Social stress models in depression research: What do they tell us?

Cell and Tissue Research

Volumn 354, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 179-190

  Chaouloff, Francis ^a  

^a INSTITUT FRANÇOIS MAGENDIE   (France)

Author keywords

Anhedonia; Anxiety; Depression; Food intake; Social avoidance; Social defeat

Indexed keywords

ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; FLUOXETINE; SUGAR; VENLAFAXINE;

ANHEDONIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE; BODY WEIGHT; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MODEL; ETHOLOGY; EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; FOOD INTAKE; FOOD PREFERENCE; HOPELESSNESS; NONHUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RODENT; SOCIAL AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL DEFEAT; SOCIAL STRESS; VALIDITY; ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MENTAL STRESS; MOUSE; PSYCHOLOGY; RAT;

ANIMALIA;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; HUMANS; MICE; RATS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 84885640625     PISSN: 0302766X     EISSN: 14320878     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1606-x     Document Type: Review

References (111)

1. Adam TC, Epel ES (2007) Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol Behav 91:449-458 (Pubitemid 47016532)
2. Amat J, Baratta MV, Paul E, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2005) Medial prefrontal cortex determines how stressor controllability affects behavior and dorsal raphe nucleus. Nat Neurosci 3:365-371 (Pubitemid 40300194)
3. Amat J, Aleksejev RM, Paul E, Watkins LR, Maier SF (2010) Behavioral control over shock blocks behavioural and neurochemical effects of later social defeat. Neuroscience 165:1031-1038
4. American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. American Psychiatric Association Press, Washington DC
5. Andrews PW, Thomson JA Jr (2009) The bright side of being blue: depression as an adaptation for analyzing complex problems. Psychol Rev 116:620-654
6. Avgustinovich DF, Gorbacj OV, Kudryavtseva NN (1997) Comparative analysis of anxiety-like behavior in partition and plus-maze tests after agonistic interactions in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 61:37-43 (Pubitemid 27019865)
7. Bächli H, Steiner MA, Habersetzer U, Wotjak CT (2008) Increased water temperature renders single-housed C57BL/6J mice susceptible to antidepressant treatment in the forced swim test. Behav Brain Res 187:67-71 (Pubitemid 350216190)
8. Barik J, Marti F, Morel C, Fernandez SP, Lanteri C, Godeheu G, Tassin JP, Mombereau C, Faure P, Tronche F (2013) Chronic stress triggers social aversion via glucocorticoid receptor in dopaminoceptive neurons. Science 339:332-335
9. Bartolomucci A, Pederzani T, Sacerdote P, Panerai AE, Parmigiani S, Palanza P (2004) Behavioral and physiological characterization of male mice under chronic psychosocial stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 29:899-910 (Pubitemid 38716115)
10. Becker C, Zeau B, Rivat C, Blugeot A, Hamon M, Benoliel JJ (2008) Repeated social defeat-induced depression-like behavioral and biological alterations in rats: involvement of cholecystokinin. Mol Psychiatry 13:1079-1092
11. Belke TW, Wagner JP (2005) The reinforcing property and the rewarding aftereffect of wheel running in rats: a combination of two paradigms. Behav Processes 68:165-172 (Pubitemid 40416869)
12. Berton O, Aguerre S, Sarrieau A, Mormède P, Chaouloff F (1998) Differential effects of social stress on central serotonergic activity and emotional reactivity in Lewis and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Neuroscience 82:147-159 (Pubitemid 27441535)
13. Berton O, Durand M, Aguerre S, Mormède P, Chaouloff F (1999) Behavioral, neuroendocrine and serotonergic consequences of single social defeat and repeated fluoxetine pretreatment in the Lewis rat strain. Neuroscience 92:327-341 (Pubitemid 29249042)
