An older origin for the Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): Techno-economic behaviours at Garba IVD

Journal of Human Evolution

Volumn 65, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 594-620

  Gallotti, Rosalia ^a,b  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX   (France)

Author keywords

Cha ne op ratoire; Early Acheulean; East Africa; Large cutting tool production; Large flake production; Small d bitage

Indexed keywords

ACHEULEAN; CULTURAL CHANGE; LITHIC FRAGMENT; STONE AGE; STRATIGRAPHY; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT;

ETHIOPIA; MELKA KUNTURE;

AFRICA; ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CHAÎNE OPÉRATOIRE; CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY; EARLY ACHEULEAN; ETHIOPIA; FOSSIL; HOMINID; LARGE CUTTING TOOL PRODUCTION; LARGE FLAKE PRODUCTION; SMALL DÉBITAGE; TECHNOLOGY;

CHAÎNE OPÉRATOIRE; EARLY ACHEULEAN; EAST AFRICA; LARGE CUTTING TOOL PRODUCTION; LARGE FLAKE PRODUCTION; SMALL DÉBITAGE;

ANIMALS; CULTURAL EVOLUTION; ETHIOPIA; FOSSILS; HOMINIDAE; TECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84885378460     PISSN: 00472484     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.07.001     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Asfaw B., Beyene Y., Suwa G., Walker R.C., White T.D., WoldeGabriel G., Yemane T. The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula. Nature 1992, 360:732-735.
2. High Lodge: Excavations by G. de G. Sieveking, 1962-8 and J. Cook, 1988 1992, British Museum Press, London. N. Ashton, J.M. Cook, S.G. Lewis, J. Rose (Eds.).
3. Berthelet A., Chavaillon J. Karre I. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 211-251. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
4. Beyene Y. The emergence and development of the Acheulean at Konso. Anthropol. Sci. 2003, 111:58.
5. Beyene Y., Katoh S., WoldeGabriel G., Hart W.K., Uto K., Sudo M., Kondo M., Hyodo M., Renne P.R., Suwa G., Asfaw B. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2013, 110:1584-1591.
6. Beyries S., Boëda E. Étude technologique et traces d'utilisation des 'éclats débordants' de Corbehem, Pas-de-Calais. Bull. Soc. Préhist. Fr. 1983, 80:275-279.
7. Bishop L.C., Plummer T., Ferraro J.V., Braun D., Dichfield P.W., Hertel H., Kingston J.D., Hicks J., Potts R. Recent research into Oldowan hominin activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 2006, 23:31-40.
8. Boëda E. Le débitage discoïde et le débitage Levallois récurrent centripète. Bull. Soc. Préhist. Fr. 1993, 90-96:392-404.
9. Bower J.R.F. Attributes of Oldowan and Lower Acheulean tools: 'tradition' and design in the early Lower Palaeolithic. S.Afr. Archaeol. Bull. 1977, 32:113-126.
10. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan 2009, Springer, Dordrecht. D.R. Braun, E. Hovers (Eds.).
11. Braun D.R., Plummer T., Ditchfield P., Ferraro J.V., Maina D., Bishop L.C., Potts R. Oldowan behavior and raw material transport: perspectives from the Kanjera Formation. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2008, 35:2329-2345.
12. Braun D.R., Rogers M.J., Harris J.W.K., Walker S.J. Landscape-scale variation in hominin tool use: evidence from the developed Oldowan. J.Hum. Evol. 2008, 55:1053-1063.
13. Braun D.R., Plummer T., Ferraro J.V., Ditchfield P., Bishop L.C. Raw material quality and Oldowan hominin toolstone preferences: evidence from Kanjera South, Kenya. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2009, 36:1605-1614.
14. Chavaillon J. La préhistoire éthiopienne à Melka-Kontouré. Archeologia 1967, 19:56-63.
15. Chavaillon J. Stratigraphie du site archéologique de Melka-Kunturé (Ethiopie). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr 1979, XXI:227-232.
16. Chavaillon J. Essai pour une typologie du matériel de percussion. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr 1979, 76:230-233.
