Parenting as a Cause of Narcissism: Empirical Support for Psychodynamic and Social Learning Theories

The Handbook of Narcissism and Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Theoretical Approaches, Empirical Findings, and Treatments

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 181-190

  Horton, Robert S ^a  

^a WABASH COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child narcissism; Parenting; Psychodynamic; Social learning

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886081018     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118093108.ch16     Document Type: Chapter

References (55)

1. Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319.
2. Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. E., & Shagle, S. C. (1994). Associations between parental psychological control and behavioral control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1120-1136.
3. Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., Adler, K. K., & Grafeman, S. J. (2007). The predictive utility of narcissism among children and adolescents: Evidence for a distinction between adaptive and maladaptive narcissism. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 508-521.
4. Barry, C. T., Frick, P. J., & Killian, A. L. (2003). The relation of narcissism and self-esteem to conduct problems in children: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 139-152.
5. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns in parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4, 101-103.
6. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56-95.
7. Brown, R. P., Budzek, K., Tamborski, M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 951-964.
8. Bushman, B. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, self-esteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 219-229.
9. Campbell, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83, 29-45.
10. Capron, E. W. (2004). Types of pampering and the narcissistic personality trait. Journal of Individual Psychology, 60, 76-93.
11. Clarke-Stewart, K. A. (1973). Interactions between mothers and their young children: Characteristics and consequences. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 38 (5-6, Serial No. 153).
12. Cummings, E. M., Davies, P. T., & Campbell, S. B. (2000). Developmental psychopathology and family process: Theory, research, and clinical implications. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
13. Emmons, R. A. (1987). Narcissism: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 11-17.
14. Exline, J. J., Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., Campbell, W. K., & Finkel, E. J. (2004). Too proud to let go: Narcissistic entitlement as a barrier to forgiveness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 894-912.
15. Freeman, E., & Twenge, J. (2010, January). Using Myspace increases the endorsement of narcissistic personality traits. Poster session presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychologists, Las Vegas, NV.
16. Freud, S. (1914). On narcissism: An introduction. Republished in J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.).(1957). Standard edition (Vol. 14, pp. 73-102). London, England: Hogarth Press.
17. Grolnick, W. S. (2003). The psychology of parental control: How well-meant parenting backfires. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
18. Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's narcissism scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
19. Herman, M. R., Dornbusch, S. M., Herron, M. C., & Harting, J. R. (1997). The influence of family regulation, connection, and psychological autonomy on six measures of adolescent functioning. Journal of Adolescent Research, 12, 34-67.
20. Horney, K. (1939). New ways in psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Norton.
21. Horton, R. S. (2009). [A prospective investigation of parenting and child narcissism]. Unpublished raw data.
22. Horton, R. S. (2010). [Psychological control predicts self and teacher reported narcissism in an elementary school sample]. Unpublished raw data.
23. Horton, R. S., Bleau, G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism? Journal of Personality, 74, 345-376.
24. Horton, R. S., Moss, D., Barber, J. M., & Green, J. D. (2010, January). The reality of narcissism: Does reality TV create narcissists or vice versa? In R. Brown & W. K. Campbell (Chairs), Understanding narcissism: Modern, empirical approaches to classic controversies. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychologists, Las Vegas, NV.
25. Hyler, S. E. (1994). Personality diagnostic questionnaire-4 (PDQ-4) [Unpublished test]. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
26. Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
27. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of self. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
28. Loeb, R. C., Horst, L., & Horton, P. J. (1980). Family interaction patterns associated with self-esteem in pre-adolescent girls and boys. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 26, 203-217.
29. Maccoby, E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), P. H. Munsen (Series Ed.),Handbook of psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 1-101). New York, NY: Wiley.
30. Miller, A. (1979). Depression and grandiosity as related forms of narcissistic disturbance. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 60(1), 61-76.
31. Miller, A., & Ward, R. (1981). Prisoners of childhood: The drama of the gifted child and the search for the true self. New York, NY: Basic Books.
32. Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 73, 449-476.
33. Miller, J. D., Dir, A., Gentile, B., Wilson, L., Pryor, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (in press). Searching for a vulnerable dark triad: Comparing factor 2 psychopathy, vulnerable narcissism, and borderline personality disorder. Journal of Personality.
34. Millon, T. (1981). Disorders of personality. New York, NY: Wiley.
35. Morris, A. S., Steinberg, L., Sessa, F. M., Avenevoli, S., Silk, J. S., & Essex, M. J. (2002). Measuring children's perceptions of psychological control: Developmental and conceptual considerations. In B. S. Barber (Ed.),Intrusive parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents (pp. 125-159). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
36. O'Brien, M. L. (1987). Examining the dimensionality of pathological narcissism: Factor analysis and construct validity of the O'Brien multiphasic narcissism inventory. Psychological Reports, 61, 499-510.
37. Otway, L. J., & Vignoles, V. L. (2006). Narcissism and childhood recollections: A qualitative test of psychoanalytic predictions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32, 104-116.
38. Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G. C., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379.
39. Ramsey, A., Watson, P. J., Biderman, M. D., & Reeves, A. L. (1996). Self-reported narcissism and perceived parental permissiveness and authoritarianism. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 157, 227-238.
40. Raskin, R., & Hall, C. S. (1979). A narcissistic personality inventory. Psychological Reports, 45, 590.
41. Raskin, R., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal-components analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory and further evidence of its construct validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902.
42. Rosenthal, S. A., Hooley, J. M., & Steshenko, Y. (2007). Distinguishing grandiosity from self-esteem: Development of the Narcissistic Grandisoity Scale. Unpublished manuscript.
43. Rothstein, A. (1979). The theory of narcissism: An object-relations perspective. Psychoanalytic Review, 66, 35-47.
44. Sedikides, C., Rudich, E. A., Gregg, A. P., Kumashiro, M., & Rusbult, C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy?: Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87, 400-416.
45. Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization considered. Child Development, 42, 1057-1069.
46. Steinberg, L., Elmen, J. D., & Mounts, N. S. (1989). Authoritative parenting, psychosocial maturity, and academic success among adolescents. Child Development, 60, 1424-1436.
47. Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754-770.
48. Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Bushman, B. J., Olthof, T., & Denissen, J. (2008). Development and validation of the childhood narcissism scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 90, 382-391.
49. Twenge, J. M. (2006). Generation me: Why today's young Americans are more confident, assertive, entitled- and more miserable than ever before. New York, NY: Free Press.
50. Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K., (2010). Birth cohort differences in the monitoring the future dataset and elsewhere: Further evidence for generation me- Commentary on Trzesniewski & Donnellan (2010). Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 81-88.
51. Trzesniewski, K. H., & Donnellan, M. B. (2010). Rethinking "Generation Me": A study of cohort effects from 1976-2006. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 58-75.
52. Vernon, P. A., Villani, V. C., Vickers, L. C., & Harris, J. A. (2008). A behavioral genetic investigation of the dark triad and the big 5. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 445-452.
53. Watson, P. J., & Biderman, M. D. (1993). Narcissistic personality inventory factors, splitting, and self-consciousness. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 41-57.
54. Watson, P. J., Hickman, S. E., Morris, R. J., Milliron, J. T., & Whiting, L. (1995). Narcissism, self-esteem, and parental nurturance. The Journal of Psychology, 129, 61-73.
55. Watson, P. J., Little, T., & Biderman, M. D. (1992). Narcissism and parenting styles. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9, 231-244.