Mephistopheles and monkeys: Rejuvenation, race, and sexuality in popular culture in interwar France

Journal of the History of Sexuality

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 306-325

  Berliner, Brett A ^a  

^a MORGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14144254944     PISSN: 10434070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/sex.2005.0003     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. Félicien Champsaur, Nora, la guenon devenue femme (Paris, 1929), 23.
2. Robert Darnton, The Great Cat Massacre and Other Episodes in French Cultural History (New York, 1984), 5.
3. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
4. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
5. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
6. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
7. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
8. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
9. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
10. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
11. See David Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, 1986); Frédéric Pierre Augier, "Dr. Samuel Serge Voronoff," M.D. thesis, Université Claude Bernard-Lyon I, June 1990; Jean Real, Voronoff (Paris, 2001); Eric J. Trimmer, Rejuvenation: The History of an Idea (London, 1967); Shelia M. Rothman and David J. Rothman, The Pursuit of Perfection (New York, 2003); Merriley Borell, "Organotherapy and the Emergence of Reproductive Endocrinology," Journal of the History of Biology 18 (Spring 1985): 1-30; Jessica Jahiel, "Rejuvenation Research and the American Medical Association in the Early Twentieth Century: Paradigms in Conflict," Ph.D. diss., Boston University, 1992; Chandak Sengoopta, "Rejuvenation and the Prolongation of Life: Science or Quackery?" Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 37 (Autumn 1993): 55-66; Laura Davidow Hirshbein, "The Glandular Solution: Sex, Masculinity, and Aging in the 1920s," Journal of the History of Sexuality 9 (July 2000): 277-304.
12. "Jouvence," Le Petit Parisien, October 8, 1919: 2.
13. See Hamilton; Van Buren Thorne, M.D., "A Modern Quest for the Fountain of Youth," New Tork Times Book Review and Magazine, November 7, 1920: sec. 3, p. 3.
14. René Rabache, "Le problème de Faust," Le Figaro, October 21, 1919: 1.
15. Maurice Mérall, "Éternelle jeunesse!" Les Potins de Paris, December 11, 1919, my translation.
16. Fonds Rondel, R°15704.
17. Comoedia, December 31, 1919.
18. Max Viterbo, "Tout à l'amour!" Comoedia, January 8, 1920: 3.
19. Richard Araps, "Les greffes humaines," Le Temps, October 10, 1922: 4.
20. See Reb, Le Cri de Paris, January 14, 1923, cover illustration.
21. Roger Prat, "Les temps nouveaux au paradis," Le Rire, November 21, 1925.
22. Maurice Maréchal, "Avant après," Le Canard Enchaîné, November 5, 1919: 4.
23. See the New York Times, February 27, 1927: 7.
24. See Hamilton.
25. Miarko, "Si les animaux s'habillaient," Le Rire, June 2, 1923.
26. Dharm, "Inquiétudes simiesques," Le Rire, November 4, 1922.
27. G. de la Fouchardière, "La science au service de l'anatomie . . .," Le Canard Enchaîné, February 28, 1923: 1.
28. See Dr. Paul Boudin, "Juridiquement, serait-il licite de faire des greffes avec testicule d'homme?" Le Concours Medical (August 1924): 1407-8.
29. See both Hector Ghilini, Le secret du Dr. Voronoff (Paris, 1926) and Serge Voronoff, The Conquest of Life, trans. G. Gibier Rambaud (New York, 1928). In addition see Augier; Real. Note that Augier and Real appear to have drawn their evidence from Voronoff and Ghilini. See also La Liberté, October 23, 1922.
30. See both Hector Ghilini, Le secret du Dr. Voronoff (Paris, 1926) and Serge Voronoff, The Conquest of Life, trans. G. Gibier Rambaud (New York, 1928). In addition see Augier; Real. Note that Augier and Real appear to have drawn their evidence from Voronoff and Ghilini. See also La Liberté, October 23, 1922.
31. See both Hector Ghilini, Le secret du Dr. Voronoff (Paris, 1926) and Serge Voronoff, The Conquest of Life, trans. G. Gibier Rambaud (New York, 1928). In addition see Augier; Real. Note that Augier and Real appear to have drawn their evidence from Voronoff and Ghilini. See also La Liberté, October 23, 1922.
32. See Le Figaro, October 9, 1923: 1, and July 23, 1924: 2. See also Voronoff; Ghilini; Augier.
33. Clément Vautel, "La clef de singes," Le Rire, November 11, 1922.
34. Jean Bastia, "Le jeu de l'amour, de la science et du hasard," Le Rire, January 26, 1929.
35. Cami, Vierge quand même! (Paris, 1924), 9.
36. Ibid., 10.
37. For a thoughtful exploration of gender and its place in interwar France see Mary Louise Roberts, Civilization without Sexes: Reconstructing Gender in Postwar France, 1917-1927 (Chicago, 1994).
