메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 28, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 178-188

Neurotoxicity and biomarkers of lead exposure: A review

Author keywords

biological monitoring; lead poisoning; neurodevelopment; neurotoxicity

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; LEAD;

EID: 84885577343     PISSN: 10019294     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1001-9294(13)60045-0     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (65)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 65749096237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agency For Toxic Substances And Disease Registry (atsdr) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta
    • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects Database (HazDat) 2006 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta 83 84
    • (2006) Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects Database (HazDat) , pp. 83-84
  • 2
    • 84885669869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U.s. Department Of Labor OSHA Washington, DC [2013-01-22].
    • U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administrations (OSHA) Lead. 1910.1025 2006 OSHA Washington, DC [2013-01-22]. Available from: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show-document?p-table= STAN-DARDS&p-id=10030
    • (2006) Occupational Safety & Health Administrations (OSHA) Lead. 1910.1025
  • 3
    • 34247204209 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting children from toxic exposure: Three strategies
    • TL Guidotti, L Ragain Protecting children from toxic exposure: Three strategies Pediatr Clin North Am 54 2007 227 235
    • (2007) Pediatr Clin North Am , vol.54 , pp. 227-235
    • Guidotti, T.L.1    Ragain, L.2
  • 4
    • 34147173975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: A review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead
    • R Shih, H Hu, MG Weisskopf et al. Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: A review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead Environ Health Perspect 115 2007 483 492
    • (2007) Environ Health Perspect , vol.115 , pp. 483-492
    • Shih, R.1    Hu, H.2    Weisskopf, M.G.3
  • 5
    • 65549129243 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead toxicity: Does the critical level of lead resulting in adverse effects differ between adults and children?
    • K Murata, T Iwata, M Dakeishi et al. Lead toxicity: Does the critical level of lead resulting in adverse effects differ between adults and children? J Occup Health 51 2009 1 12
    • (2009) J Occup Health , vol.51 , pp. 1-12
    • Murata, K.1    Iwata, T.2    Dakeishi, M.3
  • 6
    • 0037175508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lead levels and mortality
    • M Lustberg, E Silbergeld Blood lead levels and mortality Arch Intern Med 162 2002 2443 2449
    • (2002) Arch Intern Med , vol.162 , pp. 2443-2449
    • Lustberg, M.1    Silbergeld, E.2
  • 7
    • 12744269258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations among lead dose biomarkers, uric acid, and renal function in Korean lead workers
    • VM Weaver, BG Jaar, BS Schwartz et al. Associations among lead dose biomarkers, uric acid, and renal function in Korean lead workers Environ Health Perspect 113 2005 36 42
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 36-42
    • Weaver, V.M.1    Jaar, B.G.2    Schwartz, B.S.3
  • 8
    • 0019954892 scopus 로고
    • International Seminar on the Assessment of Toxic Agents at the Workplace. Roles of Ambient and Biological Monitoring. Luxembourg, 8-12 December, 1980
    • A Berlin, RE Yodaiken, BA Henman International Seminar on the Assessment of Toxic Agents at the Workplace. Roles of Ambient and Biological Monitoring. Luxembourg, 8-12 December, 1980 Int Arch Occup Environ Health 50 1982 197 207
    • (1982) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.50 , pp. 197-207
    • Berlin, A.1    Yodaiken, R.E.2    Henman, B.A.3
  • 9
    • 0019402283 scopus 로고
    • Determination of lead in plasma and studies of its relationship to lead in erythrocytes
    • PE DeSilva Determination of lead in plasma and studies of its relationship to lead in erythrocytes Br J Ind Med 38 1981 209 217
    • (1981) Br J Ind Med , vol.38 , pp. 209-217
    • Desilva, P.E.1
  • 10
    • 0029798991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls
    • A Schütz, IA Bergdahl, A Ekholm et al. Measurement by ICP-MS of lead in plasma and whole blood of lead workers and controls Occup Environ Med 53 1996 736 740
    • (1996) Occup Environ Med , vol.53 , pp. 736-740
    • Schütz, A.1    Bergdahl, I.A.2    Ekholm, A.3
  • 11
    • 38949108925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines
    • SK Karri, RB Saper, SN Kales Lead encephalopathy due to traditional medicines Curr Drug Saf 3 2008 54 59
    • (2008) Curr Drug Saf , vol.3 , pp. 54-59
    • Karri, S.K.1    Saper, R.B.2    Kales, S.N.3
  • 13
    • 29144437220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations, and future needs
    • Barbosa Jr, JE Tanus-Santos, RF Gerlach et al. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations, and future needs Environ Health Perspect 13 2005 1669 1674
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.13 , pp. 1669-1674
    • Barbosa, J.1    Tanus-Santos, J.E.2    Gerlach, R.F.3
  • 14
    • 33645816554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment
    • L Patrick Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment Altern Med Rev 11 2006 2 22
    • (2006) Altern Med Rev , vol.11 , pp. 2-22
    • Patrick, L.1
  • 15
    • 34147165170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The epidemiology of lead toxicity in adults: Measuring dose and consideration of other methodologic issues
    • H Hu, R Shih, S Rothenberg et al. The epidemiology of lead toxicity in adults: Measuring dose and consideration of other methodologic issues Environ Health Perspect 115 2007 455 462
    • (2007) Environ Health Perspect , vol.115 , pp. 455-462
    • Hu, H.1    Shih, R.2    Rothenberg, S.3
  • 17
    • 0344666478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental, dietary, demographic, and activity variables associated with biomarkers of exposure
    • A Roy, PG Georgopoulos, M Ouyang et al. Environmental, dietary, demographic, and activity variables associated with biomarkers of exposure Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 13 2003 417 426
    • (2003) Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol , vol.13 , pp. 417-426
    • Roy, A.1    Georgopoulos, P.G.2    Ouyang, M.3
  • 18
    • 47949113714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biomonitoring of lead exposure - Alternatives to blood
    • IA Bergdahl, S Skerfving Biomonitoring of lead exposure - alternatives to blood J Toxicol Environ Health A 71 2008 1235 1243
    • (2008) J Toxicol Environ Health A , vol.71 , pp. 1235-1243
    • Bergdahl, I.A.1    Skerfving, S.2
  • 20
    • 0031888609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: Conceptual paradigms
    • H Hu, M Rabinowitz, D Smith Bone lead as a biological marker in epidemiologic studies of chronic toxicity: Conceptual paradigms Environ Health Perspect 106 1998 1 8
    • (1998) Environ Health Perspect , vol.106 , pp. 1-8
    • Hu, H.1    Rabinowitz, M.2    Smith, D.3
  • 21
    • 0028957351 scopus 로고
    • Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements V: Lead absorption and disposition in childhood
    • EJ O'Flaherty Physiologically based models for bone-seeking elements V: Lead absorption and disposition in childhood Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 131 1995 297 308
    • (1995) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , vol.131 , pp. 297-308
    • O'Flaherty, E.J.1
  • 22
    • 0028776394 scopus 로고
    • Direct measurement of lead in bone - A promising biomarker
    • PJ Landrigan, AC Todd Direct measurement of lead in bone - a promising biomarker JAMA 271 1994 239 240
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.271 , pp. 239-240
    • Landrigan, P.J.1    Todd, A.C.2
  • 23
    • 0031660385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally exposed adults
    • M Hernandez-Avila, D Smith, F Meneses et al. The influence of bone and blood lead on plasma lead levels in environmentally exposed adults Environ Health Perspect 106 1998 473 477
    • (1998) Environ Health Perspect , vol.106 , pp. 473-477
    • Hernandez-Avila, M.1    Smith, D.2    Meneses, F.3
  • 24
    • 1542787622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure biomarkers and mini-mental status exam scores in older men
    • RO Wright, SW Tsaih, J Schwartz et al. Lead exposure biomarkers and mini-mental status exam scores in older men Epidemiology 14 2003 713 718
    • (2003) Epidemiology , vol.14 , pp. 713-718
    • Wright, R.O.1    Tsaih, S.W.2    Schwartz, J.3
  • 25
    • 79851508993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of manganese in enamel and coronal dentine of human primary teeth
    • M Arora, D Hare, C Austin et al. Spatial distribution of manganese in enamel and coronal dentine of human primary teeth Sci Total Environ 409 2011 1315 1319
    • (2011) Sci Total Environ , vol.409 , pp. 1315-1319
    • Arora, M.1    Hare, D.2    Austin, C.3
  • 26
    • 77954625270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shulze Childhood lead exposure and uptake in teeth in the Cleveland area during the era of leaded gasoline