14. Berton O, McClung CA, DiLeone RJ, Krishnan V, Renthal W, Russo SJ, Graham D, Tsankova NM, Bolanos CA, Rios M, Monteggia LM, Self DW, Nestler EJ (2006) Essential role of BDNF in the mesolimbic pathway in social defeat stress. Science 311:864-868 (Pubitemid 43228853)
15. Bhatnagar S, Vining C, Iyer V, Kinni V (2006) Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal function, body temperature, body weight and food intake with repeated social stress exposure in rats. J Neuroendocrinol 18:13-34
16. Björkqvist K (2001) Social defeat as a stressor in humans. Physiol Behav 73:435-442 (Pubitemid 32595719)
17. Blanchard RJ, Blanchard DC, Rodgers J, Weiss SM (1990) The characterization and modelling of antipredator defensive behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 14:463-472
18. Blanchard DC, Spencer RL, Weiss SM, Blanchard RJ, McEwen BS, Sakai RR (1995) Visible burrow system as a model of chronic social stress: behavioral and neuroendocrine correlates. Psychoneuroendocrinology 20:117-134
19. Blugeot A, Rivat C, Bouvier E, Molet J, Mouchard A, Zeau B, Bernard C, Benoliel JJ, Becker C (2011) Vulnerability to depression: from brain neuroplasticity to identification of biomarkers. J Neurosci 31:12889-12899
20. Buwalda B, Kole MHP, Veenema AH, Huininga M, de Boer SF, Korte SM, Koolhaas JP (2005) Long-term effects of social stress on brain and behaviour: a focus on hippocampal functioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:83-97 (Pubitemid 40094580)
21. Chaudhury D, Walsh JJ, Friedman AK, Juarez B, Ku SM, Koo JW, Ferguson D, Tsai HC, Pomeranz L, Christoffel DJ, Nectow AR, Ekstrand M, Domingos A, Mazei-Robison MS, Mouzon E, Lobo MK, Neve RL, Friedman JM, Russo SJ, Deisseroth K, Nestler EJ, Han MH (2013) Rapid regulation of depression-related behaviours by control of midbrain dopamine neurons. Nature 493:532-536
22. 3-adrenergic-leptin- melanocortin circuit regulates behavioural and metabolic changes induced by chronic stress. Biol Psychiatry 67:1075-1082
23. Coccurello R, D'Amato FR, Moles A (2009) Chronic social stress, hedonism and vulnerability to obesity: lessons from rodents. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 33:537-550
24. Covington HE III, Lobo MK, Maze I, Vialou V, Hyman JM, Zaman S, LaPlant Q, Mouzon E, Ghose S, Tamminga CA, Neve RL, Deisseroth K, Nestler EJ (2010) Antidepressant effect of optogenetic stimulation in the prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci 30:16082-16090
25. Croft AP, Brooks SP, Cole J, Little HJ (2005) Social defeat increases alcohol preference of C57BL/10 starin mice: effect prevented by a CCKB antagonist. Psychopharmacology 183:163-170 (Pubitemid 41609268)
26. Cryan JF, Markou A, Lucki I (2002) Assessing antidepressant activity in rodents: recent developments and future needs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:238-245 (Pubitemid 34465544)
27. Dallman MF, Pecoraro N, Akana SF, La Fleur SE, Gomez F, Houshyar H, Bell ME, Bhatnagar S, Laugero KD, Manalo S (2003) Chronic stress and obesity: a new view of comfort food. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11696-11701 (Pubitemid 37205997)
28. Desan PH, Silbert LH, Maier SF (1988) Long-term effects of inescapable stress on daily running activity and antagonism by desipramine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 30:21-29 (Pubitemid 19268786)
29. Dess NK (1992) Divergent responses to saccharin vs. sucrose availability after stress in rats. Physiol Behav 52:115-125
30. Dubreucq S, Kambire S, Conforzi M, Metna-Laurent M, Cannich A, Soria-Gomez E, Richard E, Marsicano G, Chaouloff F (2012a) Cannabinoid type 1 receptors located on single-minded 1-expressing neurons control emotional behaviours. Neuroscience 204:230-244
31. Dubreucq S, Matias I, Cardinal P, Häring M, Lutz B, Marsicano, Chaouloff F (2012b) Genetic dissection of the role of cannabinoid type-1 receptors in the emotional consequences of repeated social stress in mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:1885-1900
