Becoming glandular: Endocrinology, mass culture, and experimental lives in the interwar age

American Historical Review

Volumn 118, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1052-1076

  Pettit, Michael ^a  

^a YORK UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885580523     PISSN: 00028762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ahr/118.4.1052     Document Type: Article

References (208)

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48. Emily Martin, "Self-Making and the Brain," Subjectivity 3, no. 4 (2010): 366-381;
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53. Graham Richards, "The Psychology of Psychology: A Historically Grounded Sketch," Theory & Psychology 12, no. 1 (2002): 7-36;
54. Jill G. Morawski, "Reflexivity and the Psychologist," History of the Human Sciences 18, no. 4 (2005): 77-105.
55. Joel Isaac, "Tangled Loops: Theory, History, and the Human Sciences in Modern America," Modern Intellectual History 6, no. 2 (2009): 397-424, here 418.
56. Hacking, Historical Ontology, 111.
57. Rachel Cooper, "Why Hacking Is Wrong about Human Kinds," British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 55, no. 1 (2004): 73-85;
58. Roger Smith, "Does Reflexivity Separate the Human Sciences from the Natural Sciences?," History of the Human Sciences 18, no. 4 (2005): 1-25;
59. Jonathan Y. Tsou, "Hacking on the Looping Effects of Psychiatric Classifications: What Is an Interactive and Indifferent Kind?," International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 21, no. 3 (2007): 329-344;
60. Jack Martin and Jeff Sugarman, "Does Interpretation in Psychology Differ from Interpretation in Natural Science?," Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour 39, no. 1 (2009): 19-37.
61. See Emily Martin, Flexible Bodies: Tracking Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS (Boston, 1994);
62. Sarah E. Igo, The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public (Cambridge, Mass., 2007).
63. Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy, British Physiology, and Discovery of the Internal Secretions," Journal of the History of Biology 9, no. 2 (1976): 235-268;
64. Nelly Oudshoorn, Beyond the Natural Body: An Archaeology of Sex Hormones (New York, 1994);
65. Clarke, Disciplining Reproduction.
66. Anne Fausto-Sterling, Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality (New York, 2000);
67. Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9, no. 3 (2000): 277-304;
68. Celia Roberts, Messengers of Sex: Hormones, Biomedicine and Feminism (Cambridge, 2007).
69. David Serlin, Replaceable You: Engineering the Body in Postwar America (Chicago, 2004);
70. Joanne Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed: A History of Transsexuality in the United States (Cambridge, Mass., 2002).
71. Julia Rechter, "The Glands of Destiny: A History of Popular, Medical, and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997);
72. Elizabeth Siegel Watkins, The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America (Baltimore, 2007), 10-31;
73. Angus McLaren, Impotence: A Cultural History (Chicago, 2007), 181-207.
74. See Juhnke, Quacks and Crusaders: The Fabulous Careers of John Brinkley, Norman Baker, and Harry Hoxsey (Lawrence, Kan., 2002).
75. See also R. Alton Lee, The Bizarre Careers of John R. Brinkley (Lexington, Ky., 2002);
76. Pope Brock, Charlatan: America's Most Dangerous Huckster, the Man Who Pursued Him, and the Age of Flimflam (New York, 2008).
77. See Nancy MacLean, "The Leo Frank Case Reconsidered: Gender and Sexual Politics in the Making of Reactionary Populism," Journal of American History 78, no. 3 (1991): 917-948.
78. see Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed;
79. Darryl B. Hill, "Dear Doctor Benjamin: Letters from Transsexual Youth (1963-76)," International Journal of Transgenderism 10, no. 3-4 (2008): 149-170.
80. See John S. Haller, Jr., and Robin M. Haller, The Physician and Sexuality in Victorian America (Urbana, Ill., 1974);
81. T. J. Jackson Lears, No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880-1920 (New York, 1981);
82. Tom Lutz, American Nervousness, 1903: An Anecdotal History (Ithaca, N.Y., 1991);
83. Kevin J. Mumford, " 'Lost Manhood' Found: Male Sexual Impotence and Victorian Culture in the United States," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3, no. 1 (1992): 33-57;
84. Julian B. Carter, The Heart of Whiteness: Normal Sexuality and Race in America, 1880-1940 (Durham, N.C., 2007).
85. Rabinbach, The Human Motor.
86. See Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge, Mass., 1990);
87. Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge, Mass., 1998);
88. Elizabeth Reis, Bodies in Doubt: An American History of Intersex (Baltimore, 2009).
89. See Lears, Rebirth of a Nation: The Making of Modern America, 1877-1920 (New York, 2009).
90. see Serlin, Replaceable You, 118-126.