    • N Robbins, ZF Robbins, J Zhang et al. Shulze Childhood lead exposure and uptake in teeth in the Cleveland area during the era of leaded gasoline Sci Total Environ 408 2010 4118 4127
    • (2010) Sci Total Environ , vol.408 , pp. 4118-4127
    • Robbins, N.1    Robbins, Z.F.2    Zhang, J.3
  • 27
    • 29144437220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations, and future needs
    • F Barbosa Jr, JE Tanus-Santos, RF Gerlach et al. A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: Advantages, limitations, and future needs Environ Health Perspect 113 2005 1669 1674
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 1669-1674
    • Barbosa Jr., F.1    Tanus-Santos, J.E.2    Gerlach, R.F.3
  • 28
    • 33751029565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial distribution of lead in human primary teeth as a biomarker of pre-and neonatal lead exposure
    • M Arora, BJ Arora, S Kennedy et al. Spatial distribution of lead in human primary teeth as a biomarker of pre-and neonatal lead exposure Sci Total Environ 371 2006 55 62
    • (2006) Sci Total Environ , vol.371 , pp. 55-62
    • Arora, M.1    Arora, B.J.2    Kennedy, S.3
  • 30
    • 0032864185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The independent contribution of bone and erythrocyte lead to urinary lead among middle-aged and elderly men: The normative aging study
    • SW Tsaih, J Schwartz, ML Lee et al. The independent contribution of bone and erythrocyte lead to urinary lead among middle-aged and elderly men: The normative aging study Environ Health Perspect 107 1999 391 396
    • (1999) Environ Health Perspect , vol.107 , pp. 391-396
    • Tsaih, S.W.1    Schwartz, J.2    Lee, M.L.3
  • 31
    • 0032745434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urinary lead as a possible surrogate of blood lead among workers occupationally exposed to lead
    • Y Fukui, M Miki, H Ukai et al. Urinary lead as a possible surrogate of blood lead among workers occupationally exposed to lead Int Arch Occup Environ Health 72 1999 516 520
    • (1999) Int Arch Occup Environ Health , vol.72 , pp. 516-520
    • Fukui, Y.1    Miki, M.2    Ukai, H.3
  • 32
    • 0025922859 scopus 로고
    • Corbella lead in children's hair, as related to exposure in Tarragona province, Spain
    • M Schumacher, JL Domingo, JM Llobet Corbella lead in children's hair, as related to exposure in Tarragona province, Spain Sci Total Environ 104 1991 167 177
    • (1991) Sci Total Environ , vol.104 , pp. 167-177
    • Schumacher, M.1    Domingo, J.L.2    Llobet, J.M.3
  • 33
    • 0023724264 scopus 로고
    • Survey of trace elements in human nails: An international comparison
    • Y Takagi, S Matsuda, S Imai et al. Survey of trace elements in human nails: an international comparison Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 41 1988 690 695
    • (1988) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , vol.41 , pp. 690-695
    • Takagi, Y.1    Matsuda, S.2    Imai, S.3
  • 34
    • 0033888701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails and of environmentally exposed people
    • B Nowak, J Chmielnicka Relationship of lead and cadmium to essential elements in hair, teeth, and nails and of environmentally exposed people Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 46 2000 265 274
    • (2000) Ecotoxicol Environ Saf , vol.46 , pp. 265-274
    • Nowak, B.1    Chmielnicka, J.2
  • 35
    • 0034735713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II: A study of the inhabitants of northern Sweden
    • I Rodushkin, M Axelsson Application of double focusing sector field ICP-MS for multielemental characterization of human hair and nails. Part II: A study of the inhabitants of northern Sweden Sci Total Environ 262 2000 21 36
    • (2000) Sci Total Environ , vol.262 , pp. 21-36
    • Rodushkin, I.1    Axelsson, M.2
  • 36
    • 0027485058 scopus 로고
    • New approaches to monitoring environmental neurotoxins
    • EK Silbergeld New approaches to monitoring environmental neurotoxins Ann NY Acad Sci 694 1993 62 71
    • (1993) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.694 , pp. 62-71
    • Silbergeld, E.K.1
  • 37
    • 0025825582 scopus 로고
    • Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects
    • FO Omokhodion, GW Crockford Lead in sweat and its relationship to salivary and urinary levels in normal healthy subjects Sci Total Environ 103 1991 113 122
    • (1991) Sci Total Environ , vol.103 , pp. 113-122
    • Omokhodion, F.O.1    Crockford, G.W.2
  • 38
    • 0019515270 scopus 로고
    • Lead levels in saliva and in blood
    • AY Pan Lead levels in saliva and in blood J Toxicol Environ Health 7 1981 273 280
    • (1981) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.7 , pp. 273-280
    • Pan, A.Y.1
  • 39
  • 40