17. Chavaillon J. The site of Gombore I. Discovery, geological introduction and study of percussion material and tools on pebble. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 253-369. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
18. Chavaillon J., Berthelet A. The archaeological sites of Melka Kunture. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 25-80. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
19. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. Les habitats oldowayens de Melka Kontouré (Ethiopie). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris D 1969, 268:2244-2247.
20. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. Présence éventuelle d'un abri oldowayen dans le gisement de Melka-Kontouré (Ethiopie). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris D 1971, 276:623-625.
21. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. Choppers et polyèdres dans les habitats oldowayens et acheuléens de Melka-Kunturé. L'Homme d'Hier et d'Aujourd'hui, Recueil d'Études en Hommage à André Leroi-Gourhan 1973, 143-155. Cujas, Paris. M. Sauter (Ed.).
22. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. Le paléolithique ancien en Ethiopie, caractères techniques de l'Oldowayen de Gomboré I à Melka-Kunturé 1976, 43-69. Colloquium V. IX UISPP Congress, Nice.
23. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. Le site oldowayen de Gomboré I à Melka-Kunturé (Ethiopie): étude partielle d'un secteur. Abbay 1976, VII:1-25.
24. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N. The site of Gombore I. Comments and conclusions on the lithic assemblage. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 437-448. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
25. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N., Berthelet A. Methodology. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 195-209. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
26. Chavaillon J., Chavaillon N., Hours F., Piperno M. From the Oldowan to the Middle Stone Age at Melka-Kunture (Ethiopia). Understanding cultural changes. Quaternaria 1979, XXI:1-26.
27. Chavaillon J., Piperno M. Garba IV, site paléolithique ancien de Melka-Kunturé. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr 1975, 72:134-138.
28. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
29. Chavaillon J., Taieb M. Stratigraphie du Quaternaire de Melka-Kunturé, vallée de l'Awash, Ethiopie. Premiers résultats. C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris D 1968, 266:1210-1212.
30. Chavaillon N. Notes sur les techniques de débitage observées dans un site oldowayen de Melka-Kunturé. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr 1975, 72:267-269.
31. Chavaillon N. The site of Gombore I. Débitage and tools on flake. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 371-435. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
32. Chernet T., Hart W.K., Aronson J.L., Walter R.C. New age constraints on the timing of volcanism and tectonism in the northern Main Ethiopian Rift - southern Afar transition zone (Ethiopia). J.Volcanol. Geoth. Res. 1998, 80:267-280.
33. Chevrier, B., 2012. Les assemblages à pièces bifaciales au Pléistocène inférieur et moyen ancient en Afrique de l'Est et au Proche Orient: nouvelle approche du phénomène bifacial appliqué aux problématiques de migration, diffusion et d'évolution locale. Ph.D. Dissertation, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défence.
34. Clark J.D., Haynes C.V. An elephant butchery site at Mwanganda's Village, Karonga, Malawi, and its relevance for Palaeolithic archaeology. World Archaeol. 1970, 1:390-411.
35. Cressier, P., 1980. Magnétostratigraphie du gisement pléistocène de Melka-Kunturé (Ethiopie). Datation des niveaux oldowayens et acheuléens. Ph.D. Dissertation, Université Louis Pasteur.
36. D'Andrea A., Gallotti R. GIS and intra-site spatial analysis. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 589-597. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
37. D'Andrea A., Gallotti R., Piperno M. Applicazione di un GIS intra-site al giacimento paleolitico di Garba IV (Melka Kunture, Etiopia). Archeol. Calcolatori 2000, 11:319-338.
38. D'Andrea A., Gallotti R., Piperno M. Taphonomic interpretation of the Developed Oldowan site of Garba IV (Melka Kunture, Ethiopia) through a GIS application. Antiquity 2002, 76:991-1001.
39. de Heinzelin J., Clark J.D., Schick K., Gilbert W.H.E. The Acheulean and the Plio-Pleistocene Deposits of the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia 2002, Musée Royal de l'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren.
40. de la Torre I. Omo revisited. Curr. Anthropol. 2004, 45:439-465.
