Heterogeneous formation of nitryl chloride and its role as a nocturnal NOx reservoir species during CalNex-LA 2010

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 118, Issue 18, 2013, Pages 10,638-10,652

  Mielke, L H ^a,b   Stutz, J ^c   Tsai, C ^c   Hurlock, S C ^c   Roberts, J M ^d   Veres, P R ^d,e,f   Froyd, K D ^d,e   Hayes, P L ^e   Cubison, M J ^e   Jimenez, J L ^e   Washenfelder, R A ^d,e   Young, C J ^d,e,g   Gilman, J B ^d,e   De Gouw, J A ^d,e   Flynn, J H ^h   Grossberg, N ^h   Lefer, B L ^h   Liu, J ⁱ   Weber, R J ⁱ   Osthoff, H D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF INDIANAPOLIS   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^f MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^g MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^h University of Houston   (United States)

ⁱ GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Field measurements; nitrogen oxides; Nitryl chloride; nocturnal chemistry

Indexed keywords

AEROSOLS; MEASUREMENTS; NITROGEN OXIDES;

AEROSOL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; COMPREHENSIVE MEASUREMENT; DINITROGEN PENTOXIDE; FIELD MEASUREMENT; HETEROGENEOUS FORMATION; LIQUID WATER CONTENT; NITRYL CHLORIDE; PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY;

CHLORINE COMPOUNDS;

AEROSOL; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; FIELD METHOD; HETEROGENEITY; MEASUREMENT METHOD; NOCTURNAL ACTIVITY; PARTICLE SIZE; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; REGIONAL CLIMATE;