32. Elliott E, Ezra-Nevo G, Regev L, Neufeld-Cohen A, Chen A (2010) Resilience to social stress coincides with functional DNA methylation of the Crf gene in adult mice. Nat Neurosci 13:1351-1353
33. Espallergues J, Teegarden SL, Veerakumar A, Boulden J, Challis C, Jochems J, Chan M, Petersen T, Deneris E, Matthias P, Hahn CG, Lucki I, Beck SG, Berton O (2012) HDAC6 regulates glucocorticoid receptor signaling in serotonin pathways with critical impact on stress resilience. J Neurosci 32:4400-4416
34. Feder A, Nestler EJ, Charney DS (2009) Psychobiology and molecular genetics of resilience. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:446-457
35. Fernandez-Espejo E, Mir D (1990) Ethological analysis of the male rat's socioagonistic behavior in a resident-intruder paradigm. Aggress Behav 16:41-55 (Pubitemid 20262810)
36. Forbes NF, Stewart CA, Matthews K, Reid IC (1996) Chronic mild stress and sucrose consumption: validity as a model of depression. Physiol Behav 60:1481-1484 (Pubitemid 26418536)
37. Foster MT, Solomon MB, Huhman KL, Bartness TJ (2006) Social defeat increases food intake, body mass, and adiposity in Syrian hamsters. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R1284-R1293
38. Franklin TB, Saab BJ, Mansuy IM (2012) Neural mechanisms of stress resilience and vulnerability. Neuron 75:747-761
39. Fuchs E, Flügge G (2002) Social stress in tree shrews: effects on physiology, brain function, and behaviour of subordinate individuals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 73:247-258 (Pubitemid 34667036)
40. Golden SA, Covington HE III, Berton O, Russo SJ (2011) A standardized protocol for repeated social defeat stress in mice. Nat Protoc 6:1183-1191
41. Greenwood BN, Foley TE, Le TV, Strong PV, Loughridge AB, Day HE, Fleshner M (2011) Long-term voluntary wheel running is rewarding and produces plasticity in the mesolimbic reward pathway. Behav Brain Res 217:354-362
42. Hayward MD, Pintar JE, Low MJ (2002) Selective reward deficit in mice lacking β-endorphin and enkephalin. J Neurosci 22:8251-8258 (Pubitemid 35379130)
43. Herman JP, Cullinan WE (1997) Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Trends Neurosci 20:78-84 (Pubitemid 27050702)
44. Hollis F, Wang H, Dietz D, Gunjan A, Kabbaj M (2010) The effects of repeated social defeat on long-term depressive-like behaviour and short-term histone modifications in the hippocampus in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology 211:69-77
45. Holly EN, Shimamoto A, Debold JF, Miczek KA (2012) Sex differences in behavioural and neural cross-sensitization and escalated cocaine taking as a result of episodic social defeat stress in rats. Psychopharmacology 224:179-188
46. Huhman KL (2006) Social conflict models: can they inform us about human psychopathology? Horm Behav 50:640-646 (Pubitemid 44307115)
47. Iniguez SD, Vialou V, Warren BL, Cao JL, Alcantara LF, Davis LC, Manojlovic Z, Neve RL, Russo SJ, Han MH, Nestler EJ, Bolanos-Guzman CA (2010) Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-2 within the ventral tegmental area regulates responses to stress. J Neurosci 30:7652-7663
48. Izquierdo A, Wellman CL, Holmes A (2006) Brief uncontrollable stress causes dendritic retraction in infralimbic cortex and resistance to fear extinction in mice. J Neurosci 26:5733-5738 (Pubitemid 44315265)
49. Jefferys D, Funder J (1994) The effect of water temperature on immobility in the forced swimming test in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 253:91-94 (Pubitemid 24063432)
50. Koolhaas JM, De Boer SF, De Rutter AJ, Meerlo P, Sgoifo A (1997) Social stress in rats and mice. Acta Physiol Scand 640:69-72 (Pubitemid 27496284)
51. Koolhaas JM, Bartolomucci A, Buwalda B, De Boer SF, Flügge G, Korte SM, Meerlo P, Murison R, Olivier B, Palanza P, Richter-Levin G, Sgoifo A, Steimer A, Stiedl O, van Dijk G, Wöhr M, Fuchs E (2011) Stress revisited: a critical evaluation of the stress concept. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1291-1301