41. de la Torre I. The Early Stone Age lithic assemblages of Gadeb (Ethiopia) and the developed Oldowan/early Acheulean in East Africa. J.Hum. Evol. 2011, 60:768-812.
42. de la Torre I. The origins of stone tool technology in Africa: a historical perspective. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2011, 366:1028-1037.
43. de la Torre I., Mora R. Technological Strategies in the Lower Pleistocene at Olduvai Beds I & II 2005, Eraul, Liege.
44. de la Torre I., Mora R. Remarks on the current theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of early technological strategies in eastern Africa. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan 2009, 15-24. Springer, Dordrecht. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun (Eds.).
45. de la Torre I., Mora R., Domínguez-Rodrigo M., De Luque L., Alcalá L. The Oldowan industry of Peninj and its bearing on the reconstruction of the technological skills of Lower Pleistocene hominids. J.Hum. Evol. 2003, 44:203-224.
46. de la Torre I., Mora R., Martínez-Moreno J. The early Acheulean in Peninj (Lake Natron, Tanzania). J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2008, 27:244-264.
47. de Lumley H., Beyene Y., Barsky D., Byrne L., Camara A., Cauche D., Celiberti V., Fournier A., Pleurdeau D. L'industrie lithique préoldowayenne du site de Fejej Fj-1. Les Sites Préhistoriques de la Région de Fejej, Sud-Omo, Éthiopie, dans Leur Contexte Stratigraphique et Paléontologique 2004, 391-563. Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris. H. de Lumley, Y. Beyene (Eds.).
48. Delagnes A., Boisserie J.R., Beyene Y., Chuniaud K., Guillemot C., Schuster M. Archaeological investigations in the Lower Omo Valley (Shungura Formation, Ethiopia): new data and perspectives. J. Hum. Evol. 2011, 61:215-222.
49. Delagnes A., Lenoble A., Harmand S., Brugal J.-P., Prat S., Tiercelin J.-J., Roche H. Interpreting pachyderm single carcass sites in the African Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene record: a multidisciplinary approach to the site of Nadung'a 4 (Kenya). J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2006, 25:448-465.
50. Delagnes A., Roche H. Late Pliocene knapping skills: the case of Lokalalei 2C, West Turkana, Kenya. J. Hum. Evol. 2005, 48:435-472.
51. Domínguez-Rodrigo M., de la Torre I., Luque L., Alcalá L., Mora R., Serrallonga J., Medina V. The ST site complex at Peninj, West Lake Natron, Tanzania: implications for early hominid behavioural models. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2002, 29:639-665.
52. Forestier H. Approche Technologique de Quelques Séries Dites Clactoniennes du Nord-Ouest de la France et du Sud-Est de l'Angleterre 1992, Mémoire de Maîtrise, Université Paris, Nanterre.
53. Forestier H. Le Clactonien: mise en application d'une nouvelle méthode de débitage s'inscrivant dans la variabilité des systèmes de production lithique du paléolithique ancien. Paléo 1993, 5:53-82.
54. Gallotti R., Piperno M. Recent activities of the Italian archaeological mission at Melka Kunture: The open air museum project and the GIS application to the study of the Oldowan sites. Oldowan: Rather More than Smashing Tools, First Hominid Technology Workshop, Treballs d'Arqueologia 9, Bellaterra 2003, 37-75. J.M. Moreno, R.M. Torcal, I. de la Torre Sainz (Eds.).
55. Gallotti R., Piperno M. The site of Garba IV. Spatial analysis of the lithic material from Level D. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 599-635. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
56. Geneste J.M. Economie des ressources lithiques dans le Mousterien du sud-ouest de la France. L'Homme de Néanderthal, La Subsistance 1989, vol. 6:75-97. ERAUL, Liege. M. Otte (Ed.).
57. Geneste J.M. Systèmes techniques de production lithique: Variations techno-économiques dans les processus de réalisation des outillages paléolithiques. Tech. Cult. 1991, 17, 18:1-35.
58. Goldman-Neuman T., Hovers E. Methodological issues in the study of Oldowan raw material selectivity: insights from A.L. 894 (Hadar, Ethiopia). Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan 2009, 71-84. Springer, Dordrecht. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun (Eds.).