CALIFORNIA; PASADENA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84886052567     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21698996     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jgrd.50783     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Abbatt, J. P. D., A. K. Y. Lee, and, J. A. Thornton, (2012), Quantifying trace gas uptake to tropospheric aerosol: Recent advances and remaining challenges, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6555-6581, doi: 10.1039/c2cs35052a.
2. 5, J. Phys. Chem. A, 110, 10,435-10,443, doi: 10.1021/jp062403c.
3. 5 on NaCl aerosol, J. Aerosol Sci., 22, S609-S612, doi: 10.1016/S0021-8502(05)80175-2.
4. 5 with NaCl solution: Bulk and aerosol experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 102 (D3), 3795-3804, doi: 10.1029/96JD03057.
5. 5 reactivity on aqueous particles: The competing effects of particle liquid water, nitrate and chloride, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8351-8363, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-8351-2009.
6. 5 reactivity on ambient particles, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 231-242, doi: 10.5194/amt-2-231-2009.
7. 5 reactivity on ambient aerosol particles, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L19803, doi: 10.1029/2009GL040248.
8. Bertram, A. K., S. T. Martin, S. J. Hanna, M. L. Smith, A. Bodsworth, Q. Chen, M. Kuwata, A. Liu, Y. You, and, S. R. Zorn, (2011), Predicting the relative humidities of liquid-liquid phase separation, efflorescence, and deliquescence of mixed particles of ammonium sulfate, organic material, and water using the organic-to-sulfate mass ratio of the particle and the oxygen-to-carbon elemental ratio of the organic component, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10,995-11,006, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-10995-2011.
9. Brown, S. S., and, J. Stutz, (2012), Nighttime radical observations and chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 6405-6447, doi: 10.1039/c2cs35181a.
10. 5, J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D17), 4539, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003407.
11. x in the summer marine boundary layer, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L07108, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019412.
12. Brown, S. S., et al. (2006), Variability in nocturnal nitrogen oxide processing and its role in regional air quality, Science, 311, 67-70, doi: 10.1126/science.1120120.
13. 5 determined from aircraft measurements during the Second Texas Air Quality Study: Comparison to current model parameterizations, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F10, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011679.
14. 5: A review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 45, 655-685, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2010.551672.
15. 2O at tropospheric temperatures, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102, 2137-2154, doi: 10.1021/jp973042r.
16. Cross, E. S., J. G. Slowik, P. Davidovits, J. D. Allan, D. R. Worsnop, J. T. Jayne, D. K. Lewis, M. Canagaratna, and, T. B. Onasch, (2007), Laboratory and ambient particle density determinations using light scattering in conjunction with aerosol mass spectrometry, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 41, 343-359, doi: 10.1080/02786820701199736.
17. Darer, A. I., N. C. Cole-Filipiak, A. E. O'Connor, and, M. J. Elrod, (2011), Formation and stability of atmospherically relevant isoprene-derived organosulfates and organonitrates, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1895-1902, doi: 10.1021/es103797z.
18. y", J. Geophys. Res., 108 (D16), D164501, doi: 10.1029/162003JD003685.
19. Day, D. A., S. Liu, L. M. Russell, and, P. J. Ziemann, (2010), Organonitrate group concentrations in submicron particles with high nitrate and organic fractions in coastal southern California, Atmos. Environ., 44, 1970-1979, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.045.
20. DeCarlo, P. F., et al. (2006), Field-deployable, high-resolution, time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer, Anal. Chem., 78, 8281-8289, doi: 10.1021/ac061249n.
21. 2, Nature, 337 (6204), 241-244, doi: 10.1038/337241a0.
22. Flocke, F. M., A. J. Weinheimer, A. L. Swanson, J. M. Roberts, R. Schmitt, and, S. Shertz, (2005), On the measurement of PANs by gas chromatography and electron capture detection, J. Atmos. Chem., 52 (1), 19-43, doi: 10.1007/s10874-005-6772-0.
23. 5, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30 (12), 1644, doi: 10.1029/2003GL017168.
24. 2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102 (8), 1329-1337, doi: 10.1021/jp973044b.
25. Froyd, K. D., D. M. Murphy, T. J. Sanford, D. S. Thomson, J. C. Wilson, L. Pfister, and, L. Lait, (2009), Aerosol composition of the tropical upper troposphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 4363-4385, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-4363-2009.
26. 2 over aqueous solutions containing iodide, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22 (12), 1505-1508, doi: 10.1029/95GL01417.
27. 3P) quantum yield at 193 and 248 nm, J. Phys. Chem. A, 116, 5796-5805, doi: 10.1021/jp207389y.
28. Gilman, J. B., et al. (2010), Ozone variability and halogen oxidation within the Arctic and sub-Arctic springtime boundary layer, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10,223-10,236, doi: 10.5194/acp-10-10223-2010.