    • 33748686179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the use of salivary lead levels as a surrogate of blood lead or plasma lead levels in lead exposed subjects
    • F Barbosa Jr, MH Corrêa Rodrigues, MR Buzalaf et al. Evaluation of the use of salivary lead levels as a surrogate of blood lead or plasma lead levels in lead exposed subjects Arch Toxicol 80 2006 633 637
    • (2006) Arch Toxicol , vol.80 , pp. 633-637
    • Barbosa Jr., F.1    Corrêa Rodrigues, M.H.2    Buzalaf, M.R.3
  • 42
    • 1642561885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heavy metal concentrations in the breast milk of Saudi women
    • I Al-Saleh, N Shinwari, A Mashhour Heavy metal concentrations in the breast milk of Saudi women Biol Trace Elem Res 96 2003 21 37
    • (2003) Biol Trace Elem Res , vol.96 , pp. 21-37
    • Al-Saleh, I.1    Shinwari, N.2    Mashhour, A.3
  • 43
    • 0026951238 scopus 로고
    • Lead concentrations in breast milk of women living in urban areas compared with women living in rural areas
    • B Guidi, S Ronchi, E Ori et al. Lead concentrations in breast milk of women living in urban areas compared with women living in rural areas Pediatr Med Chir 14 1992 611 616
    • (1992) Pediatr Med Chir , vol.14 , pp. 611-616
    • Guidi, B.1    Ronchi, S.2    Ori, E.3
  • 44
    • 0035103690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal study of daily intake and excretion of lead in newly born infants
    • BL Gulson, KJ Mizon, JM Palmer et al. Longitudinal study of daily intake and excretion of lead in newly born infants Environ Res 85 2001 232 245
    • (2001) Environ Res , vol.85 , pp. 232-245
    • Gulson, B.L.1    Mizon, K.J.2    Palmer, J.M.3
  • 45
    • 33947226883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk
    • C Gundacker, B Pietschnig, KJ Wittmann et al. Smoking, cereal consumption, and supplementation affect cadmium content in breast milk J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 17 2007 39 46
    • (2007) J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol , vol.17 , pp. 39-46
    • Gundacker, C.1    Pietschnig, B.2    Wittmann, K.J.3
  • 46
    • 10544249466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead and cadmium content in human milk from the Northern Adriatic area of Croatia
    • A Frković, M Kras, A Alebić-Juretić Lead and cadmium content in human milk from the Northern Adriatic area of Croatia Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 58 1997 16 21
    • (1997) Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , vol.58 , pp. 16-21
    • Frković, A.1    Kras, M.2    Alebić-Juretić, A.3
  • 48
    • 0037461114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadmium exposure and trace elements in human breast milk
    • R Honda, K Tawara, M Nishijo et al. Cadmium exposure and trace elements in human breast milk Toxicology 186 2003 255 259
    • (2003) Toxicology , vol.186 , pp. 255-259
    • Honda, R.1    Tawara, K.2    Nishijo, M.3
  • 49
    • 24944554518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: Association with dietary habits and other factors
    • M Leotsinidis, A Alexopoulos, E Kostopoulou-Farri Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: Association with dietary habits and other factors Chemosphere 61 2005 238 247
    • (2005) Chemosphere , vol.61 , pp. 238-247
    • Leotsinidis, M.1    Alexopoulos, A.2    Kostopoulou-Farri, E.3
  • 50
    • 0027447101 scopus 로고
    • Lead in human blood and milk from nursing women living near a smelter in Mexico City
    • D Namihira, L Saldivar, N Pustilnik et al. Lead in human blood and milk from nursing women living near a smelter in Mexico City J Toxicol Environ Health 38 1993 225 232
    • (1993) J Toxicol Environ Health , vol.38 , pp. 225-232
    • Namihira, D.1    Saldivar, L.2    Pustilnik, N.3
  • 51
    • 0023272566 scopus 로고
    • Cadmium concentrations in milk and blood of smoking mothers
    • B Radisch, W Luck, H Nau Cadmium concentrations in milk and blood of smoking mothers Toxicol Lett 36 1987 147 152
    • (1987) Toxicol Lett , vol.36 , pp. 147-152
    • Radisch, B.1    Luck, W.2    Nau, H.3
  • 52
    • 0029871402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional distribution of lead in human milk from Egypt
    • MA Saleh, AA Ragab, A Kamel et al. Regional distribution of lead in human milk from Egypt Chemosphere 32 1996 1859 1867
    • (1996) Chemosphere , vol.32 , pp. 1859-1867
    • Saleh, M.A.1    Ragab, A.A.2    Kamel, A.3
  • 53
    • 33749243010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trace element level in infant hair and diet, and in the local environment of the Moroccan city of Marrakech
    • C Souad, Z Farida, L Narda et al. Trace element level in infant hair and diet, and in the local environment of the Moroccan city of Marrakech Sci Total Environ 370 2006 337 342
    • (2006) Sci Total Environ , vol.370 , pp. 337-342
