The glandular solution: Sex, masculinity, and aging in the 1920s

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 277-304

  Hirshbein, Laura Davidow ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0034366753     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (298)

1. This paper was originally presented at the Gender, Bodies, and Borders Graduate Conference at the University of Michigan, October 25, 1997, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
2. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
3. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
4. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
5. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
6. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
7. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
8. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
9. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
10. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
11. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
12. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
13. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
14. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
15. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
16. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "Rejuvenation," Nature 114 (October 11, 1924): 530-31; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," Current Opinion 70 (January 1921): 82-84; George F. Corners, Rejuvenation: How Steinach Makes People Young (New York: Thomas Seltzer, 1923); Paul Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1923); E. C. Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," Scientific Monthly 26 (May 1928): 400-11; Bernard Glueck, "Review of Voronoff's Life: A Study of the Means of Restoring Vital Energy and Prolonging Life," Survey 26 (September 1, 1921 ): 652; Julian S. Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," Century 103 (February 1922): 621-29; Jerome Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age: The Rejuvenation Theory and the Results Achieved from it by Steinach," Scientific American 128 (January 1923): 22; "Gland Operation to Retard Senility; Dr. Harry Benjamin Reports Successful Treatments Under Eugene Steinach's Method; Clinical Cases are Cited; Elderly Men Regain Youthful Appearance, Grow More Hair and Do More Work," New York Times, November 20, 1921, II, p. 10; F. H. A. Marshall, "Rejuvenescence and the Testicular Graft," Nature 112 (December 22, 1923): 904-5; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194-201; Clayton E. Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" Medical Journal and Record 128 ( 1928): 60-62; A. Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," New York Medical Journal 112 (1920): 612-13; William G. Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," Medical Times 49 (1921): 27-30; Alfred Martin, "Is Rejuvenation Without 'Steinach' Possible?" American Journal of Clinical Medicine 30 (1923): 800-4.
17. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
18. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
19. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
20. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
21. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
22. Diana Long Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," Philosophical Forum 5 (1973-1974): 81-96; Diana E. Long, "Physiological Identity of American Sex Researchers Between the Two World Wars," in Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, ed. Gerald L. Geison (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), 263-78; Vern L. Bullough, Science in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research (New York: Basic Books, 1994), 92-147; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 62 (1988): 74-89; Nelly Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones: The Role of Biological Assays in Sexualizing Chemical Substances," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 64 (1990): 243-61; Paul de Kruif, The Male Hormone (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945), 67-68.
23. Merriley Borell, "Brown-Sequard's Organotherapy and Its Appearance in America at the End of the Nineteenth Century," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 50 (1976): 309-20, quote from 312-13; Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (1985): 1-30 . For more on the nineteenth-century theory of the spermatic economy, see H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation: Values and the Concept of Disease," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 13-21; Ben Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," Feminist Studies 1 (1972): 45-74.
24. Merriley Borell, "Brown-Sequard's Organotherapy and Its Appearance in America at the End of the Nineteenth Century," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 50 (1976): 309-20, quote from 312-13; Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (1985): 1-30 . For more on the nineteenth-century theory of the spermatic economy, see H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation: Values and the Concept of Disease," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 13-21; Ben Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," Feminist Studies 1 (1972): 45-74.
25. Merriley Borell, "Brown-Sequard's Organotherapy and Its Appearance in America at the End of the Nineteenth Century," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 50 (1976): 309-20, quote from 312-13; Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (1985): 1-30 . For more on the nineteenth-century theory of the spermatic economy, see H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation: Values and the Concept of Disease," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 13-21; Ben Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," Feminist Studies 1 (1972): 45-74.
26. Merriley Borell, "Brown-Sequard's Organotherapy and Its Appearance in America at the End of the Nineteenth Century," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 50 (1976): 309-20, quote from 312-13; Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (1985): 1-30 . For more on the nineteenth-century theory of the spermatic economy, see H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr., "The Disease of Masturbation: Values and the Concept of Disease," in Sickness and Health in America: Readings in the History of Medicine and Public Health, ed. Judith Walzer Leavitt and Ronald L. Numbers (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985), 13-21; Ben Barker-Benfield, "The Spermatic Economy: A Nineteenth Century View of Sexuality," Feminist Studies 1 (1972): 45-74.
27. Chandak Sengoopta has pointed out that popular representations of rejuvenation often confused Steinach's and Voronoff's procedures. Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (1993): 55-66. Urologists still debated the utility of Steinach's theory even years after rejuvenation as a procedure had been discredited. While urologists were skeptical that interstitial cells proliferated with the death of reproductive cells, they were still mentioning the possibility in the 1940s. See for example, Oswald Swinney Lowsley, Frank Hinman, Donald R. Smith, and Robert Gutierrez, The Sexual Glands of the Male (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), 499.
28. Chandak Sengoopta has pointed out that popular representations of rejuvenation often confused Steinach's and Voronoff's procedures. Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (1993): 55-66. Urologists still debated the utility of Steinach's theory even years after rejuvenation as a procedure had been discredited. While urologists were skeptical that interstitial cells proliferated with the death of reproductive cells, they were still mentioning the possibility in the 1940s. See for example, Oswald Swinney Lowsley, Frank Hinman, Donald R. Smith, and Robert Gutierrez, The Sexual Glands of the Male (New York: Oxford University Press, 1942), 499.
29. There were some authors who had a preference for one method over another. Enthusiasts for Voronoff's procedure tried to suggest that addition of glandular material was required for rejuvenation, while Steinach's supporters argued that their procedure would be more effective because they were reactivating a man's own sex glands. See Harry Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," Medical Journal and Record 122 (1925): 452, 515-18, 592-94; Thomas W. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," Medical Times 50 (1922): 239-40; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation," American Medicine 28 (1922): 122; E. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," Medical Journal and Record 125 (1927): 81; Leo L. Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 26 (1922): 137-38.
30. There were some authors who had a preference for one method over another. Enthusiasts for Voronoff's procedure tried to suggest that addition of glandular material was required for rejuvenation, while Steinach's supporters argued that their procedure would be more effective because they were reactivating a man's own sex glands. See Harry Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," Medical Journal and Record 122 (1925): 452, 515-18, 592-94; Thomas W. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," Medical Times 50 (1922): 239-40; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation," American Medicine 28 (1922): 122; E. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," Medical Journal and Record 125 (1927): 81; Leo L. Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 26 (1922): 137-38.
31. There were some authors who had a preference for one method over another. Enthusiasts for Voronoff's procedure tried to suggest that addition of glandular material was required for rejuvenation, while Steinach's supporters argued that their procedure would be more effective because they were reactivating a man's own sex glands. See Harry Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," Medical Journal and Record 122 (1925): 452, 515-18, 592-94; Thomas W. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," Medical Times 50 (1922): 239-40; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation," American Medicine 28 (1922): 122; E. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," Medical Journal and Record 125 (1927): 81; Leo L. Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 26 (1922): 137-38.
32. There were some authors who had a preference for one method over another. Enthusiasts for Voronoff's procedure tried to suggest that addition of glandular material was required for rejuvenation, while Steinach's supporters argued that their procedure would be more effective because they were reactivating a man's own sex glands. See Harry Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," Medical Journal and Record 122 (1925): 452, 515-18, 592-94; Thomas W. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," Medical Times 50 (1922): 239-40; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation," American Medicine 28 (1922): 122; E. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," Medical Journal and Record 125 (1927): 81; Leo L. Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 26 (1922): 137-38.
33. There were some authors who had a preference for one method over another. Enthusiasts for Voronoff's procedure tried to suggest that addition of glandular material was required for rejuvenation, while Steinach's supporters argued that their procedure would be more effective because they were reactivating a man's own sex glands. See Harry Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," Medical Journal and Record 122 (1925): 452, 515-18, 592-94; Thomas W. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," Medical Times 50 (1922): 239-40; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation," American Medicine 28 (1922): 122; E. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," Medical Journal and Record 125 (1927): 81; Leo L. Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 26 (1922): 137-38.