52. Korte SM, Koolhaas JM, Wingfield JC, McEwen BS (2005) The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 29:3-38 (Pubitemid 40094575)
53. Krishnan V, Han MH, Graham DL, Berton O, Renthal W, Russo SJ, LaPlant Q, Graham A, Lutter M, Lagace DC, Ghose S, Reister R, Tannous P, Green TA, Neve RL, Chakravarty S, Kumar A, Eisch AE, Self DW, Lee FS, Tamminga CA, Cooper DC, Gershenfeld HK, Nestler EJ (2007) Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeat in brain reward regions. Cell 131:391-404 (Pubitemid 47576141)
54. Kudryavtseva NN, Bakshtanovskaya IV, Koryakina LA (1991) Social model of depression in mice of C57BL/6J strain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 38:315-320
55. Lederbogen F, Kirsch P, Haddad L, Streit F, Tost H, Schuch P, Wüst S, Pruessner JC, Rietschel M, Deuschle M, Meyer-Lindenberg A (2011) City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature 474:498-501
56. Lehmann ML, Herkenham M (2011) Environmental enrichment confers stress resiliency to social defeat through an infralimbic cortex-dependent neuroanatomical pathway. J Neurosci 31:6159-6173
57. Leigh Gibson E (2006) Emotional influences on food choice: sensory, physiological and psychological pathways. Physiol Behav 89:53-61 (Pubitemid 44148653)
58. Lett BT, Grant VL, Koh MT, Flynn G (2002) Prior experience with wheel running produces cross-tolerance to the rewarding effect of morphine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 72:101-105 (Pubitemid 34251314)
59. Lupien SJ, McEwen BS, Gunnar MR, Heim C (2009) Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:434-445
60. Maier SF, Amat J, Baratta MV, Paul E, Watkins LR (2006) Behavioral control, the medial prefrontal cortex, and resilience. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 8:397-406 (Pubitemid 46102240)
61. Markou A, Chiamulera C, Geyer MA, Tricklebank M, Steckler T (2009) Removing obstacles in neuroscience drug discovery: the future path for animal models. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:74-89
62. McCann KE, Huhman KL (2012) The effect of escapable versus inescapable social defeat on conditioned defeat and social recognition in Syrian hamsters. Physiol Behav 105:493-497
63. Meerlo P, De Boer SF, Koolhaas JM, Daan S, van den Hoofdakker RH (1996a) Changes in daily rhythms of body temperature and activity after a single social defeat in rats. Physiol Behav 59:735-739 (Pubitemid 26110692)
64. Meerlo P, Overkamp GJ, Daan S, van den Hoofdakker RH, Koolhaas JM (1996b) Changes in behavior and body weight following a single or double social defeat in rats. Stress 1:21-32
65. Miczek KA, Maxson SC, Fish EW, Faccidomo S (2001) Aggressive behavioral phenotypes in mice. Behav Brain Res 125:167-181 (Pubitemid 33000455)
66. Miczek KA, Yap JJ, Covington HE III (2008) Social stress, therapeutics and drug abuse: preclinical models of escalated and depressed intake. Pharmacol Ther 120:102-128
67. Miczek KA, Nikulina EM, Shimamoto A, Covington HE III (2011) Escalated or suppressed cocaine reward, tegmental BDNF, and accumbal dopamine caused by episodic versus continuous social stress in rats. J Neurosci 31:9848-9857
68. Miracle AD, Brace MF, Huyck KD, Singler SA, Wellman CL (2006) Chronic stress impairs recall of extinction of conditioned fear. Neurobiol Learn Mem 85:213-218
69. Moles A, Bartolomucci A, Garbugino L, Conti R, Caprioli A, Coccurello R, Rizzi R, Ciani B, D'Amato FR (2006) Psychosocial stress affects energy balance in mice: modulation by social status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:623-633
70. Mormède P, Lemaire V, Castanon C, Dulluc J, Laval M, Le Moal M (1990) Multiple neuroendocrine responses to chronic social stress: interaction between individual characteristics and situational factors. Physiol Behav 47:1099-1105 (Pubitemid 20224208)
