Sampling of Non-Volatile Vehicle Exhaust Particles: A Simplified Guide

SAE International Journal of Engines

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 379-399

  Giechaskiel, Barouch ^a   Arndt, Michael ^a   Schindler, Wolfgang ^a   Bergmann, Alexander ^a   Silvis, William ^b   Drossinos, Yannis ^c  

^a AVL LIST GMBH   (Austria)

^b AVL Powertrain Engineering Inc   (United States)

^c EUROPEAN COMMISSION   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENGINES; HIGH PRESSURE EFFECTS; HIGH PRESSURE ENGINEERING; LAWS AND LEGISLATION; TUBING;

CONSTANT VOLUME SAMPLING; DILUTION SYSTEMS; EXPERIMENTAL SET UP; HEAVY DUTY ENGINES; INSTALLATION COSTS; ISOKINETIC SAMPLING; LIGHT DUTY VEHICLES; RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT;

IMPORTANCE SAMPLING;

EID: 84885838889     PISSN: 19463936     EISSN: 19463944     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4271/2012-01-0443     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Pope, C.III, ‘Epidemiology of Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Health: Biologic Mechanisms and Who's at Risk?', Environmental Health Perspectives, 108:713-723, 2000.
2. Oberdörster, G., ‘Toxicology of Ultrafine Particles: In Vivo Studies’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series A, 258:2719-2740, 2000.
3. Anderson, J.Giechaskiel, B.Muňoz-Bueno, R.Sandbach, E.Dilara, P., , , and , ‘Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_LD) Final Report’, EUR 22775 EN, 2007.
4. Giechaskiel, B.Dilara, P.Andersson, J., , and , ‘Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Light-Duty Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Repeatability and Reproducibility of the Particle Number Method’, Aerosol Sci. Techn. 42:528-543, 2008, doi: 10.1080/02786820802220241.
5. Andersson, J.Mamakos, T.Martini, G.Giechaskiel, B., , , ‘Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Heavy-duty Inter-laboratory Correlation Exercise (ILCE_HD) Final Report’, EUR 24561 EN, 2010.
6. European Commission Regulation 692/2008. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008R0692:en:NOT
7. UNECE Regulation No. 83 (Emissions of M1 and N1 categories of vehicles) http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs81-100.html
8. Giechaskiel, B.Carriero, M.Martini, G.Bergmann, A., , , et al., “Comparison of Particle Number Measurements from the Full Dilution Tunnel, the Tailpipe and Two Partial Flow Systems,” SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-1299, 2010, doi:10.4271/2010-01-1299.
9. Hinds, W. C., ‘Aerosol Technology. Properties, Behavior, and Measurement of airborne particles’. 2nd edition, Wiley-Interscience, 1999.
10. Baron, P.Willeke, K., and , ‘Aerosol Measurement’, Wiley Interscience, 2005.
11. Kittelson, D. B.Arnold, M.Watts, W. F., , , ‘Review of Diesel PM Sampling Methods: Final Report’. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; 1999. http://www.me.umn.edu/centers/cdr/reports/EPAreport3.pdf
12. von der Weiden, L.Drewnick, F.Borrmann, S., , , ‘Particle Loss Calculator - a New Software Tool for the Assessment of the Performance of Aerosol Inlet Systems’. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 2:479-494, 2009.
13. Ahlvik, P.Ntziachristos, L.Keskinen, J.Virtanen, A., , , and , “Real Time Measurements of Diesel Particle Size Distribution with an Electrical Low Pressure Impactor,” SAE Technical Paper 980410, 1998, doi: 10.4271/980410.