91. see Michelle Murphy, Sick Building Syndrome and the Problem of Uncertainty: Environmental Politics, Technoscience, and Women Workers (Durham, N.C., 2006).
92. see Annemarie Mol, The Body Multiple: Ontology in Medical Practice (Durham, N.C., 2002), 166-171.
93. "Reports Surgical Triumph," Los Angeles Times, March 5, 1914, 3.
94. Hunter McGuire and G. Frank Lydston, Sexual Crimes among the Southern Negroes (Louisville, 1893).
95. See Juhnke, Quacks and Crusaders, 1-35.
96. "Goat Gland 'Doc' Faces Inquiry by State Board," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 21, 1920, 9.
97. "Goat Glands," Chicago Daily Tribune, August 29, 1920, 8.
98. Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation: As Originated and Successfully Performed by J. R. Brinkley, M. D., of Milford, Kansas, U. S. A., in Over 600 Operations upon Men and Women (Chicago, 1921), 5.
99. Sydney B. Flower, in Over 600 Operations upon Men and Women, Ibid., 10.
100. see Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940 (New York, 1998), 138-145.
101. "Film Shows Goat Gland Operation," Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1922, 12.
102. "Animal Glands May Triple Life's Span, Says Brinkley," Washington Post. August 30, 1923, 2.
103. Juhnke, Quacks and Crusaders, 29-35.
104. "Says Glands Cause Gloom and Crime," New York Times, October 2, 1921, 28.
105. C. B. Davenport, "Influence of Endocrines on Heredity," Proceedings of the 48th Annual Session of the American Association for the Study of the Feebleminded (1924): 132-147, here 132, 134.
106. Terman to Lloyd H. Ziegler, December 9, 1926, Lewis Madison Terman Papers, SC 038, Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, box 3, folder 13.
107. "Gland Surgery Opens New Field of Research for Criminologists," Washington Post, November 9, 1919, E5.
108. L. L. Stanley, "An Analysis of One Thousand Testicular Substance Implantations," Endocrinology 6, no. 6 (1922): 787-794.
109. L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74, no. 22 (May 29, 1920): 1501-1503, here 1503.
110. Ethan Blue, "The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913-1951," Pacific Historical Review 78, no. 2 (2009): 210-241.
111. "100 Deportees in West Will Be Brought Here," New York Tribune, July 18, 1920, 15;
112. "Deportation Train Starts from Pacific," New York Times, July 18, 1920, 25.
113. "Five Weeks Leave" (1922), 79, Leo L. Stanley Diaries, SC 070, Department of Special Collections and University Archives, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, Calif..
114. "Convicts Eager to Renew Youth by Operations," Chicago Tribune, October 19, 1919, 3.
115. Stanley, "An Analysis of One Thousand Testicular Substance Implantations," 789.
116. Stanley, "An Analysis of One Thousand Testicular Substance Implantations," Ibid., 790.
117. see Blue, "The Strange Career of Leo Stanley," 217-219.
118. Edward Boyden, "Knife vs. Needle," Los Angeles Times, December 12, 1922, 1.
119. "Convict Given Youth Secret," Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1919, 4;
120. Edward Boyden, "Criminality Is Cured," Los Angeles Times, December 11, 1922, 1.
121. Blue, "The Strange Career of Leo Stanley," 232.
122. See G. Frank Lydston, "Cross-Racial Transplantation of Testes: Further Report of Case," Journal of the American Medical Association 72, no. 22 (May 31, 1919): 1614.
123. See Hale, Making Whiteness, 199-240.
124. "Another Mail-Order Rejuvenating Concern Declared a Fraud," Journal of the American Medical Association 85, no. 9 (August 29, 1925): 694-695.