59. Goldman-Neuman T., Hovers E. Raw material selectivity in Late Pliocene Oldowan sites in the Makaamitalu Basin, Hadar, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:353-366.
60. Goren-Inbar N., Sharon G. Invisible handaxes and visible Acheulian biface technology at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Axe Age. Acheulian Toolmaking from Quarry to Discard 2006, 111-135. Equinox, London. N. Goren-Inbar, G. Sharon (Eds.).
61. Gowlett J.A.J. Culture and conceptualisation: the Oldowan-Acheulian gradient. Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney 1986, 243-260. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G.N. Bailey, P. Callow (Eds.).
62. Gowlett J.A.J., Harris J.W.K., Walton D., Wood B.A. Early archaeological sites,hominid remains and traces of fire from Chesowanja, Kenya. Nature 1981, 294:125-129.
63. Harmand S. Economic behaviors and cognitive capacities of early hominins between 2.34Ma and 0.70Ma in West Turkana, Kenya. Mitt. Gesell. Urgeschichte 2007, 16:11-23.
64. Harmand S. Raw material and techno-economic behaviours at Oldowan and Acheulean sites in the West Turkana region, Kenya. Lithic Materials and Paleolithic Societies 2009, 3-14. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. B. Adams, B. Blades (Eds.).
65. Harmand S. Variability in raw material selectivity at the Late Pliocene site of Lokalalei, West Turkana, Kenya. Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan 2009, 85-97. Springer, Dordrecht. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun (Eds.).
66. Hovers E., Schollmeyer K., Goldman T., Eck G., Reed K.E., Johanson D.C., Kimbel W.H. Late Pliocene Archaeological Sites in Hadar, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2002, 42:1-17.
67. Inizan M.L., Reduron-Ballinger M., Roche H., Tixier J. Technology and Terminology of Knapped Stone (Préhistoire de la Pierre taillée 5) 1999, CREP, Nanterre.
68. Olorgesailie. Archeological Studies of a Middle Pleistocene Lake Basin in Kenya 1977, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. G. Isaac (Ed.).
69. Isaac G.Ll. Foundation stones: early artifacts as indicators of activities and abilities. Stone Age Prehistory: Studies in Memory of Charles McBurney 1986, 221-241. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. G.N. Bailey, P. Callow (Eds.).
70. Koobi Fora Research Project, Plio-Pleistocene Archaeology 1997, vol. 5. Clarendon Press, Oxford. G. Isaac, B. Issac (Eds.).
71. Jaubert J., Mourre V. Coudoulous, le Rescundudou, Mauran: diversité des matières premières et variabilité des schemas de production d'éclats. Quaternaria Nova 6, Reduction Processes (Chaînes Opératoires) in the European Mousterian 1996, 313-341. Isituto Italiano di Paleontologia Humana, Rome. A. Bietti, S. Grimaldi (Eds.).
72. Katoh S., Nagaoka S., WoldeGabriel G., Renne P., Snow M.G., Beyene Y., Suwa G. Chronostratigraphy and correlation of the Plio-Pleistocene tephra layers of the Konso Formation, southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia. Quatern. Sci. Rev. 2000, 19:1305-1317.
73. Kieffer G., Raynal J.-P., Bardin G. Cadre structural et volcanologiques des sites du Paléolithique ancien de Melka Kunture (Awash, Ethiopie): Premiers résultats. Hommes et Volcans. De l'Éruption à l'Objet, Les Dossiers de l'Archéo-Logis 2, Proceedings XIV UISPP Congress, Symposium 15.2, Liege, 2001 2002, 77-92. J.-P. Raynal, C. Albore-Livadie, M. Piperno (Eds.).
74. Kieffer G., Raynal J.-P., Bardin G. Volcanic markers in coarse alluvium at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia). Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 93-101. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
75. Leakey M.D. Olduvai Gorge. Excavations in bed I and II, 1960-1963 1971, vol. 3. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
76. Leakey M.D. Cultural patterns in the Olduvai sequence. After the Australopithecines. Stratigraphy, Ecology, and Cultural Change in the Middle Pleistocene 1975, 477-493. Mouton, Chicago. K.W. Butzer, G.L. Isaac (Eds.).