14. Particulates, ‘EU Particulates Programme Final Report: Characterization of Exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Vehicles’, 2003. http://lat.eng.auth.gr/particulates/downloads.htm
15. Stevens, D.C., , ‘Review of Aspiration Coefficients of Thin-Walled Sampling Nozzles’, J. Aerosol Sci., 17:729-743, 1986.
16. Schlichting, H. ‘Boundary-layer Theory’, 7th edition, McGraw Hill, 1979.
17. Munson, B. R.Young, D. F.Okiishi, T. H., , , ‘Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics’. 4th ed. John Willey and Sons, Inc., 2002.
18. Ntziachristos, L.Samaras, Z. and , “Sampling Conditions Effects on Real-Time Particle Measurements from a Light Duty Vehicle,” SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-2049, 2000, doi:10.4271/2000-01-2049.
19. Silvis, W.Marek, G.Kreft, N.Schindler, W., , , and , “Diesel Particulate Measurement with Partial Flow Sampling: Systems A New Probe and Tunnel Design that Correlates with Full Flow Tunnels,” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-0054, 2002, doi:10.4271/2002-01-0054.
20. Khalek, I.Ullman, T.Shimpi, S.Jackson, C., , , et al., “Performance of Partial Flow Sampling Systems Relative to Full Flow CVS for Determination of Particulate Emissions under Steady-State and Transient Diesel Engine Operation,” SAE Technical Paper 2002-01-1718, 2002, doi:10.4271/2002-01-1718.
21. Richard, R.Grant, J.Lemieux, E., , and ‘Analysis of Ballast Water Sampling Port Designs Using Computational Fluid Dynamics’, Final Report No. CG-D-01-08 prepared for U.S. Department of Homeland Security, United States Coast Guard, Washington, DC 20593-0001, Feb 2008.
22. Kittelson, D.Reinertsen, J.Michalski, J., , and , “Further Studies of Electrostatic Collection and Agglomeration of Diesel Particles,” SAE Technical Paper 910329, 1991, doi: 10.4271/910329.
23. Kittelson, D.Johnson, J. and , “Variability in Particle Emission Measurements in the Heavy Duty Transient Test,” SAE Technical Paper 910738, 1991, doi: 10.4271/910738.
24. Ntziachristos, L.Giechaskiel, B.Pistikopoulos, P.Samaras, Z., , , and , “Comparative Assessment of Two Different Sampling Systems for Particle Emission Type-Approval Measurements,” SAE Technical Paper 2005-01-0198, 2005, doi:10.4271/2005-01-0198.
25. Giechaskiel, B.Carriero, M.Martini, G.Andersson, J., , , and , “Heavy Duty Particle Measurement Programme (PMP): Exploratory Work for the Definition of the Test Protocol,” SAE Int. J. Engines 2(1):1528-1546, 2009, doi:10.4271/2009-01-1767.
26. Stein, J. ‘World Harmonized Heavy Duty Emissions Certification Procedure. Exhaust Emissions Measurement ISO 2nd Interim Report’, Report to the ECE-GRPE WHDC Subgroup ‘ISO Activities’, 2001.
27. Brockmann, J. E.Baron, P.Willeke, K., ‘Sampling and Transport of Aerosols’. In & , ‘Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques, and Applications’. 2nd edition, Willey-Interscience, 2005.
28. Barth, W., ‘Berechnung und Auslegung von Zyklonabscheidern auf Grund neuerer Untersuchungen’. Brennstoff Warme Kraft 8:1-9, 1956.
29. Dirgo, J.Leith, D., and , ‘Cyclone Collection Efficiency: Comparison of Experimental Results with Theoretical Predictions’, Aerosol Sc. Techn., 4:401-415, 1985.
30. Ma, L.Ingham, D.Wen, X., , and , ‘Numerical Modelling of the Fluid and Particle Penetration through Small Sampling Cyclones’. J. Aerosol Sci., 31:1097-1119, 2000.
31. AVL, Micro Soot Sensor manual.
32. Vincent, J. H., ‘Aerosol Sampling. Science, Standards, Instrumentation and Applications’. Wiley, 2007.
33. Drossinos, Y.Housiadas, C.Crowe, C. and , ‘Aerosol Flows’. In ‘Multiphase Flow Handbook’, Edited by: , CRC Press, 2006.