    • Souad, C.1    Farida, Z.2    Narda, L.3
  • 54
    • 0021865443 scopus 로고
    • Lead and cadmium in breast milk. Higher levels in urban vs. Rural mothers during the first 3 months of lactation
    • HJ Sternowsky, R Wessolowski Lead and cadmium in breast milk. Higher levels in urban vs. rural mothers during the first 3 months of lactation Arch Toxicol 57 1985 41 45
    • (1985) Arch Toxicol , vol.57 , pp. 41-45
    • Sternowsky, H.J.1    Wessolowski, R.2
  • 55
    • 22144471586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia
    • M Ursinyova, V Masanova Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia Food Addit Contam 22 2005 579 589
    • (2005) Food Addit Contam , vol.22 , pp. 579-589
    • Ursinyova, M.1    Masanova, V.2
  • 56
    • 0000636277 scopus 로고
    • Microminerals in human and animal milk
    • R.C. Jensen Academic Press, Inc. San Diego
    • CE Casey, A Smith, P Zhang Microminerals in human and animal milk RC Jensen Handbook of milk composition 1995 Academic Press, Inc. San Diego 622 674
    • (1995) Handbook of Milk Composition , pp. 622-674
    • Casey, C.E.1    Smith, A.2    Zhang, P.3
  • 57
    • 3042690851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levels of lead in breast milk and their relation to maternal blood and bone lead levels at one month postpartum
    • AS Ettinger, MM Téllez-Rojo, C Amarasiriwardena et al. Levels of lead in breast milk and their relation to maternal blood and bone lead levels at one month postpartum Environ Health Perspect 112 2004 926 931
    • (2004) Environ Health Perspect , vol.112 , pp. 926-931
    • Ettinger, A.S.1    Téllez-Rojo, M.M.2    Amarasiriwardena, C.3
  • 58
    • 79960952826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breast milk lead and cadmium levels from suburban areas of Ankara
    • E Örün, SS YalçIn, O Aykut Breast milk lead and cadmium levels from suburban areas of Ankara Sci Total Environ 409 2011 2467 2472
    • (2011) Sci Total Environ , vol.409 , pp. 2467-2472
    • Örün, E.1    Yalçin, S.S.2    Aykut, O.3
  • 59
    • 0035043318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of heavy metal contents in human colostrum samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry
    • S Turan, S Saygi, Z Kiliç et al. Determination of heavy metal contents in human colostrum samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry J Trop Pediatr 47 2001 81 85
    • (2001) J Trop Pediatr , vol.47 , pp. 81-85
    • Turan, S.1    Saygi, S.2    Kiliç, Z.3
  • 60
    • 20044365300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lead levels of maternal-cord pairs, children and adults who live in a central urban area in Turkey
    • B Kirel, MA Akşit, H Bulut Blood lead levels of maternal-cord pairs, children and adults who live in a central urban area in Turkey Turk J Pediatr 47 2005 125 131
    • (2005) Turk J Pediatr , vol.47 , pp. 125-131
    • Kirel, B.1    Akşit, M.A.2    Bulut, H.3
  • 62
    • 84884588645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of mercury, cadmium and lead in human milk in Iran
    • MA Goudarzi, P Parsaei, F Nayebpour et al. Determination of mercury, cadmium and lead in human milk in Iran Toxicol Ind Health 25 2012 1 4
    • (2012) Toxicol Ind Health , vol.25 , pp. 1-4
    • Goudarzi, M.A.1    Parsaei, P.2    Nayebpour, F.3
  • 64
    • 33646348445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure
    • L Schnaas, SJ Rothenberg, MF Flores et al. Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure Environ Health Perspect 114 2006 791 799
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 791-799
    • Schnaas, L.1    Rothenberg, S.J.2    Flores, M.F.3
  • 65
    • 0037451905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microgram per deciliter
    • RL Anfield, CR Henderson, DA Cory-Slechta et al. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microgram per deciliter N Engl J Med 348 2005 1517 1526
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 1517-1526
    • Anfield, R.L.1    Henderson, C.R.2    Cory-Slechta, D.A.3
  • 66
    • 22144464444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis
    • BP Lanphear, R Hornung, J Khoury Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis Environ Health Perspect 13 2003 894 899
    • (2003) Environ Health Perspect , vol.13 , pp. 894-899
    • Lanphear, B.P.1    Hornung, R.2    Khoury, J.3
  • 67
    • 0037441494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation - A summary of long-term research
    • BL Gulson, KJ Mizon, MJ Korsch et al. Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation - a summary of long-term research Sci Total Environ 303 2003 79 104
    • (2003) Sci Total Environ , vol.303 , pp. 79-104
    • Gulson, B.L.1    Mizon, K.J.2    Korsch, M.J.3