77. Lepre C.J., Roche H., Kent D.V., Harmand S., Quinn R.L., Brugal J.-P., Texier P.-J., Lenoble A., Feibel C.S. An earlier origin for the Acheulian. Nature 2011, 477:82-85.
78. Leroi-Gourhan A. Le Geste et la Parole. Technique et Langage 1964, Albin Michel, Paris.
79. Leroi-Gourhan A. Evolution et Technique. L'Homme et la Matière 1971, Albin Michel, Paris.
80. Manega, P.C., 1993. Geochronology, geochemistry and isotopic study of the Plio-Pleistocene hominid sites and the Ngorongoro volcanic highland in northern Tanzania. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Chicago.
81. Oldowan, Rather More Than Smashing Stones: An Introduction to the Technology of First Humans Workshop, Treballs d'Arqueologia 9, Bellaterra 2003, 11-35. J. Martínez-Moreno, R. Mora, I. de la Torre (Eds.).
82. Mora R., de la Torre I. Percussion tools in Olduvai Beds I and II (Tanzania): implications for early human activities. J.Anthropol. Archaeol. 2005, 24:179-192.
83. Mora R., Domínguez-Rodrigo M., de la Torre I., Luque L., Alcalá L. The archaeology of the Peninj 'ST Complex' (Lake Natron, Tanzania). Oldowan: Rather More Than Smashing Stones. First Hominid Technology Workshop, Treballs d'Arqueologia 9, Bellaterra 2003, 77-116. J. Martínez-Moreno, R. Mora, I. de la Torre (Eds.).
84. Morgan L.E., Renne P.R., Kieffer G., Piperno M., Gallotti R., Raynal J.-P. Achronological framework for a long and persistent archaeological record: Melka Kunture, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2012, 62:104-115.
85. Mourre V. Discoïde ou pas discoïde? Réflexions sur la pertinence des critères techniques définissant le débitage discoïde. Discoid Lithic Technology - Advances and Implications, BAR International Series 1120 2003, 1-18. Oxford. M. Peresani (Ed.).
86. Mourre V. Émergence et évolution de la prédétermination au Paléolithique. Normes Techniques et Pratiques Sociales: 'de la Simplicité des Outillages Pré- et Protohistoriques'. XXVIe Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes 2006, 61-74. Antibes-Juan-les-Pins. L. Astruc, F. Bon, V. Léa, P.-Y. Milcent, S. Philibert (Eds.).
87. Nagaoka S., Katoh S., WoldeGabriel G., Sato H., Nakaya H., Beyene Y., Suwa G. Lithostratigraphy and sedimentary environments of the hominid-bearing Pliocene-Pleistocene Konso formation in the southern Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2005, 216:333-357.
88. Negash A., Shackley M.S., Alene M. Source provenance of obsidian artifacts from the Early Stone Age (ESA) site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2006, 33:1647-1650.
89. Pelegrin J. Réflexions sur le comportement technique. La Signification Culturelle des Industries Lithiques, Studia Praehistorica Belgica 4, BAR International Series 239 1985, 72-91. Liege. M. Otte (Ed.).
90. Perlés C. Économie des matières première set économie du débitage: deux conceptions opposées?. Congrès 25 ans d'Études Technologiques en Préhistoire: Bilan et Perspectives. Proceedings XI Rencontres d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes, October 18-20, 1990 1991, 35-45. APDCA, Juan-les-Pins.
91. Piperno M. Les sols d'occupations oldowayens évolués de Garba IV, Melka Konturé, Ethiopie (Fouilles 1972-1976). Proceedings VIII Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, 1977 1980, 202-204. The International Louis Leakey Memorial Institute for African Prehistory, Nairobi. R.E. Leakey, B.A. Ogot (Eds.).
92. Piperno M. La préhistoire de Melka Kunturé (Éthiopie). Bull. Cent. Rech. Fr. Jérusalem 2001, 8:1-8.
93. Piperno M., Bulgarelli-Piperno G.M. First approach to the ecological and cultural significance of the early Palaeolithic occupation site of Garba IV at Melka-Kunture (Ethiopia). Quaternaria 1975, XVIII:347-382.