34. Fuchs, N., ‘The Mechanics of Aerosol, Dover Publication Inc., New York, 1964.
35. Isella, L.Giechaskiel, B.Drossinos, Y., , and , ‘Diesel-Exhaust Aerosol Dynamics from the Tailpipe to the Dilution Tunnel’, J. Aerosol Sci., 39:737-758, 2008.
36. Giechaskiel, B.Chirico, R.DeCarlo, P.Clairotte, M.Adam, T.Martini, G.Heringa, M.Richter, R.Prevot, A.Baltensperger, U.Astorga, C., , , , , , , , , , , ‘Evaluation of the Particle Measurement Programme (PMP) Protocol to Remove the Vehicles' Exhaust Aerosol Volatile Phase’, Sci. Total Environment, 408:5106-5116, 2010.
37. Chase, R.Duszkiewicz, G.Richert, J.Lewis, D., , , et al., “PM Measurement Artifact: Organic Vapor Deposition on Different Filter Media,” SAE Technical Paper 2004-01-0967, 2004, doi:10.4271/2004-01-0967.
38. Maricq, M.Chase, R.Podsiadlik, D.Vogt, R., , , and , “Vehicle Exhaust Particle Size Distributions: A Comparison of Tailpipe and Dilution Tunnel Measurements,” SAE Technical Paper 1999-01-1461, 1999, doi:10.4271/1999-01-1461.
39. Giechaskiel, B.Munoz-Bueno, R.Rubino, L.Manfredi, U., , , et al., “Particle Measurement Programme (PMP):Particle Size and Number Emissions Before, During and After Regeneration Events of a Euro 4 DPF Equipped Light-Duty Diesel Vehicle.,” SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-1944, 2007, doi:10.4271/2007-01-1944.
40. Vouitsis, E.Ntziachristos, L.Samaras, Z., , and , ‘Particulate Matter Mass Measurements for Low Emitting Diesel Powered Vehicles: What's Next?’, Progress in Energy and Combustion Sci., 29:635-672, 2003.
41. Maricq, M., ‘Bipolar Diffusion Charging of Soot Aggregates’. Aerosol Sci. Techn., 42:247-254, 2008.
42. Wang, J.Flagan, R.Seinfeld, J., , , ‘Diffusional Losses in Particle Sampling Systems Containing Bends and Elbows’. J. Aerosol Sci., 33:843-857, 2002.
43. Pilou, M.Tsangaris, S.Neofytou, P.Housiadas, C.Drossinos, Y., , , , , ‘Inertial Particle Deposition in a 90° Laminar Flow Bend: An Eulerian Fluid Particle Approach., Aerosol Sci Technol., 45:1376-1387, 2011.
44. Tsai, C.Pui, D., ‘Numerical Study of Particle Deposition in Bends of a Circular Cross-Section-Laminar Flow Regime’, Aerosol Sci Technol., 12:813-831, 1990.
45. Muyshondt, A.McFarland, A.Anand, N., , and , ‘Deposition of Aerosol Particles in Contraction Fittings’, Aerosol Sci. Techn., 24:205-216, 1996.
46. Gormley, P. G.Kennedy, M. and , ‘Diffusion from a Stream flowing through a Cylindrical Tube’, Proc. Science Technol., 12:163-169, 1949.
47. Holman, J. P., ‘Heat Transfer’, New York: McGraw Hill, 1972.
48. Friedlander, S. K., ‘Smoke, Dust and Haze’, 2nd Edition, New York, Oxford University Press, 2000.
49. Ingham, D. ‘Diffusion of Aerosol from a Stream Flowing Through a Cylindrical Tube’, J. Aerosol Sci., 6:125, 1975.
50. Messerer, A.Niessner, R.Pöschl, U., , and , ‘Thermophoretic Deposition of Soot Aerosol Particles under Experimental Conditions Relevant for Modern Diesel Engine Exhaust Gas Systems’, J. Aerosol Sci., 34:1009-1021, 2003.
51. Housiadas, C.Drossinos, Y., and , ‘Thermophoretic Deposition in Tube Flow’, Aerosol Sci. Techn., 39:304-318, 2005.
52. Incropera, F.DeWitt, D., and , ‘Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer’. New York: Wiley, 1996.
53. Talbot, L.Cheng, R.Schefer, R.Willis, D., , , and , ‘Thermophoresis of Particles in a Heated Boundary Layer’, J. fluid Mech., 101:737-758, 1980.
54. ISO 8178-1: RIC Engines - Exhaust Emission Measurement - Part 1: Test Bed Measurement of Gaseous and Particulate Exhaust Emission, 1996.