125. "Lost Manhood?," The Afro-American, November 24, 1934, 20;
126. "Lost Manhood?," Chicago Defender, April 6, 1935, 4.
127. Serlin, Replaceable You, 117.
128. see Baldwin, Chicago's New Negroes, 53-90.
129. Gland Purloined," Chicago Tribune, October 14, 1922, 1;
130. "First Case of Gland Larceny in Windy City," Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1922, 4;
131. "Gland Thieves Claim First Human Victim," Toronto Star, October 14, 1922, 1.
132. "Police Thwart Another Plot to Purloin Gland," Chicago Tribune, October 20, 1922, 1;
133. "Amateur Sleuth Tells of $100,000 'Gland Robbery,' " Chicago Tribune, November 24, 1922, 4;
134. "Chief Explodes '$100,000 Gland Robbery' Yarn," Chicago Tribune, November 25, 1922, 4.
135. "Two More Lose Glands," Chicago Tribune, October 15, 1922, 1.
136. Louis Berman, The Glands Regulating Personality (New York, 1921), quotations from 205, 97, 24.
137. See Robert M. Yerkes to Herbert Spencer Jennings, March 17, 1922, Robert Mearns Yerkes Papers, Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, box 28, folder 512;
138. Gordon W. Allport, review of The Glands Regulating Personality, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 17, no. 2 (1922): 220-222;
139. Joseph Jastrow, "Concepts and 'Isms' in Psychology," American Journal of Psychology 39, no. 1-4 (1927): 1-6.
140. Berman to Morris Fishbein, February 6, 1925, Morris Fishbein Papers, 1912-1976, Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago Library [hereafter Fishbein Papers].
141. "Survey Lays Crime to Gland Disorders," New York Times, November 10, 1931, 2.
142. see Christer Nordlund, "Endocrinology and Expectations in 1930s America: Louis Berman's Ideas on New Creations in Human Beings," British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 1 (2007): 83-104.
143. Paula S. Fass, "Making and Remaking an Event: The Leopold and Loeb Case in American Culture," Journal of American History 80, no. 3 (1993): 919-951.
144. "Slayers 'King' and 'Slave,' " Chicago Tribune, July 28, 1924, 1.
145. Benjamin to Atherton, September 4, 1924, Gertrude Franklin Horn Atherton Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California [hereafter Atherton Papers], box 1.
146. "Apes Help Men to Outwit Age," Jasper News, November 6, 1919, 10.
147. "Monkey Gland Specialist Holds Clinical," New York Tribune, August 11, 1920, 16.
148. Brett A. Berliner, "Mephistopheles and Monkeys: Rejuvenation, Race, and Sexuality in Popular Culture in Interwar France," Journal of the History of Sexuality 13, no. 3 (2004): 306-325.
149. "Convict Given Youth Secret," Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1919, 4.
150. W. J. Latimer, "Transplanting Interstitial Glands," New York Tribune, July 28, 1920, 10.
151. Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," New York Times, June 26, 1921, 42.
152. On Steinach, see Chandak Sengoopta, The Most Secret Quintessence of Life: Sex, Glands, and Hormones, 1850-1950 (Chicago, 2006);
153. McLaren, Impotence, 189-194;
154. Cheryl A. Logan, Hormones, Heredity, and Race: Spectacular Failure in Interwar Vienna (New Brunswick, N.J., 2013).
155. "Gland Operation to Retard Senility," New York Times, November 20, 1921, 34;
156. Harry Benjamin, "The New Fountain of Youth," McClure's Magazine, March 1924, 105-107.
157. See "The Puberty Glands," Journal of the American Medical Association 75, no. 11 (1920): 755.
158. Gertrude Atherton, Black Oxen (New York, 1923), 176.
159. see Julie Prebel, "Engineering Womanhood: The Politics of Rejuvenation in Gertrude Atherton's Black Oxen," American Literature 76, no. 2 (2004): 307-337.
