T., Tarrier N., Gloege A., Cather C., Serrano D., et al. Supportive therapy for schizophrenia. Possible mechanisms and implications for adjunctive psychosocial treatments. Schizophrenia Bulletin 30 (2004) 101-112
90. Pietromonaco P.R., and Feldman Barrett L. The internal working models concept: What do we really know about the self in relation to others?. Review of General Psychology 4 (2000) 155-175
91. Platts H., Tyson M., and Mason O. Adult attachment style and core beliefs: Are they linked?. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy 9 (2002) 332-348
92. Provencher H.L., and Mueser K.T. Positive and negative symptom behaviours and caregiver burden in the relatives of persons with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 26 (1997) 71-80
93. Read J., Perry B.D., Moskowitz A., and Connolly J. The contribution of early traumatic events to schizophrenia in some patients: A traumagenic neurodevelopmental model. Psychiatry 64 (2001) 319-345
94. Rooke O., and Birchwood M. Loss, humiliation and entrapment as appraisals of schizophrenic illness: A prospective study of depressed and non-depressed patients. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 37 (1998) 259-268
95. Sable P. Disorders of adult attachment. Psychotherapy: Theory, research, practice and training 34 (1992) 286-296
96. Scharfe E., and Bartholomew K. Reliability and stability of adult attachment patterns. Personal Relationships 1 (1994) 23-43
97. Shaver P.R., and Brennan K.A. Attachment styles and the "Big Five" personality traits: Their connections with each other and with romantic relationship outcomes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 18 (1992) 536-545
98. Simpson J.A., and Rholes W.S. Attachment in adulthood. In: Simpson J.A., and Rholes W.S. (Eds). Attachment theory and close relationships (1998), Guilford Press, London 4-19
99. Slade A. Attachment theory and research: Implications for the theory and practice of individual psychotherapy with adults. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 575-594
100. Svensson B., and Hansson L. Therapeutic alliance in cognitive therapy for schizophrenia and other long-term mentally ill patients: Development and relationship to outcome in an in-patient treatment programme. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 99 (1999) 281-287
101. Tait L., Birchwood M., and Trower P. A new scale (SES) to measure engagement with community mental health services. Journal of Mental Health 11 (2002) 191-198
102. Tait L., Birchwood M., and Trower P. Adapting to the challenge of psychosis: Personal resilience and the use of sealing-over (avoidant) coping strategies. British Journal of Psychiatry 185 (2004) 410-415
103. Tarrier N., and Turpin G. Psychosocial factors, arousal and schizophrenic relapse. The physiological data. British Journal of Psychiatry 161 (1992) 3-11
104. Tattan T., and Tarrier N. The expressed emotion of case managers of the seriously mentally ill: The influence of expressed emotion on clinical outcomes. Psychological Medicine 30 (2000) 195-204
105. Trower P., and Chadwick P. Pathways to defense of self: A theory of two types of paranoia. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 2 (1995) 263-278
106. Tyrrell C.L., Dozier M., Teague G.B., and Fallot R.D. Effective treatment relationships for person with serious psychiatric disorders: The importance of attachment states of mind. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1999) 725-733
107. van Buren A., and Cooley E.L. Attachment styles, view of self and negative affect. North American Journal of Psychology 4 (2002) 417-430
108. Warner R., and Atkinson M. The relationship between schizophrenic patients' perceptions of their parents and the course of their illness. British Journal of Psychiatry 153 (1988) 344-353
109. Waters E., Merrick S., Treboux D., Crowell J., and Albersheim L. Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development 71 (2000) 684-689
110. Wearden A.J., Tarrier N., Barrowclough C., Zastowny T.R., and Rahill A.A. A review of expressed emotion research in health care. Clinical Psychology Review 20 (2000) 633-666
111. Weinfield N.S., Sroufe L.A., Egeland B., and Carlson E.A. The nature of individual differences in infant-caregiver attachment. In: Cassidy J., and Shaver P.R. (Eds). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (1999), Guilford Press, New York 68-88
112. Willinger U., Heiden A.M., Meszaros K., Formann A.K., and Aschauer H.N. Maternal bonding behaviour in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, considering premorbid personality traits. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36 (2002) 663-668
113. Wilson J.S., and Costanzo P.R. A preliminary study of attachment, attention, and schizotypy in early adulthood. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 15 (1996) 231-260
114. Winther Helgeland M.I., and Torgersen S. Maternal representation of patients with schizophrenia as measured by the parental bonding instrument. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 38 (1997) 39-43