38. F. Fabiano, "Qui sait . . . !" Le Rire, June 15, 1929. See also Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), for a discussion of the changes in culture in the early twentieth century, and see Sander L. Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, N.J., 1999), for a thoughtful account of the development of aesthetic surgery and some of its implications.
39. F. Fabiano, "Qui sait . . . !" Le Rire, June 15, 1929. See also Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), for a discussion of the changes in culture in the early twentieth century, and see Sander L. Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, N.J., 1999), for a thoughtful account of the development of aesthetic surgery and some of its implications.
40. F. Fabiano, "Qui sait . . . !" Le Rire, June 15, 1929. See also Stephen Kern, The Culture of Time and Space 1880-1918 (Cambridge, Mass., 1983), for a discussion of the changes in culture in the early twentieth century, and see Sander L. Gilman, Making the Body Beautiful: A Cultural History of Aesthetic Surgery (Princeton, N.J., 1999), for a thoughtful account of the development of aesthetic surgery and some of its implications.
41. Félicien Champsaur, Ouha, roi des singes (Paris, 1922), n.p.
42. Ibid., 49.
43. Ibid., 49-50.
44. See Pascal Blanchard et al., eds., L'autre et nous, "scenes et types" (Paris, 1995), and Ada Martinkus-Zemp, Le blanc et le noir: Essai d'une description de la vision du noir par le blanc dans la littérature française de l'entre-deux-guerres (Paris, 1975). For a superb introduction to the history of French thought about blacks see William Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Responses to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980).
45. See Pascal Blanchard et al., eds., L'autre et nous, "scenes et types" (Paris, 1995), and Ada Martinkus-Zemp, Le blanc et le noir: Essai d'une description de la vision du noir par le blanc dans la littérature française de l'entre-deux-guerres (Paris, 1975). For a superb introduction to the history of French thought about blacks see William Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Responses to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980).
46. See Pascal Blanchard et al., eds., L'autre et nous, "scenes et types" (Paris, 1995), and Ada Martinkus-Zemp, Le blanc et le noir: Essai d'une description de la vision du noir par le blanc dans la littérature française de l'entre-deux-guerres (Paris, 1975). For a superb introduction to the history of French thought about blacks see William Cohen, The French Encounter with Africans: White Responses to Blacks, 1530-1880 (Bloomington, 1980).
47. See Blanchard et al.; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1992); Petrine Archer-Straw, Necrophilia: Avant-Garde Paris and Black Culture in the 1920s (New York, 2000); and Raymond Bachollet et al., eds., NégriPub: L'image des Noirs dans la publicité (Paris, 1994).
48. See Blanchard et al.; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1992); Petrine Archer-Straw, Necrophilia: Avant-Garde Paris and Black Culture in the 1920s (New York, 2000); and Raymond Bachollet et al., eds., NégriPub: L'image des Noirs dans la publicité (Paris, 1994).
49. See Blanchard et al.; Jan Nederveen Pieterse, White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture (New Haven, Conn., 1992); Petrine Archer-Straw, Necrophilia: Avant-Garde Paris and Black Culture in the 1920s (New York, 2000); and Raymond Bachollet et al., eds., NégriPub: L'image des Noirs dans la publicité (Paris, 1994).
50. Champsaur, Ouha, 265.
51. See Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Karen C. C. Dalton, eds., Josephine Baker and La Revue Nègre: Paul Colin's Lithographs of Le Tumulte Noir in Paris, 1927 (New York, 1998).
52. See Eugen Weber, The Hollow Years: France in the 1930s (New York, 1994).
53. See Phyllis Rose, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time (New York, 1989), for the standard biography of Josephine Baker.
54. Champsaur, Nora, 20.
55. See T. Denean Sharpley-Whiting, Black Venus: Sexualized Savages, Primal Fears, and Primitive Narratives in French (Durham, N.C., 1999).
56. Champsaur, Nora, 24.
57. Ibid., 284.
58. Ibid., 202.
59. Ibid., 118.
60. Ibid., 119.
61. See "La genèse de 'Nora,'" Le Cri de Paris, November 24, 1929: 10. Sales figures come from tracking advertisement claims. This is admittedly a poor gauge of sales, but nonetheless the figures indicate some popularity. See Le Cri de Paris, August 18, 1929, and September 22, 1929.
62. See "La genèse de 'Nora,'" Le Cri de Paris, November 24, 1929: 10. Sales figures come from tracking advertisement claims. This is admittedly a poor gauge of sales, but nonetheless the figures indicate some popularity. See Le Cri de Paris, August 18, 1929, and September 22, 1929.