160. Fanny Butcher, "Books: Black Oxen," Chicago Daily Tribune, February 17, 1923, 7.
161. See Evans, "How to Keep Well," Chicago Daily Tribune, June 12, 1923, 8.
162. See Stanley to Atherton, December 25, 1923, Atherton Papers, box 10.
163. See London to Atherton, November 26, 1924, Atherton Papers, box 6.
164. Atherton, Black Oxen, 135.
165. Atherton, Black Oxen, Ibid., 176.
166. Hunt to Atherton, June 12, 1924, Atherton Papers, box 5.
167. Tom Dardis, Firebrand: The Life of Horace Liveright (New York, 1995).
168. "Calls 'Main Street' Best Seller since 1919," New York Times, March 11, 1928, 30.
169. Mrs. Anonymous, "Boudoir Mirrors of America," Los Angeles Times, May 25, 1924, B11.
170. Liveright to Atherton, September 29, 1923, Atherton Papers, box 6.
171. Liveright to Atherton, August 10, 1923, ibid.
172. Liveright to Atherton, May 21, 1923, ibid.
173. Liveright to Atherton, September 5, 1923, ibid.
174. Liveright to Atherton, September 29, 1923, ibid., box 3.
175. Fishbein to Liveright, June 23, 1924, Fishbein Papers, box 4, folder 9.
176. "Brief on Behalf of Defendants-Appellants" in Harry Benjamin v. Horace Liveright, Inc. and Morris Fishbein (1931), ibid.
177. "Gertrude Atherton Claims Rejuvenation," New York Times, December 4, 1935, 21.
178. Atherton to Benjamin, October 9 [1930];
179. Atherton to Benjamin, October 16 [1930], Atherton Papers, box 15.
180. Marlis Schweitzer, " 'The Mad Search for Beauty': Actresses' Testimonials, the Cosmetics Industry, and the 'Democratization of Beauty,' " Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 4, no. 3 (2005): 255-292.
181. see Claire Bond Potter, "Queer Hoover: Sex, Lies, and Political History," Journal of the History of Sexuality 15, no. 3 (2006): 355-381;
182. Amy Milne-Smith, "Club Talk: Gossip, Masculinity and Oral Communities in Late Nineteenth-Century London," Gender & History 21, no. 1 (2009): 86-106.
183. Atherton to Benjamin, July 30, 1936, Atherton Papers, box 15.
184. Benjamin to Atherton, April 20, 1936, ibid.
185. Atherton to Benjamin, September 20, no year, ibid.
186. Fanny Butcher, "Author of Black Oxen Tells How She Conceived Plot," Chicago Tribune, May 31, 1924, 9.
187. A. D. to Atherton, July 30, 1923, Atherton Papers, box 3.
188. Atherton to Benjamin, December 11 [1935], ibid., box 15.
189. Murphy to Atherton, March 13, 1923, ibid., box 7.
190. see Peiss, Hope in a Jar.
191. W. D. to Atherton, April 13, 1923, Atherton Papers, box 3.
192. J. H. B. to Atherton, April 9, 1923, ibid., box 1.
193. N. W. P. to Atherton, May 11, 1923, ibid., box 7.
194. W. S. to Atherton, February 21, 1923, ibid., box 10.
195. Hunt to Atherton, November 5, 1923, ibid., box 5.
196. H. Lyons Hunt, "The Technic of Gland Transplantation," Endocrinology 12, no. 4 (1928): 491-495.
197. Hunt to Atherton, June 12, 1924, Atherton Papers, box 5.
198. I. A. C. to Atherton, January 2, 1933, ibid., box 2.
199. M. S. P. to Atherton, September 26, 1937, ibid., box 7.
200. I. H. to Atherton, January 14, 1936, ibid., box 5.
201. E. L. H. to Atherton, November 17 [1936], ibid.
202. Marchand, Advertising the American Dream, 1-24.
203. Wiggam to Fishbein, July 9, 1927, Fishbein Papers, box 9, folder 4.
204. see Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, 59.
205. Wiggam to Fishbein, October 5, 1927, Fishbein Papers, box 9, folder 4.
206. see Harriet Bradley, "The Seductions of the Archive: Voices Lost and Found," History of the Human Sciences 12, no. 2 (1999): 107-122;
207. Alain Corbin, The Life of an Unknown: The Rediscovered World of a Clog Maker in Nineteenth-Century France (New York, 2001).
208. Jochen Hellbeck, "Galaxy of Black Stars: The Power of Soviet Biography," American Historical Review 114, no. 3 (June 2009): 615-624.