94. Piperno M., Bulgarelli G.M. The site of Garba IV. Excavations 1973-1982. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 449-458. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
95. Piperno M., Bulgarelli G.M., Gallotti R. The site of Garba IV. The lithic industry of level C. Typological and technological study. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 459-468. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
96. Piperno M., Bulgarelli G.M., Gallotti R. The site of Garba IV. The lithic industry of Level D. Débitage and tools on flake. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 469-544. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
97. Piperno M., Bulgarelli G.M., Gallotti R. The site of Garba IV. The lithic industry of level D. Tools on pebble and percussion material. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 545-580. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
98. Piperno M., Bulgarelli G.M., Gallotti R. The site of Garba IV. The test trenches A and B and the sounding in level E. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 581-587. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
99. Piperno M., Collina C., Gallotti R., Raynal J.-P., Kieffer G., Le Bourdonnec F.-X., Poupeau G., Geraads D. Obsidian exploitation and utilization during the Oldowan at Melka Kunture (Ethiopia). Interdisciplinary Approaches to the Oldowan 2009, 111-128. Springer, Dordrecht. E. Hovers, D.R. Braun (Eds.).
100. Plummer T., Bishop L.C., Ditchfield P., Hicks J. Research on Late Pliocene Oldowan sites at Kanjera South, Kenya. J.Hum. Evol. 1999, 36:151-170.
101. Poupeau G., Kieffer G., Raynal J.P., Milton A., Delerue S. Trace element geochemistry in Balchit obsidian (Upper Awash, Ethiopia). Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 103-110. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
102. Quade J., Levin N., Semaw S., Stout D., Renne P., Rogers M.J., Simpson S. Paleoenvironments of the earliest stone toolmakers, Gona, Ethiopia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2004, 116:1529-1544.
103. Quade J., Levin N., Simpson S., Butler R., McIntosh W., Semaw S., Kleinsasser L., Dupont-Nivet G., Renne P., Dunbar N. The Geology of Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. Spec. Pap. 2008, 446:1-31.
104. Raynal J.-P., Kieffer G. Lithology, dynamism and volcanic successions at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia). Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 111-135. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
105. Raynal J.-P., Kieffer G., Bardin G. Garba IV and the Melka Kunture Formation. A preliminary lithostratigraphic approach. Studies on the Early Paleolithic Site of Melka Kunture, Ethiopia 2004, 137-166. Origines, Firenze. J. Chavaillon, M. Piperno (Eds.).
106. Roche H. From simple flaking to shaping: stone knapping evolution among early hominids. Stone Knapping: The Necessary Conditions for a Uniquely Hominid Behaviour 2005, 35-48. McDonald Institute Monograph Series, Cambridge. V. Roux, B. Bril (Eds.).
107. Roche H., Brugal J.-P., Delagnes A., Feibel C., Harmand S., Kibunjia M., Prat S., Texier P.-J. Les sites archéologiques plio-pléistocènes de la formation de Nachukui, Ouest-Turkana, Kenya: bilan synthétique 1997-2001. C.R. Palevol. 2003, 2:663-673.
108. Roche H., Texier P.-J. La notion de complexité dans un ensemble lithique. Application aux séries acheuléennes d'Isenya (Kenya). Congrès 25 ans d'Études Technologiques en Préhistoire: Bilan et Perspectives. Proceedings XIème Rencontres Internationales d'Archéologie et d'Histoire d'Antibes 1991, 99-108. APDCA, Juan-les-Pins.
109. Salvi M.C., Salvini R., Cartocci A., Kozciak S., Gallotti R., Piperno M. Multitemporal analysis for preservation of obsidian sources from Melka Kunture (Ethiopia): integration of fieldwork activities, digital aerial photogrammetry and multispectral stereo-IKONOS II analysis. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2011, 38:2017-2023.
110. Schick K., Clark J.D. Biface technological development and variability in the Acheulean industrial complex in the Middle Awash region of the Afar Rift, Ethiopia. Multiple Approach to the Study of Bifacial Technologies 2003, 1-30. University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia. M. Soressi, H.L. Dibble (Eds.).