34. Rejuvenators such as John R. Brinkley, who gained a reputation for offering to transplant goat testicles into aging men, did not have as wide a following as Steinach, Benjamin, and Voronoff. For information on Brinkley, see Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation (Chicago: New Thought Book Department, 1921). For critiques of Brinkley and other rejuvenators, see Van Buren Thorne, "Brinkley Discovers the Goat," New York Times, August 21, 1921, III, p. 16; Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37.
35. Rejuvenators such as John R. Brinkley, who gained a reputation for offering to transplant goat testicles into aging men, did not have as wide a following as Steinach, Benjamin, and Voronoff. For information on Brinkley, see Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation (Chicago: New Thought Book Department, 1921). For critiques of Brinkley and other rejuvenators, see Van Buren Thorne, "Brinkley Discovers the Goat," New York Times, August 21, 1921, III, p. 16; Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37.
36. Rejuvenators such as John R. Brinkley, who gained a reputation for offering to transplant goat testicles into aging men, did not have as wide a following as Steinach, Benjamin, and Voronoff. For information on Brinkley, see Sydney B. Flower, The Goat-Gland Transplantation (Chicago: New Thought Book Department, 1921). For critiques of Brinkley and other rejuvenators, see Van Buren Thorne, "Brinkley Discovers the Goat," New York Times, August 21, 1921, III, p. 16; Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37.
37. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
38. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
39. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
40. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
41. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
42. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
43. Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict" (Ph.D. Diss., Boston University, 1992). See also Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London: Robert Hale, 1967); David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986); Julia Rechter, "Men, Women and Monkey Glands: Popular Discourse on Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Paper given at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, May 1995); Bullough, Science in the Bedroom, 125-27 (see n. 3 above); Julia Ellen Rechter, "'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (Ph.D. diss., University of California, Berkeley, 1997). On the importance of the Journal of the American Medical Association to the American Medical Association and the medical profession, see Elizabeth Knoll, "The American Medical Association and Its Journal," in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays, ed. W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, 1992), 146-64.
44. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237; "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," Nature 121 (May 5, 1928): 717-18; Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62.
45. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237; "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," Nature 121 (May 5, 1928): 717-18; Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62.
46. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237; "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," Nature 121 (May 5, 1928): 717-18; Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62.
47. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glands of Life: Eugen Steinach, Rejuvenation, and Experimental Endocrinology in the Early Twentieth Century" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New York City, 1994); Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life," 55-66 (see n. 5 above); Harry Benjamin, "Eugen Steinach, 1861-1944: A Life of Research," Scientific Monthly 61 (1945): 427-42; Eugen Steinach, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking Press, 1940); "Harry Benjamin," in Who's Who Among Physicians and Surgeons, ed. J. C. Schwarz (New York, 1938), 80.
48. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glands of Life: Eugen Steinach, Rejuvenation, and Experimental Endocrinology in the Early Twentieth Century" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New York City, 1994); Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life," 55-66 (see n. 5 above); Harry Benjamin, "Eugen Steinach, 1861-1944: A Life of Research," Scientific Monthly 61 (1945): 427-42; Eugen Steinach, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking Press, 1940); "Harry Benjamin," in Who's Who Among Physicians and Surgeons, ed. J. C. Schwarz (New York, 1938), 80.
49. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glands of Life: Eugen Steinach, Rejuvenation, and Experimental Endocrinology in the Early Twentieth Century" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New York City, 1994); Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life," 55-66 (see n. 5 above); Harry Benjamin, "Eugen Steinach, 1861-1944: A Life of Research," Scientific Monthly 61 (1945): 427-42; Eugen Steinach, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking Press, 1940); "Harry Benjamin," in Who's Who Among Physicians and Surgeons, ed. J. C. Schwarz (New York, 1938), 80.
50. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glands of Life: Eugen Steinach, Rejuvenation, and Experimental Endocrinology in the Early Twentieth Century" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New York City, 1994); Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life," 55-66 (see n. 5 above); Harry Benjamin, "Eugen Steinach, 1861-1944: A Life of Research," Scientific Monthly 61 (1945): 427-42; Eugen Steinach, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking Press, 1940); "Harry Benjamin," in Who's Who Among Physicians and Surgeons, ed. J. C. Schwarz (New York, 1938), 80.
51. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glands of Life: Eugen Steinach, Rejuvenation, and Experimental Endocrinology in the Early Twentieth Century" (Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the History of Medicine, New York City, 1994); Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life," 55-66 (see n. 5 above); Harry Benjamin, "Eugen Steinach, 1861-1944: A Life of Research," Scientific Monthly 61 (1945): 427-42; Eugen Steinach, Sex and Life: Forty Years of Biological and Medical Experiments (New York: Viking Press, 1940); "Harry Benjamin," in Who's Who Among Physicians and Surgeons, ed. J. C. Schwarz (New York, 1938), 80.
52. See, for example, F. A. E. Crew, "On Youth and Old Age," Nineteenth Century and After 101 (February 1927): 225-33.
53. Hall, "Biology, Sex Hormones and Sexism in the 1920s," 87-89 (see n. 3 above).
54. "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above). While Steinach published little of his work in English in the United States, Harry Benjamin's writing is an excellent source for Steinach's theories and practices.
55. Harry Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method): Its Theory and Practice," Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey 19 (1922): 315.
56. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the
57. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the "femininity" of the female. Fishbein, Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 162.
58. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the "femininity" of the female. Fishbein, Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 162.
59. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the "femininity" of the female. Fishbein, Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 162.
60. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the "femininity" of the female. Fishbein, Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 162.
61. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41, quote from 237. See also Discussion of Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," International Journal of Surgery 35 (1922): 58-63; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 82-84 (see n. 2 above); Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," American Mercury 52 (February 1941): 194; Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 626. Morris Fishbein agreed with Steinach that something in the sex glands was responsible for the "virility" of the male and the "femininity" of the female. Fishbein, Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 162.
62. "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation," 83.
63. Crew, "On Youth and Old Age," 231.
64. Donovan McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life: Experiments in the Rejuvenation of Aged Animals by the Grafting of Special Organs," Scientific American Monthly 2 (November 1920): 2-3. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 78-81 (see n. 6 above).
65. Donovan McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life: Experiments in the Rejuvenation of Aged Animals by the Grafting of Special Organs," Scientific American Monthly 2 (November 1920): 2-3. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 78-81 (see n. 6 above).
66. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
67. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
68. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
69. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
70. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
71. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
72. James Robb Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," Military Surgeon 48 (1921): 108-11, quote from 110-11 (Church quotes from a report by Dr. Ludwig Levy of Berlin which is supportive of the Steinach operation). See also Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," Urologic and Cutaneous Review 25 (1921): 23-25; Zdenko von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," Colorado Medicine 18 (1921): 122-26; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above); Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 161-65 (see n. 6 above). Morris Fishbein ridiculed the surgical rejuvenators for their romantic descriptions of rejuvenation in animals. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423. See also H. L. Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," American Mercury 1 (February 1924): 251-52.