  • 68
    • 65149091577 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats
    • J Xu, HC Yan, B Yang Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats J Negat Results Biomed 8 2009 5
    • (2009) J Negat Results Biomed , vol.8 , pp. 5
    • Xu, J.1    Yan, H.C.2    Yang, B.3
  • 69
    • 0031752512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level lead-induced neurotoxicity in children: An update on central nervous system effects
    • Y Finkelstein, ME Markowitz, JF Rosen Low-level lead-induced neurotoxicity in children: An update on central nervous system effects Brain Res Rev 27 1998 168 176
    • (1998) Brain Res Rev , vol.27 , pp. 168-176
    • Finkelstein, Y.1    Markowitz, M.E.2    Rosen, J.F.3
  • 70
    • 39549112477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental stressors and violence: Lead and polychlorinated biphenyls
    • L Hwang Environmental stressors and violence: Lead and polychlorinated biphenyls Rev Environ Health 22 2007 313 328
    • (2007) Rev Environ Health , vol.22 , pp. 313-328
    • Hwang, L.1
  • 71
    • 1542329045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead poisoning
    • H Needleman Lead poisoning Ann Rev Med 55 2004 209 222
    • (2004) Ann Rev Med , vol.55 , pp. 209-222
    • Needleman, H.1
  • 73
    • 84943668444 scopus 로고
    • Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children
    • H Needleman, C Gatsonis Low-level lead exposure and the IQ of children JAMA 263 1990 673 678
    • (1990) JAMA , vol.263 , pp. 673-678
    • Needleman, H.1    Gatsonis, C.2
  • 75
    • 0003505586 scopus 로고
    • Centers For Disease Control And Prevention (cdc) US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Atlanta
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Preventing lead poisoning in young children 1991 US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC Atlanta
    • (1991) Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children
  • 76
    • 36049009963 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interpreting and managing blood lead levels of less than 10 microg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposure to lead: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention
    • HJ Binns, C Campbell, MJ Brown Interpreting and managing blood lead levels of less than 10 microg/dL in children and reducing childhood exposure to lead: Recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Advisory Committee on Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Pediatrics 120 2007 1285 1298
    • (2007) Pediatrics , vol.120 , pp. 1285-1298
    • Binns, H.J.1    Campbell, C.2    Brown, M.J.3
  • 77
    • 0033751680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of the transport of trace elements across barriers in humans: Studies of placental and mammary transfer
    • E Rossipal, M Krachler, F Li et al. Investigation of the transport of trace elements across barriers in humans: Studies of placental and mammary transfer Acta Paedriatr 89 2000 1190 1195
    • (2000) Acta Paedriatr , vol.89 , pp. 1190-1195
    • Rossipal, E.1    Krachler, M.2    Li, F.3
  • 79
    • 33750862640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development
    • H Hu, MM Tellez-Rojo, D Bellinger Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development Environ Health Perspect 114 2006 1730 1735
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 1730-1735
    • Hu, H.1    Tellez-Rojo, M.M.2    Bellinger, D.3
  • 80
    • 79953332164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emerging aspects of assessing lead poisoning in childhood
    • AL Jomes Emerging aspects of assessing lead poisoning in childhood Emerg Health Threats J 2 2009 3 7
    • (2009) Emerg Health Threats J , vol.2 , pp. 3-7
    • Jomes, A.L.1
  • 81
    • 33744484724 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parental exposure to lead and small for gestational age births
    • PC Chen, IJ Pan, JD Wang Parental exposure to lead and small for gestational age births Am J Ind Med 49 2006 417 422
    • (2006) Am J Ind Med , vol.49 , pp. 417-422
    • Chen, P.C.1    Pan, I.J.2    Wang, J.D.3
  • 82
    • 46749123130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. Children: NHANES 2001-2004
    • JM Braun, TE Froehlich, JL Daniels Association of environmental toxicants and conduct disorder in U.S. children: NHANES 2001-2004 Environ Health Perspect 116 2008 956 962
    • (2008) Environ Health Perspect , vol.116 , pp. 956-962
    • Braun, J.M.1    Froehlich, T.E.2    Daniels, J.L.3
  • 83
    • 23444453852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascular functioning in 9 (1/2) year old children
    • BB Gump, P Stewart, J Reihman Prenatal and early childhood blood lead levels and cardiovascular functioning in 9 (1/2) year old children Neurotoxicol Teratol 27 2005 655 665