111. Schmitt, J.-J., Wempler, J.-M., Chavaillon, J., Andrews, M.C., 1977. Initial K/Ar and paleomagnetic results of the Melka-Kunturé early-man sites, Ethiopia. Proceedings VIII Panafrican Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Nairobi.
112. Semaw S. The world's oldest stone artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their implications for understanding stone technology and patterns of human evolution between 2.6-1.5 million years ago. J.Archaeol. Sci. 2000, 27:1197-1214.
113. Semaw S. Les plus anciens artefacts lithiques (2,6-2,5 million d'années) des sites archéologiques du Pliocène final de EG-10 et EG-12 à Gona Est, Afar, Ethiopie. Le Paléolithique en Afrique. L'Histoire la Plus Longue 2005, 13-52. Éditions Errance, Paris. M. Sahnouni (Ed.).
114. Semaw S., Rogers M., Quade J., Renne P., Butler R.F., Dominguez-Rodrigo M., Stout D., Hart W.S., Pickering T., Simpson S.W. 2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2003, 45:167-177.
115. Semaw S., Rogers M., Stout D. The Oldowan-Acheulian transition: is there a 'Developed Oldowan' artifact tradition?. Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions. Methods, Theories, and Interpretations 2009, 173-193. Springer, New York. M. Camps, P.R. Chauhan (Eds.).
116. Sharon G. Large flake Acheulian. Quatern. Int. 2010, 223, 224:226-233.
117. Stiles D. Acheulian and Developed Oldowan. The meaning of variability in the early stone age. Mila 1977, 6:1-35.
118. Stout D., Quade J., Semaw S., Rogers M., Levin N. Raw material selectivity of the earliest stone toolmakers at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2005, 48:365-380.
119. Stout D., Semaw S., Rogers M.J., Cauche D. Technological variation in the earliest Oldowan from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia. J.Hum. Evol. 2010, 58:474-491.
120. Surovell T., Waguespack N., Brantingham P.J. Global archaeological evidence for proboscidean overkill. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2005, 102:6231-6236.
121. Taieb M. Les dépÔts quaternaires sédimentaires de la vallée de l'Aouache et leurs relations avec la néotectonique cassante du rift. Quaternaria 1971, XV:351-365.
122. Taieb, M., 1974. Evolution quaternaire du bassin de l'Awash. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Paris VI.
123. Terradas X. Discoid flaking method: conception and technological variability. Discoid Lithic Technology - Advances and Implications, BAR International Series 1120, Oxford 2003, 19-32. M. Peresani (Ed.).
124. Texier P.-J. The Oldowan assemblage from NY18 site at Nyabusosi (Toro-Uganda). C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris IIa 1995, 320:647-653.
125. Texier P.-J. le site NY18 à Nyabusosi (Ouganda). L'Oldowayen dans le Grand Rift occidental, Le Paléolithique en Afrique, l'Histoire la Plus Longue 2005, 83-98. Artcom, Paris. M. Sahnouni (Ed.).
126. Texier, P.-J., Roche, H., Harmand, S., 2006. Kokiselei 5, Formation de Nachukui, West Turkana (Kenya): un témoignage de la variabilité ou de l'évolution des comportements techniques au Pléistocène ancien? In: Préhistoire en Afrique, Proceedings XIV UISPP Congress, Liege, September 2-8, 2001. BAR International Series 1522, Liege, pp. 11-22.
127. Tixier, J., 1956. Le hachereu dans l'Acheuléen nord-africain. Notes typologiques. In: Proceedings of the XV Session of the Congrès Préhistorique de France, July 15-22, 1956, Poitiers-Angoulême, pp. 914-923.
128. Tryon C.A., McBrearty S., Texier P.-J. Levallois lithic technology from the Kapthurin formation, Kenya: Acheulian origin and Middle Stone Age diversity. Afr. Archaeol. Rev. 2005, 22:199-229.
129. Westphal M., Chavaillon J., Jaeger J.J. Magnétostratigraphie des dépÔts Pléistocènes de Melka-Kunturé (Ethiopie): premières données. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr. 1979, 7:237-241.