73. "To See Monkey Gland Test: McLeary and Edgar Invite Physicians to Watch Operation To-Day," New York Times, October 3, 1921, 28:3; "Dr. Steinach Coming to Make Old Young; Vienna Discoverer of Method to 'Retard Senility' Invited to Visit America; Many Undergo Operations; Dr. Lorenz, Famous Surgeon, Said to Have Been Rejuvenated By Treatment," New York Times, February 9, 1922, 28:1; "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs; Dr. Voronoff Announces Startling Discovery in Substitution from Chimpanzees; First Tests Successful; Surgeon Has Operated on Americans and Has a Long Waiting List," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4; "Want Facts on M'Cormick: Homeopaths Invite Lespinasse to Explain Gland Operation," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
74. "To See Monkey Gland Test: McLeary and Edgar Invite Physicians to Watch Operation To-Day," New York Times, October 3, 1921, 28:3; "Dr. Steinach Coming to Make Old Young; Vienna Discoverer of Method to 'Retard Senility' Invited to Visit America; Many Undergo Operations; Dr. Lorenz, Famous Surgeon, Said to Have Been Rejuvenated By Treatment," New York Times, February 9, 1922, 28:1; "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs; Dr. Voronoff Announces Startling Discovery in Substitution from Chimpanzees; First Tests Successful; Surgeon Has Operated on Americans and Has a Long Waiting List," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4; "Want Facts on M'Cormick: Homeopaths Invite Lespinasse to Explain Gland Operation," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
75. "To See Monkey Gland Test: McLeary and Edgar Invite Physicians to Watch Operation To-Day," New York Times, October 3, 1921, 28:3; "Dr. Steinach Coming to Make Old Young; Vienna Discoverer of Method to 'Retard Senility' Invited to Visit America; Many Undergo Operations; Dr. Lorenz, Famous Surgeon, Said to Have Been Rejuvenated By Treatment," New York Times, February 9, 1922, 28:1; "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs; Dr. Voronoff Announces Startling Discovery in Substitution from Chimpanzees; First Tests Successful; Surgeon Has Operated on Americans and Has a Long Waiting List," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4; "Want Facts on M'Cormick: Homeopaths Invite Lespinasse to Explain Gland Operation," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
76. "To See Monkey Gland Test: McLeary and Edgar Invite Physicians to Watch Operation To-Day," New York Times, October 3, 1921, 28:3; "Dr. Steinach Coming to Make Old Young; Vienna Discoverer of Method to 'Retard Senility' Invited to Visit America; Many Undergo Operations; Dr. Lorenz, Famous Surgeon, Said to Have Been Rejuvenated By Treatment," New York Times, February 9, 1922, 28:1; "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs; Dr. Voronoff Announces Startling Discovery in Substitution from Chimpanzees; First Tests Successful; Surgeon Has Operated on Americans and Has a Long Waiting List," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4; "Want Facts on M'Cormick: Homeopaths Invite Lespinasse to Explain Gland Operation," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
77. "Briton Rejuvenated at 98; Harry Gardner Has His Third Set of Teeth and Excellent Eyesight," New York Times, December 6, 1922, 3:4.
78. "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life; Liardet Thinks Gland Operations May Enable Him to Live 150 Years; Wrinkles Go, Hair Comes; He Declares Surgeon Charged Him Nothing for Services - Assails Detractors," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2. See also "Gland Operation Aids Him," New York Times, August 25, 1922, 4:6; "73, With New Glands, He Wins the 50-Yard Dash," New York Times, December 1, 1922, 2:7; "Finds Vast Riches in Belgian Congo," New York Times, November 20, 1922, 19:3; "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
79. "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life; Liardet Thinks Gland Operations May Enable Him to Live 150 Years; Wrinkles Go, Hair Comes; He Declares Surgeon Charged Him Nothing for Services - Assails Detractors," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2. See also "Gland Operation Aids Him," New York Times, August 25, 1922, 4:6; "73, With New Glands, He Wins the 50-Yard Dash," New York Times, December 1, 1922, 2:7; "Finds Vast Riches in Belgian Congo," New York Times, November 20, 1922, 19:3; "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
80. "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life; Liardet Thinks Gland Operations May Enable Him to Live 150 Years; Wrinkles Go, Hair Comes; He Declares Surgeon Charged Him Nothing for Services - Assails Detractors," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2. See also "Gland Operation Aids Him," New York Times, August 25, 1922, 4:6; "73, With New Glands, He Wins the 50-Yard Dash," New York Times, December 1, 1922, 2:7; "Finds Vast Riches in Belgian Congo," New York Times, November 20, 1922, 19:3; "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
81. "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life; Liardet Thinks Gland Operations May Enable Him to Live 150 Years; Wrinkles Go, Hair Comes; He Declares Surgeon Charged Him Nothing for Services - Assails Detractors," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2. See also "Gland Operation Aids Him," New York Times, August 25, 1922, 4:6; "73, With New Glands, He Wins the 50-Yard Dash," New York Times, December 1, 1922, 2:7; "Finds Vast Riches in Belgian Congo," New York Times, November 20, 1922, 19:3; "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
82. "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life; Liardet Thinks Gland Operations May Enable Him to Live 150 Years; Wrinkles Go, Hair Comes; He Declares Surgeon Charged Him Nothing for Services - Assails Detractors," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2. See also "Gland Operation Aids Him," New York Times, August 25, 1922, 4:6; "73, With New Glands, He Wins the 50-Yard Dash," New York Times, December 1, 1922, 2:7; "Finds Vast Riches in Belgian Congo," New York Times, November 20, 1922, 19:3; "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
83. See Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above); Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; G. Frank Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation: Additional Cases and Conclusions to Date," Journal of the American Medical Association 66 (1916): 1540-43; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
84. See Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above); Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; G. Frank Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation: Additional Cases and Conclusions to Date," Journal of the American Medical Association 66 (1916): 1540-43; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
85. See Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above); Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; G. Frank Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation: Additional Cases and Conclusions to Date," Journal of the American Medical Association 66 (1916): 1540-43; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
86. See Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above); Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; G. Frank Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation: Additional Cases and Conclusions to Date," Journal of the American Medical Association 66 (1916): 1540-43; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
87. See Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above); Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; G. Frank Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation: Additional Cases and Conclusions to Date," Journal of the American Medical Association 66 (1916): 1540-43; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
88. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," Forum 72 (September 1924): 373-81; Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 315-20 (see n. 14 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above).
89. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," Forum 72 (September 1924): 373-81; Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 315-20 (see n. 14 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above).
90. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," Forum 72 (September 1924): 373-81; Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 315-20 (see n. 14 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above).
91. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," Forum 72 (September 1924): 373-81; Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 315-20 (see n. 14 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above).
92. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 78.
93. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
94. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
95. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
96. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
97. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
98. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
99. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
100. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
101. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
102. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
103. Michael Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Free Press, 1996), 117-55; Michael S. Kimmel, "Consuming Manhood: The Feminization of American Culture and the Recreation of the Male Body, 1832-1920," Michigan Quarterly Review 33 (1994): 7-36; Gail Bederman, Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), 77-120; Joe L. Dubbert, A Man's Place: Masculinity in Transition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1979), 122-62; Gerda W. Ray, "From Cossack to Trooper: Manliness, Police Reform, and the State," Journal of Social History 28 (1995): 565-86; Arnaldo Testi, "The Gender of Reform Politics: Theodore Roosevelt and the Culture of Masculinity," Journal of American History 81 (1995): 1509-33; Peter G. Filene, Him/ Her/Self: Sex Roles in Modern America, 2d ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 69-93. See also Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, eds., Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990); David I. Macleod, Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, eds., The American Man (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980). For some comparison in changes in masculinity in Britain, see J. A. Magnan and James Walvin, eds., Manliness and Morality: Middle-Class Masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987).
104. Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "Masculinity, Work, and the Fountain of Youth: Irving Fisher and the Life Extension Institute, 1914-1931," Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 16 (1999): 89-124.
105. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
106. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
107. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
108. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
109. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
110. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
111. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
112. See, for example, Henry L. Minton, "Community Empowerment and the Medicalization of Homosexuality: Constructing Sexual Identities in the 1930s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 6 (1996): 435-58; Siobhan Somerville, "Scientific Racism and the Emergence of the Homosexual Body," Journal of the History of Sexuality 5 (1994): 243-66; Karin A. Martin, "Gender and Sexuality: Medical Opinion on Homosexuality, 1900-1950," Gender and Society 7 (1993): 246-60; Vern L. Bullough, "Homosexuality and the Medical Model," Journal of Homosexuality 1 (1974): 99-110; Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality, Volume I: An Introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 1978); Estelle B. Freedman, "'Uncontrolled Desires': The Response to the Sexual Psychopath, 1920-1960," Journal of American History 74 (1987): 83-106; Bert Hansen, "American Physicians' 'Discovery' of Homosexuals, 1880-1900: A New Diagnosis in a Changing Society," in Framing Disease: Studies in Cultural History, ed. Charles E. Rosenberg and Janet Golden (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992), 104-33. For a broader perspective on the relationship between sex and gender, see Thomas Laqueur, Making Sex: Body and Gender From the Greeks to Freud (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
113. Lesley A. Hall, Hidden Anxieties: Male Sexuality, 1900-1950 (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991), 1.
114. Kevin J. Mumford, "'Lost Manhood' Found: Male Sexual Impotence and Victorian Culture in the United States," Journal of the History of Sexuality 3 (1992): 33-57.
115. Lawrence Birken, Consuming Desire: Sexual Science and the Emergence of a Culture of Abundance, 1871-1914 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1988).
116. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 171-235. See also John C. Burnham, "The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes toward Sex," Journal of American History 59 (1973): 885-908. On the social hygiene movement, see Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 7-51; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation" (see n. 3 above); Christina Simmons, "African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-40," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 51-75.
117. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 171-235. See also John C. Burnham, "The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes toward Sex," Journal of American History 59 (1973): 885-908. On the social hygiene movement, see Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 7-51; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation" (see n. 3 above); Christina Simmons, "African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-40," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 51-75.
118. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 171-235. See also John C. Burnham, "The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes toward Sex," Journal of American History 59 (1973): 885-908. On the social hygiene movement, see Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 7-51; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation" (see n. 3 above); Christina Simmons, "African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-40," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 51-75.
119. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 171-235. See also John C. Burnham, "The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes toward Sex," Journal of American History 59 (1973): 885-908. On the social hygiene movement, see Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 7-51; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation" (see n. 3 above); Christina Simmons, "African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-40," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 51-75.
120. John D'Emilio and Estelle B. Freedman, Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 171-235. See also John C. Burnham, "The Progressive Era Revolution in American Attitudes toward Sex," Journal of American History 59 (1973): 885-908. On the social hygiene movement, see Allan M. Brandt, No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States Since 1880 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 7-51; Bullough, "Katharine Bement Davis, Sex Research, and the Rockefeller Foundation" (see n. 3 above); Christina Simmons, "African Americans and Sexual Victorianism in the Social Hygiene Movement, 1910-40," Journal of the History of Sexuality 4 (1993): 51-75.
121. Researchers looked to various disciplines such as biology and psychology to make descriptions of masculine and feminine characteristics. See Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones" (see n. 3 above); Henry L. Minton, "Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s," Journal of Homosexuality 13 (1986): 1-22; Lewis M. Terman and Catharine Cox Miles, Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity (New York: Russell and Russell, 1936). As Rosalind Rosenberg has pointed out, there was nothing inevitable about looking for biological essential differences between men and women in this time period. Rosenberg describes a group of women researchers at the University of Chicago in the early twentieth century who minimized the differences between men and women. Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 178-206.
122. Researchers looked to various disciplines such as biology and psychology to make descriptions of masculine and feminine characteristics. See Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones" (see n. 3 above); Henry L. Minton, "Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s," Journal of Homosexuality 13 (1986): 1-22; Lewis M. Terman and Catharine Cox Miles, Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity (New York: Russell and Russell, 1936). As Rosalind Rosenberg has pointed out, there was nothing inevitable about looking for biological essential differences between men and women in this time period. Rosenberg describes a group of women researchers at the University of Chicago in the early twentieth century who minimized the differences between men and women. Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 178-206.
123. Researchers looked to various disciplines such as biology and psychology to make descriptions of masculine and feminine characteristics. See Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones" (see n. 3 above); Henry L. Minton, "Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s," Journal of Homosexuality 13 (1986): 1-22; Lewis M. Terman and Catharine Cox Miles, Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity (New York: Russell and Russell, 1936). As Rosalind Rosenberg has pointed out, there was nothing inevitable about looking for biological essential differences between men and women in this time period. Rosenberg describes a group of women researchers at the University of Chicago in
124. Researchers looked to various disciplines such as biology and psychology to make descriptions of masculine and feminine characteristics. See Oudshoorn, "On Measuring Sex Hormones" (see n. 3 above); Henry L. Minton, "Femininity in Men and Masculinity in Women: American Psychiatry and Psychology Portray Homosexuality in the 1930s," Journal of Homosexuality 13 (1986): 1-22; Lewis M. Terman and Catharine Cox Miles, Sex and Personality: Studies in Masculinity and Femininity (New York: Russell and Russell, 1936). As Rosalind Rosenberg has pointed out, there was nothing inevitable about looking for biological essential differences between men and women in this time period. Rosenberg describes a group of women researchers at the University of Chicago in the early twentieth century who minimized the differences between men and women. Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), 178-206.
125. Genevieve Grandcourt, "Eternal Youth as a Scientific Theory: A Discussion of the Place Which Voronoff's Thesis Occupies in the General Field of Human Interest," Scientific American 121 (November 15, 1919): 482. See also Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 621-29; Abr. L. Wolbarst, "A Report on the Steinach Operation in Senility and Premature Senility," New York Medical Journal 115 (1922): 543-45; "Why Do We Grow Old?" Literary Digest 91 (November 20, 1926): 28; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," 194-201 (see n. 15 above).
126. Genevieve Grandcourt, "Eternal Youth as a Scientific Theory: A Discussion of the Place Which Voronoff's Thesis Occupies in the General Field of Human Interest," Scientific American 121 (November 15, 1919): 482. See also Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 621-29; Abr. L. Wolbarst, "A Report on the Steinach Operation in Senility and Premature Senility," New York Medical Journal 115 (1922): 543-45; "Why Do We Grow Old?" Literary Digest 91 (November 20, 1926): 28; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," 194-201 (see n. 15 above).
127. Genevieve Grandcourt, "Eternal Youth as a Scientific Theory: A Discussion of the Place Which Voronoff's Thesis Occupies in the General Field of Human Interest," Scientific American 121 (November 15, 1919): 482. See also Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 621-29; Abr. L. Wolbarst, "A Report on the Steinach Operation in Senility and Premature Senility," New York Medical Journal 115 (1922): 543-45; "Why Do We Grow Old?" Literary Digest 91 (November 20, 1926): 28; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," 194-201 (see n. 15 above).
128. Genevieve Grandcourt, "Eternal Youth as a Scientific Theory: A Discussion of the Place Which Voronoff's Thesis Occupies in the General Field of Human Interest," Scientific American 121 (November 15, 1919): 482. See also Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 621-29; Abr. L. Wolbarst, "A Report on the Steinach Operation in Senility and Premature Senility," New York Medical Journal 115 (1922): 543-45; "Why Do We Grow Old?" Literary Digest 91 (November 20, 1926): 28; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," 194-201 (see n. 15 above).
129. Genevieve Grandcourt, "Eternal Youth as a Scientific Theory: A Discussion of the Place Which Voronoff's Thesis Occupies in the General Field of Human Interest," Scientific American 121 (November 15, 1919): 482. See also Huxley, "Searching for the Elixir of Life," 621-29; Abr. L. Wolbarst, "A Report on the Steinach Operation in Senility and Premature Senility," New York Medical Journal 115 (1922): 543-45; "Why Do We Grow Old?" Literary Digest 91 (November 20, 1926): 28; Renee von Eulenburg-Wiener, "Rejuvenation and Sex," 194-201 (see n. 15 above).