29. Haagen-Smit, A. J., (1952), Chemistry and physiology of Los Angeles smog, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44 (6), 1342-1346, doi: 10.1021/ie50510a045.
30. Haman, C. L., B. Lefer, and, G. A. Morris, (2012), Seasonal variability in the diurnal evolution of the boundary layer in a near-coastal urban environment, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 29, 697-710, doi: 10.1175/jtech-d-11- 00114.1.
31. 2, Atmos. Environ., 41, 3515-3520, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.02.003.
32. Hersey, S. P., et al. (2013), Composition and hygroscopicity of the Los Angeles Aerosol: CalNex, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118, 3016-3036, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50307.
33. 2 with NaCl: Development and application of a model for estimating available surface areas and corrected uptake coefficients, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 5 (9), 1780-1789, doi: 10.1039/b301126g.
34. Huffman, J. A., et al. (2009), Chemically-resolved aerosol volatility measurements from two megacity field studies, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7161-7182, doi: 10.5194/acp-9-7161-2009.
35. Karlsson, R., and, E. Ljungstrom, (1998), Formation of nitryl chloride from dinitrogen pentoxide in liquid sea salt aerosol, Atmos. Environ., 32 (10), 1711-1717, doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00456-1.
36. 5 by chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2, 193-204, doi: 10.5194/amt-2-193-2009.
37. Knipping, E. M., and, D. Dabdub, (2003), Impact of chlorine emissions from sea-salt aerosol on coastal urban ozone, Environ. Sci. Technol., 37 (2), 275-284, doi: 10.1021/es025793z.
38. Leighton, P. A., (1961), Photochemistry of Air Pollution, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
39. Liu, J., et al. (2012), On the gas-particle partitioning of soluble organic aerosol in two urban atmospheres with contrasting emissions: 2. Gas and particle phase formic acid, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V21, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017912.
40. Mentel, T. F., M. Sohn, and, A. Wahner, (1999), Nitrate effect in the heterogeneous hydrolysis of dinitrogen pentoxide on aqueous aerosols, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 1 (24), 5451-5457, doi: 10.1039/a905338g.
41. Middlebrook, A. M., R. Bahreini, J. L. Jimenez, and, M. R. Canagaratna, (2012), Evaluation of composition-dependent collection efficiencies for the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer using field data, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 46, 258-271, doi: 10.1080/02786826.2011.620041.
42. Mielke, L. H., and, H. D. Osthoff, (2012), On quantitative measurements of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydride mixing ratios by thermal dissociation chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 310, 1-9, doi: 10.1016/j.ijms.2011.10.005.
43. 2 in a mid-continental urban environment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 8889-8896, doi: 10.1021/es201955u.
44. 5 hydrolysis on the components of mineral dust and sea salt aerosol: Comparison study in an environmental aerosol reaction chamber, Atmos. Environ., 40, 7401-7408, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.06.048.
45. 5 in the marine boundary layer during New England Air Quality Study-Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2004, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D23S14, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007593.
46. 5 at atmospherically relevant conditions, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 9, 5785-5793, doi: 10.1039/b709193a.
47. Osthoff, H. D., et al. (2008), High levels of nitryl chloride in the polluted subtropical marine boundary layer, Nature Geosci., 1, 324-328, doi: 10.1038/ngeo177.
48. Petters, M. D., and, S. M. Kreidenweis, (2007), A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961-1971, doi: 10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007.
49. Phillips, G. J., M. J. Tang, J. Thieser, B. Brickwedde, G. Schuster, B. Bohn, J. Lelieveld, and, J. N. Crowley, (2012), Significant concentrations of nitryl chloride observed in rural continental Europe associated with the influence of sea salt chloride and anthropogenic emissions, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10811, doi: 10.1029/2012GL051912.
50. Pollack, I. B., et al. (2012), Airborne and ground-based observations of a weekend effect in ozone, precursors, and oxidation products in the California South Coast Air Basin, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V05, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016772.
51. Raff, J. D., B. Njegic, W. L. Chang, M. S. Gordon, D. Dabdub, R. B. Gerber, and, B. J. Finlayson-Pitts, (2009), Chlorine activation indoors and outdoors via surface-mediated reactions of nitrogen oxides with hydrogen chloride, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 106, 13,647-13,654, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904195106.
52. Riedel, T. P., et al. (2012a), Nitryl chloride and molecular chlorine in the coastal marine boundary layer, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 10,463-10,470, doi: 10.1021/es204632r.