71. Narayanan V, Heiming RS, Jansen F, Lesting J, Sachser N, Pape HC, Seidenbecher T (2011) Social defeat: impact on fear extinction and amygdale-prefrontal cortical theta synchrony in 5-HTT deficient mice. Plos One 6:e22600
72. Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2010) Animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Nat Neurosci 13:1161-1169
73. Newman E, O'Connor DB, Conner M (2007) Daily hassles and eating behavior: the role of cortisol reactivity status. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:125-132 (Pubitemid 46274015)
74. Nocjar C, Zhang J, Feng P, Panksepp J (2012) The social defeat animal model of depression shows diminished levels of orexin in mesocortical regions of the dopamine system, and of dynorphin and orexin in the hypothalamus. Neuroscience 218:138-153
75. Paus T, Keshavan M, Giedd JN (2008) Why do many psychiatric disorders emerge during adolescence? Nat Rev Neurosci 9:947-957
76. Pecoraro N, Reyes F, Gomez F, Bhargava A, Dallman MF (2004) Chronic stress promotes palatable feeding, which reduces signs of stress: feedforward and feedback effects of chronic stress. Endocrinology 145:3754-3762 (Pubitemid 39037562)
77. Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC, Shin LM, Orr SP, Gilbertson MW, Milad MR, Liberzon I (2012) Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci 13:769-787
78. Pollack MH, Marzol PC (2000) Panic: course, complications and treatment of panic disorder. J Psychopharmacol 14:S25-S30
79. Porsolt RD, Anton G, Blavet N, Jalfre M (1978) Behavioural despair in rats: a new model sensitive to antidepressant treatments. Eur J Pharmacol 47:379-391
80. Pulliam JV, Dawaghreh AM, Alema-Mensah E, Plotsky PM (2010) Social defeat stress produces prolonged alterations in acoustic startle and body weight gain in male Long Evans rats. J Psychiatr Res 44:106-111
81. Razzoli M, Carboni L, Andreoli M, Michielin F, Ballottari A, Arban R (2011) Strain-specific outcomes of repeated social defeat and chronic fluoxetine treatment in the mouse. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 97:566-576
82. Robinson GE, Fernald RD, Clayton DF (2008) Genes and social behavior. Science 322:896-900
83. Rygula R, Abumaria N, Flügge G, Fuchs E, Rüther E, Havemann-Reinecke U (2005) Anhedonia and motivational deficits in rats: impact of chronic social stress. Behav Brain Res 162:127-134 (Pubitemid 40731540)
84. Sachser N, Hennessy MB, Kaiser S (2011) Adaptive modulation of behavioural profiles by social stress during early phases of life and adolescence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:1518-1533
85. Salamone JD, Correa M (2012) The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine. Neuron 76:470-485
86. Schloesser RJ, Lehmann M, Martinowich K, Manji HK, Herkenham M (2010) Environmental enrichment requires adult neurogenesis to facilitate the recovery from psychosocial stress. Mol Psychiatry 15:1152-1163
87. Shively CA, Willard SL (2012) Behavioral and neurobiological characteristics of social stress versus depression in nonhuman primates. Exp Neurol 233:87-94
88. Siegmund A, Wotjak CT (2007) A mouse model of posttraumatic stress disorder that distinguishes between conditioned and sensitised fear. J Psychiatr Res 41:848-860 (Pubitemid 46693894)
89. Stam R (2007) PTSD and stress sensitization: a tale of body and brain. Part 2: Animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:558-584 (Pubitemid 46527884)
90. Summers CH, Summers TR, Moore MC, Korzan WJ, Woodley SK, Ronan PJ, Höglund E, Watt MJ, Greenberg N (2003) Temporal patterns of limbic monoamine and plasma corticosterone response during social stress. Neuroscience 116:553-563 (Pubitemid 36139925)
91. Taylor GT, Komitovsky D, Muto S, Weiss J (1987) Male rat behavior, endocrinology and reproductive physiology in mixed-sex, socially stressful colony. Physiol Behav 39:429-433 (Pubitemid 17040538)