130. Norman Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," Medical Life 29 (1922): 287.
131. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
132. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
133. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
134. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
135. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
136. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
137. Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 374 (see n. 24 above). See also A. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," Veterinary Medicine 20 (July 1925): 291-95; Marshall, "Rejuvenation and the Testicular Graft," 904-5; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Armstrong Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," Forum 71 (May 1924): 639-46; B. Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," American Medicine 34 (1928): 437; "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation" (see n. 6 above).
138. Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43, quote from 1540 (see n. 23 above). See also William T. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (1924): 1237-42; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); Discussion of Dr. Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 58-63 (see n. 15 above).
139. Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43, quote from 1540 (see n. 23 above). See also William T. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (1924): 1237-42; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); Discussion of Dr. Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 58-63 (see n. 15 above).
140. Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43, quote from 1540 (see n. 23 above). See also William T. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (1924): 1237-42; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); Discussion of Dr. Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 58-63 (see n. 15 above).
141. Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43, quote from 1540 (see n. 23 above). See also William T. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (1924): 1237-42; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); Discussion of Dr. Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 58-63 (see n. 15 above).
142. Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43, quote from 1540 (see n. 23 above). See also William T. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 82 (1924): 1237-42; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); Discussion of Dr. Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 58-63 (see n. 15 above).
143. Chandak Sengoopta, "Glandular Politics: Experimental Biology, Clinical Medicine, and Homosexual Emancipation in fin-de-siecle Central Europe," Isis 89 (1998): 445-73.
144. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 286; Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair, 100-20 (see n. 8 above); "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," 717-18 (see n. 9 above); Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 291-95 (see n. 36 above).
145. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 286; Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair, 100-20 (see n. 8 above); "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," 717-18 (see n. 9 above); Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 291-95 (see n. 36 above).
146. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 286; Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair, 100-20 (see n. 8 above); "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," 717-18 (see n. 9 above); Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 291-95 (see n. 36 above).
147. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 286; Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair, 100-20 (see n. 8 above); "The Voronoff Operation in Stock-Breeding," 717-18 (see n. 9 above); Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 291-95 (see n. 36 above).
148. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above). See also "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, IV, 10:1.
149. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57 (see n. 6 above). See also "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, IV, 10:1.
150. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 297 (see n. 35 above).
151. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318 (see n. 14 above).
152. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41.
153. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41.
154. Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 79 (see n. 6 above). See also Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41.
155. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57, 515-18 (see n. 6 above). See also Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 612-13; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74 (1920): 1501-3; "How to Live 125 Years," Review of Reviews 76 (August 1927): 210-11.
156. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57, 515-18 (see n. 6 above). See also Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 612-13; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74 (1920): 1501-3; "How to Live 125 Years," Review of Reviews 76 (August 1927): 210-11.
157. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57, 515-18 (see n. 6 above). See also Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 612-13; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74 (1920): 1501-3; "How to Live 125 Years," Review of Reviews 76 (August 1927): 210-11.
158. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57, 515-18 (see n. 6 above). See also Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 612-13; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74 (1920): 1501-3; "How to Live 125 Years," Review of Reviews 76 (August 1927): 210-11.
159. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 452-57, 515-18 (see n. 6 above). See also Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 612-13; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); L. L. Stanley and G. David Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 74 (1920): 1501-3; "How to Live 125 Years," Review of Reviews 76 (August 1927): 210-11.
160. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 516, 456.
161. Ibid., 594.
162. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
163. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
164. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
165. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
166. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
167. Ibid., 456. See also Steinach, "Biological Methods Against the Process of Old Age," 77-81; Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; "On Rejuvenation," Nature 119 (March 12, 1927): 396-97; "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," Scientific American 159 (November 1938): 250.
168. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 292 (see n. 36 above).
169. Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 238.
170. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
171. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
172. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
173. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
174. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
175. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
176. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
177. Stephen G. West, "Rejuvenation Operations," 23 (see n. 19 above). See also Stanley and Kelker, "Testicle Transplantation," 1501-3 (see n. 44 above); Michel, "Result of Steinach's Operation: Case Presentation," 137-38; "Steinach's Surgery of Rejuvenation" (see n. 2 above). Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 518, 592 (see n. 6 above). See also Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above); Lydston, "Further Observations on Sex Gland Implantation," Journal of the American Medical Association 72 (1919): 396-98; Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 285-307 (see n. 35 above).
178. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 593.
179. Albert Schneider, "Some Suggestions on Reactivation and Rejuvenation Experiments," American Medicine 34 (1928): 731.
180. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 516. See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 240.
181. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 516. See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 240.
182. McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life," 203 (see n. 15 above).
183. Haire, "Recent Developments of Steinach's Work," 293-94 (see n. 35 above).
184. Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57.
185. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
186. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
187. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
188. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
189. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
190. Benjamin, "The Retardation of Senility (Steinach's Method)," 318-19 (see n. 14 above). See also Edgar, "Vaso-Ligation or the Steinach Method of Rejuvenation," 237-41; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above); Benjamin, "New Clinical Aspects of the Steinach Operation," 454-57 (see n. 6 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above); Lydston, "Sex Gland Implantation," 1540-43 (see n. 23 above).
191. Lois W. Banner, In Full Flower: Aging Women, Power, and Sexuality (New York: Vintage Books, 1992), 273-310.
192. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
193. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
194. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
195. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
196. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
197. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
198. Banner, In Full Flower, 284-87. According to Susan Bell, menopause became firmly diagnosed by gynecologists in the 1930s and 1940s as a disease characterized by a deficiency of estrogen. Susan E. Bell, "Changing Ideas: The Medicalization of Menopause," in The Meanings of Menopause: Historical, Medical, and Clinical Perspectives, ed. Ruth Formanek (Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press, 1990), 43-63. See also Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, "Puberty to Menopause: The Cycle of Femininity in Nineteenth-Century America," in Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 259-80. Some psychiatrists in the first few decades of the century identified menopause as a precipitating factor in insanity, and by the 1930s promoted hormone preparations to treat this disorder. See, for example, E. E. Southard, "Clinical and Anatomical Analysis of 25 Cases of Mental Disease Arising in the Fifth Decade," American Journal of Insanity 70 (1914): 779-825; C. B. Farrar and Ruth MacLachlan Franks, "Menopause and Psychosis," American Journal of Psychiatry 10 (1931): 1031-44; Karl M. Bowman and Lauretta Bender, "The Treatment of Involution Melancholia With Ovarian Hormone," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 867-93; G. R. Jameison and James H. Wall, "Mental Reactions at the Climacterium," American Journal of Psychiatry 11 (1932): 895-909.
199. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 294 (see n. 36 above). See also Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," New York Medical Journal 118 (1923): 750-53.
200. Eichhorn, "Recent Developments in Rejuvenation by Transplantation of Internal Secretory Sexual Tissues," 294 (see n. 36 above). See also Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," New York Medical Journal 118 (1923): 750-53.
201. Women were reportedly avid listeners when Voronoff presented his findings in Paris, and this may have increased his willingness to do the procedure on women. See "Voronoff Asks Trial of Work by Surgeons; Paris Doctors Boycott His Lecture, but Many Women Hear Him Explain," New York Times, October 8, 1922, 19:1; "Voronoff's New Tests Gain Press Support; Paris Newspapers Defend Gland Scientist - Now Seeking to Rejuvenate Women," New York Times, October 9, 1922, 4:3.
202. Women were reportedly avid listeners when Voronoff presented his findings in Paris, and this may have increased his willingness to do the procedure on women. See "Voronoff Asks Trial of Work by Surgeons; Paris Doctors Boycott His Lecture, but Many Women Hear Him Explain," New York Times, October 8, 1922, 19:1; "Voronoff's New Tests Gain Press Support; Paris Newspapers Defend Gland Scientist - Now Seeking to Rejuvenate Women," New York Times, October 9, 1922, 4:3.
203. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above). L. Stanley, who did rejuvenation operations on prisoners at San Quentin in California, reportedly attempted gland grafts in women with no effect. "Gland Grafting on Women; Operation was Performed Two Years Ago With Negative Results," New York Times, November 28, 1922, 12:1.
204. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above). L. Stanley, who did rejuvenation operations on prisoners at San Quentin in California, reportedly attempted gland grafts in women with no effect. "Gland Grafting on Women; Operation was Performed Two Years Ago With Negative Results," New York Times, November 28, 1922, 12:1.
205. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 750-53 (see n. 61 above); Frederick L. Collins, "Youth By All Means: In Which We Have the Final Answer to the Question As to Whether Women Are Growing Younger," Delineator 114 (January 1929): 20-26; "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above).
206. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 750-53 (see n. 61 above); Frederick L. Collins, "Youth By All Means: In Which We Have the Final Answer to the Question As to Whether Women Are Growing Younger," Delineator 114 (January 1929): 20-26; "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above).
207. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 750-53 (see n. 61 above); Frederick L. Collins, "Youth By All Means: In Which We Have the Final Answer to the Question As to Whether Women Are Growing Younger," Delineator 114 (January 1929): 20-26; "How to Live 125 Years," 210-11 (see n. 44 above).
208. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 751. See also von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 125 (see n. 19 above); Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 613; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above).
209. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 751. See also von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 125 (see n. 19 above); Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 613; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above).
210. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 751. See also von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 125 (see n. 19 above); Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 613; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above).
211. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 751. See also von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 125 (see n. 19 above); Granet, "Eugen Steinach's Work on Rejuvenation," 613; Sherwood-Dunn, "The Secret of Postponing Old Age," 431-47 (see n. 36 above).
212. "Rejuvenation: 78-Year-old Novelist Feels 30 Years Less," Newsweek 6 (December 14, 1935): 40. Atherton's enthusiasm was also credited for enlivening Americans' interest in rejuvenation. "Age-Old Search for Rejuvenation: Newest Operation Promises Relief of Male Impotence Only," Literary Digest 123 (January 2, 1937): 17-18. See also Banner, In Full Flower, 289-91 (see n. 59 above).
213. "Rejuvenation: 78-Year-old Novelist Feels 30 Years Less," Newsweek 6 (December 14, 1935): 40. Atherton's enthusiasm was also credited for enlivening Americans' interest in rejuvenation. "Age-Old Search for Rejuvenation: Newest Operation Promises Relief of Male Impotence Only," Literary Digest 123 (January 2, 1937): 17-18. See also Banner, In Full Flower, 289-91 (see n. 59 above).
214. "Rejuvenation: 78-Year-old Novelist Feels 30 Years Less," Newsweek 6 (December 14, 1935): 40. Atherton's enthusiasm was also credited for enlivening Americans' interest in rejuvenation. "Age-Old Search for Rejuvenation: Newest Operation Promises Relief of Male Impotence Only," Literary Digest 123 (January 2, 1937): 17-18. See also Banner, In Full Flower, 289-91 (see n. 59 above).
215. In the end, the romance does not work because Mary tells her young lover that although her youth has been restored, her experience remains that of an older woman. Mary cannot sacrifice her experience of life to begin again. Gertrude Atherton, Black Oxen (New York: A.L. Burt Company, 1923), quote from 172. For a similar insistence on the value of a woman's experiences over her appearance, see Fanny Heaslip Lea, "I'd Be Thirty Forever!" Good Housekeeping 77 (August 1923): 22-23, 104-6.
216. In the end, the romance does not work because Mary tells her young lover that although her youth has been restored, her experience remains that of an older woman. Mary cannot sacrifice her experience of life to begin again. Gertrude Atherton, Black Oxen (New York: A.L. Burt Company, 1923), quote from 172. For a similar insistence on the value of a woman's experiences over her appearance, see Fanny Heaslip Lea, "I'd Be Thirty Forever!" Good Housekeeping 77 (August 1923): 22-23, 104-6.
217. Women's apparent desire for increased physical attractiveness was not only problematic for rejuvenators, but also gave fuel to their detractors. See, for example, Thurman B. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," Hygeia 12 (March 1934): 242-45; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above) ; Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," 27-30 (see n. 2 above).
218. Women's apparent desire for increased physical attractiveness was not only problematic for rejuvenators, but also gave fuel to their detractors. See, for example, Thurman B. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," Hygeia 12 (March 1934): 242-45; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above) ; Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," 27-30 (see n. 2 above).
219. Women's apparent desire for increased physical attractiveness was not only problematic for rejuvenators, but also gave fuel to their detractors. See, for example, Thurman B. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," Hygeia 12 (March 1934): 242-45; von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above) ; Anderson, "Fifty and Efficiency," 27-30 (see n. 2 above).
220. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 753 (see n. 61 above). Interestingly enough, Benjamin included only pictures of rejuvenated men with his article on rejuvenation in women. See also Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," American Medicine 38 (1932): 467-72, 492.
221. Benjamin, "The Steinach Method as Applied to Women," 753 (see n. 61 above). Interestingly enough, Benjamin included only pictures of rejuvenated men with his article on rejuvenation in women. See also Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," American Medicine 38 (1932): 467-72, 492.
222. Corners, Rejuvenation, 25-26, 94. H. L. Mencken argued that Americans also seemed to be especially vulnerable to ridiculous claims. He wondered "that the United States can offer any sound claim to being a civilized country. Certainly not many tribes in the African jungle believe in any more preposterous magic than that which seems to be cherished by millions of Americans." Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," American Mercury 27 (1932): 510.
223. Corners, Rejuvenation, 25-26, 94. H. L. Mencken argued that Americans also seemed to be especially vulnerable to ridiculous claims. He wondered "that the United States can offer any sound claim to being a civilized country. Certainly not many tribes in the African jungle believe in any more preposterous magic than that which seems to be cherished by millions of Americans." Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," American Mercury 27 (1932): 510.
224. Benjamin, "The Control of Old Age; With Special Reference to Gonadal Therapy," American Medicine 33 (1927): 345.
225. On the problems with the national identities of the rejuvenators, see Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62; Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," Forum 95 (April 1936): 238-44; Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," New York Times, June 26, 1921, III, 10, 29.
226. On the problems with the national identities of the rejuvenators, see Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62; Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," Forum 95 (April 1936): 238-44; Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," New York Times, June 26, 1921, III, 10, 29.
227. On the problems with the national identities of the rejuvenators, see Wheeler, "When Doctors Disagree Who Shall Decide?" 60-62; Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," Forum 95 (April 1936): 238-44; Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," New York Times, June 26, 1921, III, 10, 29.
228. Benjamin, "Steinach and the Journal of the American Medical Association," Medical Journal and Record 129 (1929): 560. See also Benjamin, "The Control of Old Age; With Special Reference to Gonadal Therapy," 337-54 (see n. 71 above); Discussion of Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 61 (see n. 15 above).
229. Benjamin, "Steinach and the Journal of the American Medical Association," Medical Journal and Record 129 (1929): 560. See also Benjamin, "The Control of Old Age; With Special Reference to Gonadal Therapy," 337-54 (see n. 71 above); Discussion of Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 61 (see n. 15 above).
230. Benjamin, "Steinach and the Journal of the American Medical Association," Medical Journal and Record 129 (1929): 560. See also Benjamin, "The Control of Old Age; With Special Reference to Gonadal Therapy," 337-54 (see n. 71 above); Discussion of Harry Benjamin's "Preliminary Communication Regarding Steinach's Method of Rejuvenation by Vaso-Ligature," 61 (see n. 15 above).
231. Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age," 471 (see n. 69 above). See also McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life," 203 (see n. 15 above); Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," 10, 29 (see n. 72 above). In addition, the rejuvenators also worked to raise money for their native countries, and were sometimes interviewed about the necessity of American money to continue their research and work in Europe. See, for example, "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
232. Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age," 471 (see n. 69 above). See also McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life," 203 (see n. 15 above); Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," 10, 29 (see n. 72 above). In addition, the rejuvenators also worked to raise money for their native countries, and were sometimes interviewed about the necessity of American money to continue their research and work in Europe. See, for example, "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
233. Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age," 471 (see n. 69 above). See also McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life," 203 (see n. 15 above); Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," 10, 29 (see n. 72 above). In addition, the rejuvenators also worked to raise money for their native countries, and were sometimes interviewed about the necessity of American money to continue their research and work in Europe. See, for example, "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
234. Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age," 471 (see n. 69 above). See also McClure, "The Modern Elixir of Life," 203 (see n. 15 above); Van Buren Thorne, "Dr. Steinach and Rejuvenation," 10, 29 (see n. 72 above). In addition, the rejuvenators also worked to raise money for their native countries, and were sometimes interviewed about the necessity of American money to continue their research and work in Europe. See, for example, "'Rejuvenation' By Surgery," New York Times, February 26, 1922, VI, 10:1.
235. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 108 (see n. 19 above).
236. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 109. See also "Youth and Age," Forum 73 (May 1925): 752; Ardrey W. Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," Canadian Medical Association Journal 13 (1923): 824-27. One journalist also worried about the consequences to human nature of transplanting chimpanzee testes in the Voronoff operation: "We may yet witness a self-chosen descent." L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 373-81, quote from 374 (see n. 24
237. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 109. See also "Youth and Age," Forum 73 (May 1925): 752; Ardrey W. Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," Canadian Medical Association Journal 13 (1923): 824-27. One journalist also worried about the consequences to human nature of transplanting chimpanzee testes in the Voronoff operation: "We may yet witness a self-chosen descent." L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 373-81, quote from 374 (see n. 24 above). See also "Age, I Do Abhor Thee!" Living Age 303 (November 29, 1920): 540-43.
238. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 109. See also "Youth and Age," Forum 73 (May 1925): 752; Ardrey W. Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," Canadian Medical Association Journal 13 (1923): 824-27. One journalist also worried about the consequences to human nature of transplanting chimpanzee testes in the Voronoff operation: "We may yet witness a self-chosen descent." L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 373-81, quote from 374 (see n. 24 above). See also "Age, I Do Abhor Thee!" Living Age 303 (November 29, 1920): 540-43.
239. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 109. See also "Youth and Age," Forum 73 (May 1925): 752; Ardrey W. Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," Canadian Medical Association Journal 13 (1923): 824-27. One journalist also worried about the consequences to human nature of transplanting chimpanzee testes in the Voronoff operation: "We may yet witness a self-chosen descent." L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 373-81, quote from 374 (see n. 24 above). See also "Age, I Do Abhor Thee!" Living Age 303 (November 29, 1920): 540-43.
240. Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 109. See also "Youth and Age," Forum 73 (May 1925): 752; Ardrey W. Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," Canadian Medical Association Journal 13 (1923): 824-27. One journalist also worried about the consequences to human nature of transplanting chimpanzee testes in the Voronoff operation: "We may yet witness a self-chosen descent." L. Adams Beck, "The Renewal of Youth and After," 373-81, quote from 374 (see n. 24 above). See also "Age, I Do Abhor Thee!" Living Age 303 (November 29, 1920): 540-43.
241. "The Latest Fountain of Youth," Literary Digest 79 (October 6, 1923): 28. See also Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above).
242. "The Latest Fountain of Youth," Literary Digest 79 (October 6, 1923): 28. See also Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above).
243. "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 81 (1923): 1793-94. See also "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004-5; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 824-27.
244. "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 81 (1923): 1793-94. See also "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004-5; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 824-27.
245. "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," Journal of the American Medical Association 81 (1923): 1793-94. See also "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004-5; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 824-27.
246. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," 243 (see n. 68 above). See also "Rejuvenation," American Medicine 34 (1928): 427-28; Schneider, "Some Suggestions on Rejuvenation and Rejuvenation Experiments," 722-36 (see n. 53 above).
247. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," 243 (see n. 68 above). See also "Rejuvenation," American Medicine 34 (1928): 427-28; Schneider, "Some Suggestions on Rejuvenation and Rejuvenation Experiments," 722-36 (see n. 53 above).
248. Rice, "Sex Education: Sex in Middle and Advanced Life," 243 (see n. 68 above). See also "Rejuvenation," American Medicine 34 (1928): 427-28; Schneider, "Some Suggestions on Rejuvenation and Rejuvenation Experiments," 722-36 (see n. 53 above).
249. W. W. Bauer, "The Folly of Phineas Fopp: More Truth Than Fable," Hygeia 12 (October 1934): 910-11. See also Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above). Hygeia, the popular health publication owned by the American Medical Association, was edited by Morris Fishbein. James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 136.
250. W. W. Bauer, "The Folly of Phineas Fopp: More Truth Than Fable," Hygeia 12 (October 1934): 910-11. See also Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above). Hygeia, the popular health publication owned by the American Medical Association, was edited by Morris Fishbein. James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 136.
251. W. W. Bauer, "The Folly of Phineas Fopp: More Truth Than Fable," Hygeia 12 (October 1934): 910-11. See also Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above). Hygeia, the popular health publication owned by the American Medical Association, was edited by Morris Fishbein. James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 136.
252. W. W. Bauer, "The Folly of Phineas Fopp: More Truth Than Fable," Hygeia 12 (October 1934): 910-11. See also Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above). Hygeia, the popular health publication owned by the American Medical Association, was edited by Morris Fishbein. James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs: A Social History of Health Quackery in Twentieth-Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967), 136.
253. The rejuvenators fought accusations about their commercial motives by insisting that they did not make money from their operations. See, for example, "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2; Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 108-11 (see n. 19 above); von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
254. The rejuvenators fought accusations about their commercial motives by insisting that they did not make money from their operations. See, for example, "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2; Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 108-11 (see n. 19 above); von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
255. The rejuvenators fought accusations about their commercial motives by insisting that they did not make money from their operations. See, for example, "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2; Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 108-11 (see n. 19 above); von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
256. The rejuvenators fought accusations about their commercial motives by insisting that they did not make money from their operations. See, for example, "Voronoff Patient Tells of New Life," New York Times, October 7, 1922, 17:2; Church, "The Modern Ponce de Leon," 108-11 (see n. 19 above); von Dworzak, "Evolution of Steinach's Theory on Sex Determination and Rejuvenation," 122-26 (see n. 19 above); "Expects to Replace All Vital Organs," New York Times, June 20, 1922, 21:4.
257. See, for example, Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above); Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; Corners, Rejuvenation; Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency, Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," American Mercury 36 (December 1935): 480-83.
258. See, for example, Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above); Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; Corners, Rejuvenation; Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency, Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," American Mercury 36 (December 1935): 480-83.
259. See, for example, Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above); Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; Corners, Rejuvenation; Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency, Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," American Mercury 36 (December 1935): 480-83.
260. See, for example, Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above); Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; Corners, Rejuvenation; Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency, Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," American Mercury 36 (December 1935): 480-83.
261. See, for example, Perry, "The Renewal of Youth by Surgery: An Interview with Dr. Voronoff," 639-46 (see n. 36 above); Lachenbruch, "The Fight to Conquer Old Age," 22; Corners, Rejuvenation; Kammerer, Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Human Efficiency, Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," American Mercury 36 (December 1935): 480-83.
262. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above); Malford W. Thewlis, "Rejuvenation," Medical Journal and Record 124 (1926): 140-44; "Glandular Therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004. See also Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century."
263. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above); Malford W. Thewlis, "Rejuvenation," Medical Journal and Record 124 (1926): 140-44; "Glandular Therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004. See also Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century."
264. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above); Malford W. Thewlis, "Rejuvenation," Medical Journal and Record 124 (1926): 140-44; "Glandular Therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004. See also Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century."
265. See Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," 423 (see n. 19 above); Malford W. Thewlis, "Rejuvenation," Medical Journal and Record 124 (1926): 140-44; "Glandular Therapy," Journal of the American Medical Association 83 (1924): 1004. See also Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century."
266. Harry Benjamin in turn accused Fishbein of using the popular press to discredit Steinach and rejuvenation. See Benjamin, "The Control of Old Age; With Special Reference to Gonadal Therapy," 352-53 (see n. 71 above).
267. Pernick discusses the medical opposition to Dr. Harry Haiselden's publicity of his eugenical practices. Martin S. Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 117-20. See also James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs (see n. 80 above).
268. Pernick discusses the medical opposition to Dr. Harry Haiselden's publicity of his eugenical practices. Martin S. Pernick, The Black Stork: Eugenics and the Death of 'Defective' Babies in American Medicine and Motion Pictures Since 1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 117-20. See also James Harvey Young, The Medical Messiahs (see n. 80 above).
269. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
270. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
271. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
272. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
273. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
274. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
275. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
276. See "New Experiments on Rejuvenation," 1793-94 (see n. 78 above); "Vasectomy and the Interstitial Cells of the Testis," 1004-5 (see n. 78 above); A. R. Bandini, "Life is Too Short," Catholic World 139 (September 1934): 651-59; Cary T. Grayson, "The Secret of Longevity," Atlantic Monthly 141 (May 1928): 652-60; Downs, "The Present State of Our Knowledge Regarding Rejuvenation," 826-27 (see n. 76 above); "The Prolongation of Life," Hygeia 7 (September 1929): 918-19; Harvey L. Murdock, "The Influence of Medicine on Life Expectancy," Journal of the Indiana State Medical Association 28 (1935): 68-69; Clarence W. Lieb, "The Good Do Not Die Young," Woman's Home Companion 59 (March 1932): 9-10.
277. A 1938 report of men's recovery after injections of testosterone sounded much like the surgical rejuvenators' earlier claims: "Rational aggressiveness took the place of irrational irritability. . . . Nervousness and emotional instability were decreased. Muscle tone, energy, and stamina returned. Emotionally and sexually the patients were in better condition." See "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," 250 (see n. 47 above). For more on the contrast between hormonal treatments in men and women, see Rechter, "The Glands of Destiny" (see n. 8 above).
278. A 1938 report of men's recovery after injections of testosterone sounded much like the surgical rejuvenators' earlier claims: "Rational aggressiveness took the place of irrational irritability. . . . Nervousness and emotional instability were decreased. Muscle tone, energy, and stamina returned. Emotionally and sexually the patients were in better condition." See "Minds Rejuvenated by Sex Hormone," 250 (see n. 47 above). For more on the contrast between hormonal treatments in men and women, see Rechter, "The Glands of Destiny" (see n. 8 above).
279. Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," 1-30 (see n. 4 above). See also Diana Long Hall, "The Critic and the Advocate," Journal of the History of Biology 9 (1976): 269-85.
280. Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," 1-30 (see n. 4 above). See also Diana Long Hall, "The Critic and the Advocate," Journal of the History of Biology 9 (1976): 269-85.
281. Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above); Crew, "Rejuvenation"; Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," 467-72, 492 (see n. 69 above); Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above).
282. Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above); Crew, "Rejuvenation"; Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," 467-72, 492 (see n. 69 above); Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above).
283. Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above); Crew, "Rejuvenation"; Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," 467-72, 492 (see n. 69 above); Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above).
284. Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above); Crew, "Rejuvenation"; Benjamin, "Steinach-Therapy Against Old Age: A Review of Ten Years' Experience," 467-72, 492 (see n. 69 above); Benjamin, "The Story of Rejuvenation," 480-83 (see n. 82 above).
285. Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," 238-44 (see n. 72 above); A. J. Carlson, "An Unwritten Chapter in the Physiology of Aging," Scientific Monthly 49 (July 1939): 33-35. In a review of Voronoff's Conquest of Life, Fishbein argued that The facts are that Voronoff has constantly lent himself to newspaper publicity and interview, that he has been more thoroughly exploited by the employees of Mr. Hearst than almost any other scientist of recent years, and that his apostles and disciples, far from shrinking from publicity, have sounded their own and their master's praises throughout the world for the last ten years. Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423.
286. Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," 238-44 (see n. 72 above); A. J. Carlson, "An Unwritten Chapter in the Physiology of Aging," Scientific Monthly 49 (July 1939): 33-35. In a review of Voronoff's Conquest of Life, Fishbein argued that The facts are that Voronoff has constantly lent himself to newspaper publicity and interview, that he has been more thoroughly exploited by the employees of Mr. Hearst than almost any other scientist of recent years, and that his apostles and disciples, far from shrinking from publicity, have sounded their own and their master's praises throughout the world for the last ten years. Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423.
287. Herman F. Strongin, "Can We Postpone Senility? 'Miracles' in Glands," 238-44 (see n. 72 above); A. J. Carlson, "An Unwritten Chapter in the Physiology of Aging," Scientific Monthly 49 (July 1939): 33-35. In a review of Voronoff's Conquest of Life, Fishbein argued that The facts are that Voronoff has constantly lent himself to newspaper publicity and interview, that he has been more thoroughly exploited by the employees of Mr. Hearst than almost any other scientist of recent years, and that his apostles and disciples, far from shrinking from publicity, have sounded their own and their master's praises throughout the world for the last ten years. Fishbein, "Glands and Rejuvenation," Saturday Review of Literature 5 (December 1, 1928): 423.
288. Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37; Bureau of Investigation, "The Hazen A. Horton Fraud: Another Sexual Rejuvenation Swindle Debarred from the Mails," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928); 1824; Bureau of Investigation, "The Potentor Fraud," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928): 1823-24.
289. Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37; Bureau of Investigation, "The Hazen A. Horton Fraud: Another Sexual Rejuvenation Swindle Debarred from the Mails," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928); 1824; Bureau of Investigation, "The Potentor Fraud," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928): 1823-24.
290. Bureau of Investigation, "John R. Brinkley - Quack," Journal of the American Medical Association 90 (1928): 134-37; Bureau of Investigation, "The Hazen A. Horton Fraud: Another Sexual Rejuvenation Swindle Debarred from the Mails," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928); 1824; Bureau of Investigation, "The Potentor Fraud," Journal of the American Medical Association 91 (1928): 1823-24.
291. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
292. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
293. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
294. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
295. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
296. Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
297. See Belfield, "Some Phases of Rejuvenation," 1237-42 (see n. 37 above); Morris Fishbein, "The Truth About Rejuvenation," in The Medical Follies (New York: Bini & Liveright, 1925), 161-71; "Review of Fishbein's Medical Follies," Survey 55 (December 15, 1925): 383; Hugh Grant Rowell, "Barnum Was Right," Survey 68 (November 15, 1932): 616; Eycleshymer, "Growing Old and the Search for an Elixir of Life," 400-11 (see n. 2 above); Mencken, "Pseudo-Science," 251-52 (see n. 19 above); H. L. Mencken, "The Charlatan's Paradise," 510 (see n. 70 above).
298. This paper is part of a doctoral dissertation on changes in the cultural category of old age in the first half of the twentieth century. (Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Transformation of Old Age: Expertise, Gender, and National Identity, 1900-1950" [Ph.D. diss., Johns Hopkins University, anticipated 2000].)