55. Stratmann, F.Otto, E.Fissan, H., , and , ‘Thermophoretic and Diffusional Particle Transport in Cooled Laminar Tube Flow’, J. Aerosol Sci., 25:1305-1319, 1994. doi:10.1016/0021-8502(94)90127-9.
56. Engeljehringer, K.Schindler, W.Sulzer, R., , and , “Meeting ISO 8178 Requirements for the Measurement of Diesel Particulates with Partial-Flow Dilution Systems,” SAE Technical Paper 932466, 1993, doi: 10.4271/932466.
57. Jing, L. (2010). CAST Combustion Aerosol Standard. www.sootgenerator.com/
58. Timko, M.Yu, Z.Kroll, J.Jayne, J.Worsnop, D.Miake-Lye, R.Onasch, T.Liscinsky, D.Kirchstetter, T.Destaillats, H.Holder, A.Smith, J.Wilson, K., , , , , , , , , , , , , ‘Sampling Artifacts from Conductive Silicone Tubing’, Aerosol Sci Techn., 43:855-865, 2009.
59. Kumar, P.Fennell, P.Symonds, J.Britter, R., , , , ‘Treatment of Losses of Ultrafine Particles in Long Sampling Tubes During Ambient Measurements’, Atmospheric Environment, 42:8819-8826, 2008.
60. Nakajima, T.Amami, K.Kawai, S.Mori, T.Yamaguchi, K.Sasaki, S.Tsuchiya, K.Tanaka, K.Kashiwakura, K.Tsuchida, E.Kurosawa, Y.Oyama, K.Nakano, T.Shibata, G.Akimoto, J.Okamoto, K., , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and , ‘Research on Technology for Reduction of Fine Particles and Hazardous Air Pollutants from Engine Exhaust Gas Emissions’, Report 2000M.4.1.7, 2000. http://www.pecj.or.jp/japanese/report/e-report/00M417.pdf
61. Liu, B. Y. H.Pui, D. Y. H.Rubow, K. L.Szymanski, W. W., , , , ‘Electrostatic Effects in Aerosol Sampling and Filtration’. Ann. Occup. Hyg., 29:251-269, 1985.
62. Symonds, J.Reavell, K.Olfert, J.Campbell, B.Swift, S., , , , , ‘Diesel Soot Mass Calculation in Real-Time with a Differential Mobility Spectrometer’. J. Aerosol Sci., 38:52-68, 2007.
63. Yu, Y.Alexander, M. L.Perraud, V.Bruns, E. A.Johnson, S. N.Ezell, M. J.Finlayson-Pitts, B. J., , , , , , and , ‘Contamination from Electrically Conductive Silicone Tubing during Aerosol Chemical Analysis’, Atmospheric Environment, 17: 2836-2839, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.02.014.
64. Khalek, I., ‘2007 Diesel Particulate Measurement Research’, CRC Project E-66, Phase 1., 2005.
65. Giechaskiel, B.Alessandrini, S.Forni, F.Martinez-Lozano, P.Lesueur, D.Carriero, M.Martini, G., , , , , , and , ‘Particle Measurement Programme (PMP): Heavy-duty (HD) Inter-Laboratory Exercise: Exploratory Work at JRC (Oct ′07 - Feb ′08)’, EU report 23426, 2008.
66. Wiedensohler, A., ‘Technical Note: An Approximation of the Bipolar Charge Distribution for Particles in the Submicron Range’, J. Aerosol Sci., 19:387-389, 1988.
67. Ibrahin, A.H.Dunn, P.F.Brach, R.M., , , ‘Microparticle Detachment from Surfaces Exposed to Turbulent Air Flow: Controlled Experiments and Modeling’, J. Aerosol Sci., 34:765-782, 2003.
68. Corn, M.Stein, F., and ‘Re-entrainment of Particles from a Plane Surface’, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 26:325-336, 1965.
69. Mortazavi, R. ‘Re-entrainment of Submicron Solid Particles’, PhD, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 2005.
70. Andrews, G.Clarke, A.Rojas, N.Gregory, D., , , et al., “Diesel Particle Size Distribution Changes Along a Practical Exhaust System During Cold Start in a Passenger Car IDI Diesel,” SAE Technical Paper 2000-01-0514, 2000, doi:10.4271/2000-01-0514.
71. Dobes, T.Fraidl, G.Hollerer, P.Kapus, P.Ogris, M.Riener, M., , , , , and , ‘Measures to Comply with Future Particulate Number Standards with GDI Engines’, 32nd International Vienna Motor Symposium, Vienna, Austria, 5-6 May 2011.