92. Tornatzky W, Miczek KA (1994) Behavioral and autonomic responses to intermittent social stress: differential protection by clonidine and metoprolol. Psychopharmacology 116:346-356 (Pubitemid 24345287)
93. Treadway MT, Zald DH (2011) Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:537-555
94. Trew JL (2011) Exploring the roles of approach and avoidance in depression: an integrative model. Clin Psychol Rev 31:1156-1168
95. Tsankova NM, Berton O, Renthal W, Kumar A, Neve RL, Nestler EJ (2006) Sustained hippocampal chromatin regulation in a mouse model of depression and antidepressant action. Nat Neurosci 9:519-525
96. Tsankova N, Renthal W, Kumar A, Nestler EJ (2007) Epigenetic regulation in psychiatric disorders. Nature Rev Neurosci 8:355-367 (Pubitemid 46652469)
97. Uchiumi K, Aoki M, Kikusui T, Mori Y (2008) Wheel-running activity increases with social stress in male DBA mice. Physiol Behav 93:1-7
98. Ulrich-Lai YM, Herman JP (2009) Neural regulation of endocrine and autonomic stress responses. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:397-409
99. Ulrich-Lai YM, Ostrander MM, Thomas IM, Packard BA, Furay AR, Dolgas CM, van Hooren DC, Figueiredo HF, Mueller NK, Choi DC, Herman JP (2007) Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical axis stress responses. Endocrinology 148:1823-1834 (Pubitemid 46457099)
100. Van Bokhoven P, Oomen CA, Hoogendijk WJG, Smit AB, Lucassen PJ, Spijker S (2011) Reduction in hippocampal neurogenesis after social defeat is long-lasting and responsive to late antidepressant treatment. Eur J Neurosci 33:1833-1840
101. Van der Staay FJ, de Groot J, Schuurman T, Korte SM (2008) Repeated social defeat in female pigs does not induced neuroendocrine symptoms of depression but behavioral adaptation. Physiol Behav 93:453-460 (Pubitemid 351208426)
102. Venzala E, Garcia-Garcia AL, Elizalde N, Delagrange P, Tordera RM (2012) Chronic social defeat stress model: behavioral features, antidepressant action, and interaction with biological risk factors. Psychopharmacology 224:313-325
103. Venzala E, Garcia-Garcia AL, Elizalde N, Tordera RM (2013) Social vs. environmental stress models of depression from a behavioural and neurochemical approach. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol (in press)
104. Vialou V, Robison AJ, LaPlant QC, Covington HE III, Dietz DM, Ohnishi YN, Mouzon E, Rush AJ III, Watts EL, Wallace DL, Iniguez SD, Ohnishi YH, Steiner MA, Warren BL, Krishnan V, Bolanos CA, Neve RL, Ghose S, Berton O, Tamminga CA, Nestler EJ (2010) ΔFosB in brain reward circuits mediates resilience to stress and antidepressant responses. Nat Neurosci 13:745-754
105. Von Frijtag JC, van den Boss R, Spruijt BM (2002) Imipramine restores the long-term impairment of appetitive behavior in socially stressed rats. Psychopharmacology 162:232-238 (Pubitemid 34762281)
106. Willner P (1984) The validity of animal models of depression. Psychopharmacology 83:1-16 (Pubitemid 14141479)
107. Willner P (2005) Chronic mild stress (CMS) revisited: consistency and behavioural-neurobiological concordance in the effects of CMS. Neuropsychobiology 52:90-110 (Pubitemid 41160326)
108. Willner P, Towell A, Sampson D, Sophokleous S, Muscat R (1987) Reduction of sucrose preference by chronic mild stress and its restoration by a tricyclic antidepressant. Psychopharmacology 93:358-364 (Pubitemid 17160661)
109. Willner P, Moreau JL, Nielsen CK, Papp M, Sluzewska A (1996) Decreased hedonic responsiveness following chronic mild stress is not secondary to loss of body weight. Physiol Behav 60:129-134 (Pubitemid 126335862)
110. Wood AM, Boyce CJ, Moore SC, Brown GDA (2012) An evolutionary based social rank explanation of why low income predicts mental distress: a 17 year cohort study of 30,000 people. J Affect Disord 136:882-888
111. Yoshimura H, Kimura N (1991) Ethopharmacology of copulatory disorder induced by chronic social conflict in male mice. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 15:497-500