    • (2005) Neurotoxicol Teratol , vol.27 , pp. 655-665
    • Gump, B.B.1    Stewart, P.2    Reihman, J.3
  • 84
    • 34948814050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of lead poisoning in a patient with occupational lead exposure: A case presentation
    • DS Herman, M Geraldine, T Venkatesh Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of lead poisoning in a patient with occupational lead exposure: A case presentation J Occup Med Toxicol 2 2007 71 78
    • (2007) J Occup Med Toxicol , vol.2 , pp. 71-78
    • Herman, D.S.1    Geraldine, M.2    Venkatesh, T.3
  • 85
    • 0025637288 scopus 로고
    • Transplacental transport of lead
    • RA Goyer Transplacental transport of lead Environ Health Perspect 89 1990 101 105
    • (1990) Environ Health Perspect , vol.89 , pp. 101-105
    • Goyer, R.A.1
  • 86
    • 0030103352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lead dynamics of lead-exposed pregnant women and its effects on fetus development
    • BJ Wan, Y Zhang, CY Tian et al. Blood lead dynamics of lead-exposed pregnant women and its effects on fetus development Biomed Environ Sci 9 1996 41 45
    • (1996) Biomed Environ Sci , vol.9 , pp. 41-45
    • Wan, B.J.1    Zhang, Y.2    Tian, C.Y.3
  • 87
    • 0033869809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion
    • I Hertz-Picciotto The evidence that lead increases the risk for spontaneous abortion Am J Ind Med 38 2000 300 309
    • (2000) Am J Ind Med , vol.38 , pp. 300-309
    • Hertz-Picciotto, I.1
  • 88
    • 0033568823 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion
    • VH Borja-Aburto, I Hertz-Picciotto, M Rojas Lopez et al. Blood lead levels measured prospectively and risk of spontaneous abortion Am J Epidemiol 150 1999 590 597
    • (1999) Am J Epidemiol , vol.150 , pp. 590-597
    • Borja-Aburto, V.H.1    Hertz-Picciotto, I.2    Rojas Lopez, M.3
  • 89
    • 0035067421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lead exposure in pregnancy: A review of the literature and argument for routine prenatal screening
    • C Gardella Lead exposure in pregnancy: A review of the literature and argument for routine prenatal screening Obstet Gynecol Surv 56 2001 231 238
    • (2001) Obstet Gynecol Surv , vol.56 , pp. 231-238
    • Gardella, C.1
  • 90
    • 0034208579 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfer of lead via placenta and breast milk in human
    • PJ Li, YZ Sheng, QY Wang et al. Transfer of lead via placenta and breast milk in human Biomed Environ Sci 13 2000 85 89
    • (2000) Biomed Environ Sci , vol.13 , pp. 85-89
    • Li, P.J.1    Sheng, Y.Z.2    Wang, Q.Y.3
  • 93
    • 0023110134 scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development
    • D Bellinger, A Leviton, C Waternaux et al. Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development N Engl J Med 316 1987 1037 1043
    • (1987) N Engl J Med , vol.316 , pp. 1037-1043
    • Bellinger, D.1    Leviton, A.2    Waternaux, C.3
  • 94
    • 33750862640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development
    • H Hu, MM Téllez-Rojo, D Bellinger et al. Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development Environ Health Perspect 114 2006 1730 1735
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 1730-1735
    • Hu, H.1    Téllez-Rojo, M.M.2    Bellinger, D.3
  • 95
    • 33646348445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure
    • L Schnaas, SJ Rothenberg, MF Flores Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure Environ Health Perspect 114 2006 791 797
    • (2006) Environ Health Perspect , vol.114 , pp. 791-797
    • Schnaas, L.1    Rothenberg, S.J.2    Flores, M.F.3
  • 96
    • 0026564273 scopus 로고
    • Health effects of lead at low exposure levels
    • JF Rosen Health effects of lead at low exposure levels Am J Dis Child 146 1992 1278 1281
    • (1992) Am J Dis Child , vol.146 , pp. 1278-1281
    • Rosen, J.F.1
  • 97
    • 22144464444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis
    • BP Lanphear, R Hornung, J Khoury et al. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: An international pooled analysis Environ Health Perspect 113 2005 894 899
    • (2005) Environ Health Perspect , vol.113 , pp. 894-899
    • Lanphear, B.P.1    Hornung, R.2    Khoury, J.3
  • 98
    • 33748430530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 microg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City
    • MM Téllez-Rojo, DC Bellinger, C Arroyo-Quiroz et al. Longitudinal associations between blood lead concentrations lower than 10 microg/dL and neurobehavioral development in environmentally exposed children in Mexico City Pediatrics 118 2006 e323 e330
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.118