53. 5 reactivity measurements at a polluted coastal site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2959-2968, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-2959-2012.
54. 5 during summer in Europe, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D17307, doi: 10.1029/2008JD011369.
55. - containing substrates, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L20808, doi: 10.1029/22009GL040448.
56. Ryerson, T. B., et al. (2013), The 2010 California research at the Nexus of air quality and climate change (CalNex) field study, J. Geophys. Res. Atmospheres, 118, 5830-5866, doi: 10.1002/jgrd.50331.
57. Sarwar, G., H. Simon, P. Bhave, and, G. Yarwood, (2012), Examining the impact of heterogeneous nitryl chloride production on air quality across the United States, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12 (14), 6455-6473, doi: 10.5194/acp-12-6455- 2012.
58. 2, J. Phys. Chem. A, 102 (22), 3942-3952, doi: 10.1021/jp980748s.
59. Shetter, R. E., and, M. Muller, (1999), Photolysis frequency measurements using actinic flux spectroradiometry during the PEM-Tropics mission: Instrumentation description and some results, J. Geophys. Res., 104 (D5), 5647-5661, doi: 10.1029/98JD01381.
60. 2 on ozone formation in the Houston area, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D00F03, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010732.
61. 2 formation, chloride availability, and chlorine cycling in Southeast Texas, Atmos. Environ., 44 (40), 5476-5488, doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.006.
62. Slusher, D. L., L. G. Huey, D. J. Tanner, F. M. Flocke, and, J. M. Roberts, (2004), A thermal dissociation-chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TD-CIMS) technique for the simultaneous measurement of peroxyacyl nitrates and dinitrogen pentoxide, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19315, doi: 10.1029/12004JD004670.
63. Sorooshian, A., F. J. Brechtel, Y. L. Ma, R. J. Weber, A. Corless, R. C. Flagan, and, J. H. Seinfeld, (2006), Modeling and characterization of a particle-into-liquid sampler (PILS), Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 396-409, doi: 10.1080/02786820600632282.
64. 5 with submicron aerosols of NaCl and natural sea salt, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1381-1388, doi: 10.5194/acp-4-1381-2004.
65. Tanaka, P. L., et al. (2003), Direct evidence for chlorine-enhanced urban ozone formation in Houston, Texas, Atmos. Environ., 37 (9-10), 1393-1400, doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)01007-5.
66. Thaler, R. D., L. H. Mielke, and, H. D. Osthoff, (2011), Quantification of nitryl chloride at part per trillion mixing ratios by thermal dissociation cavity ring-down spectroscopy, Anal. Chem., 83, 2761-2766, doi: 10.1021/ac200055z.
67. 5 reaction on submicron sea salt aerosol: Kinetics, products, and the effect of surface active organics, J. Phys. Chem. A, 109, 10,004-10,012, doi: 10.1021/jp054183t.
68. Thornton, J. A., et al. (2010), A large atomic chlorine source inferred from mid-continental reactive nitrogen chemistry, Nature, 464, 271-274, doi: 10.1038/nature08905.
69. Veres, P. R., et al. (2011), Evidence of rapid production of organic acids in an urban air mass, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L17807, doi: 10.1029/2011GL048420.
70. Wagner, N. L., et al. (2012), The sea breeze/land breeze circulation in Los Angeles and its influence on nitryl chloride production in this region, J. Geophys. Res., 117, D00V24, doi: 10.1029/2012JD017810.
71. x chemistry in the polluted nocturnal boundary layer in Phoenix, AZ: I. Field observations by long-path DOAS, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 2671-2693, doi: 10.5194/acp-6-2671-2006.
72. Washenfelder, R. A., et al. (2011), The glyoxal budget and its contribution to organic aerosol for Los Angeles, California, during CalNex 2010, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D00V02, doi: 10.1029/2011JD016314.
73. Wayne, R. P., et al. (1991), The nitrate radical-Physics, chemistry, and the atmosphere, Atmos. Environ. Part A, 25 (1), 1-203, doi: 10.1016/0960- 1686(91)90192-A.
74. Weber, R. J., D. Orsini, Y. Daun, Y. N. Lee, P. J. Klotz, and, F. Brechtel, (2001), A particle-into-liquid collector for rapid measurement of aerosol bulk chemical composition, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 35 (3), 718-727, doi: 10.1080/02786820152546761.
75. Williams, J., et al. (2000), A method for the airborne measurement of PAN, PPN, and MPAN, J. Geophys. Res., 105 (D23), 28,943-28,960, doi: 10.1029/2000JD900373.
76. Young, C. J., et al. (2012), Vertically resolved measurements of nighttime radical reservoirs in Los Angeles and their contribution to the urban radical budget, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 10,965-10,973, doi: 10.1021/es302206a.
77. Young, C. J., et al. (2013), Evaluating evidence for Cl sources and oxidation chemistry in a coastal, urban environment, Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 13,685-13,720, doi: 10.5194/acpd-13-13685-2013.
78. Zheng, W., F. M. Flocke, G. S. Tyndall, A. Swanson, J. J. Orlando, J. M. Roberts, L. G. Huey, and, D. J. Tanner, (2011), Characterization of a thermal decomposition chemical ionization mass spectrometer for the measurement of peroxy acyl nitrates (PANs) in the atmosphere, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 6529-6547, doi: 10.5194/acp-11-6529-2011.