    • Téllez-Rojo, M.M.1    Bellinger, D.C.2    Arroyo-Quiroz, C.3
  • 99
    • 44449122269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood
    • JP Wright, KN Dietrich, MD Ri et al. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood PLoS Med 5 2008 e101
    • (2008) PLoS Med , vol.5 , pp. 101
    • Wright, J.P.1    Dietrich, K.N.2    Ri, M.D.3
  • 100
    • 0031827147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurotoxicity in young adults years after childhood exposure to lead: The Bunker Hill experience
    • L Stokes, R Letz, F Gerr et al. Neurotoxicity in young adults years after childhood exposure to lead: The Bunker Hill experience Occup Environ Med 55 1998 507 516
    • (1998) Occup Environ Med , vol.55 , pp. 507-516
    • Stokes, L.1    Letz, R.2    Gerr, F.3
  • 101
    • 0027302661 scopus 로고
    • Residual cognitive deficits 50 years after lead poisoning during childhood
    • RF White, R Diamond, S Proctor et al. Residual cognitive deficits 50 years after lead poisoning during childhood Br J Ind Med 50 1993 613 622
    • (1993) Br J Ind Med , vol.50 , pp. 613-622
    • White, R.F.1    Diamond, R.2    Proctor, S.3
  • 102
    • 0017740152 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar calcification: A possible marker of lead poisoning
    • JI Tonge, AF Burry, JR Saal Cerebellar calcification: A possible marker of lead poisoning Pathology 9 1977 289 300
    • (1977) Pathology , vol.9 , pp. 289-300
    • Tonge, J.I.1    Burry, A.F.2    Saal, J.R.3
  • 103
    • 0022636114 scopus 로고
    • Intracranial calcification in adults with chronic lead exposure
    • PF Reyes, CF Gonzalez, MK Zalewska et al. Intracranial calcification in adults with chronic lead exposure AJR Am J Roentgenol 146 1986 267 270
    • (1986) AJR Am J Roentgenol , vol.146 , pp. 267-270
    • Reyes, P.F.1    Gonzalez, C.F.2    Zalewska, M.K.3
  • 104
    • 0025950672 scopus 로고
    • Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of lead poisoning in adults
    • C Schröter, H Schröter, G Huffman Neurologic and psychiatric manifestations of lead poisoning in adults Fortschr Neurol Psychiat 59 1991 413 424
    • (1991) Fortschr Neurol Psychiat , vol.59 , pp. 413-424
    • Schröter, C.1    Schröter, H.2    Huffman, G.3
  • 105
    • 71049119044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered myelination and axonal integrity in adults with childhood lead exposure: A diffusion tensor imaging study
    • CJ Brubaker, VJ Schmithorst, EN Haynes et al. Altered myelination and axonal integrity in adults with childhood lead exposure: A diffusion tensor imaging study Neurotoxicology 30 2009 867 875
    • (2009) Neurotoxicology , vol.30 , pp. 867-875
    • Brubaker, C.J.1    Schmithorst, V.J.2    Haynes, E.N.3
  • 106
    • 0027368512 scopus 로고
    • Schizophrenia: Into the next millennium
    • B Jones Schizophrenia: Into the next millennium Can J Psychiat 38 1993 567 569
    • (1993) Can J Psychiat , vol.38 , pp. 567-569
    • Jones, B.1
  • 107
    • 58849100414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prenatal exposure to lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid, and schizophrenia: Further evidence
    • MG Opler, SL Buka, J Groeger et al. Prenatal exposure to lead, delta-aminolevulinic acid, and schizophrenia: Further evidence Environ Health Perspect 116 2008 1586 1590
    • (2008) Environ Health Perspect , vol.116 , pp. 1586-1590
    • Opler, M.G.1    Buka, S.L.2    Groeger, J.3
  • 108
    • 33746078438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Involvement of environmental mercury and lead in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases
    • F Monnet-Tschudi, MG Zurich, C Boschat et al. Involvement of environmental mercury and lead in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases Rev Environ Health 21 2006 105 117
    • (2006) Rev Environ Health , vol.21 , pp. 105-117
    • Monnet-Tschudi, F.1    Zurich, M.G.2    Boschat, C.3
  • 109
    • 33845724066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cumulative lead exposure and cognitive performance among elderly men
    • MG Weisskopf, SP Proctor, RO Wright et al. Cumulative lead exposure and cognitive performance among elderly men Epidemiology 18 2007 59 66
    • (2007) Epidemiology , vol.18 , pp. 59-66
    • Weisskopf, M.G.1    Proctor, S.P.2    Wright, R.O.3
  • 110
    • 14544269876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential effects of lead exposure on components of verbal memory
    • ML Bleecker, DP Ford, KN Lindgren et al. Differential effects of lead exposure on components of verbal memory Occup Environ Med 62 2005 181 187
    • (2005) Occup Environ Med , vol.62 , pp. 181-187
    • Bleecker, M.L.1    Ford, D.P.2    Lindgren, K.N.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.