Functional organization and visual representations of human ventral lateral prefrontal cortex

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 4, Issue JUL, 2013, Pages

  Chan, Annie W Y ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Eyes; Faces; fMRI; Functional organization; Prefrontal cortex

Indexed keywords

EID: 84885356772     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00371     Document Type: Review

References (153)

1. Allison, T., Puce, A., Spencer, D. D., and McCarthy, G. (1999). Electrophysiological studies of human face perception I: potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex by face and non-face stimuli. Cereb. Cortex 9, 415-430. doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.5.415
2. Arcaro, M. J., McMains, S. A., Singer, B. D., and Kastner, S. (2009). Retinotopic organization of human ventral visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 29, 10638-10652. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2807-09.2009
3. Asaad, W. F., Rainer, G., and Miller, E. K. (1998). Neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex during associative learning. Neuron 21, 1399-1407. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80658-3
4. Asaad, W. F., Rainer, G., and Miller, E. K. (2000). Task-specific neural activity in the primate prefrontal cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 451-459.
5. Avidan, G., and Behrmann, M. (2009). Functional MRI reveals compromised neural integrity of the face processing network in congenital prosopagnosia. Curr. Biol. 19, 1146-1150. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.04.060
6. Badre, D. (2008). Cognitive control, hierarchy, and the rostro-caudal organization of the frontal lobes. Trends Cogn. Sci. 12, 193-200. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.02.004
7. Badre, D., Hoffman, J., Cooney, J. W., and D'Esposito, M. (2009). Hierarchical cognitive control deficits following damage to the human frontal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 515-522. doi: 10.1038/nn.2277
8. Baddeley, A., Logie, R., Bressi, S., Della Sala, S., and Spinnler, H. (1986). Dementia and working memory. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A. 38, 603-618. doi: 10.1080/14640748608401616
9. Baker, C. I., Liu, J., Wald, L. L., Kwong, K. K., Benner, T., and Kanwisher, N. (2007). Visual word processing and experiential origins of functional selectivity in human extrastriate cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 9087-9092. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703300104
10. Bell, A. H., Hadj-Bouziane, F., Frihauf, J. B., Tootell, R. B., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2009). Object representations in the temporal cortex of monkeys and humans as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurophysiol. 101, 688-700. doi: 10.1152/jn.90657.2008
11. Bell, A. H., Malecek, N. J., Morin, E. L., Hadj-Bouziane, F., Tootell, R. B., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2011). Relationship between functional magnetic resonance imaging-identified regions and neuronal category selectivity. J. Neurosci. 31, 12229-12240. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5865-10.2011
12. Bentin, S., Golland, Y., Flevaris, A., Robertson, L. C., and Moscovitch, M. (2006). Processing the trees and the forest during initial stages of face perception: electrophysiological evidence. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 18, 1406-1421. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2006.18.8.1406
13. Blumenfeld, R. S., Nomura, E. M., Gratton, C., and D'Esposito, M. (2012). Lateral prefrontal cortex is organized into parallel dorsal and ventral streams along the rostro-caudal axis. Cereb. Cortex doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhs223. [Epub ahead of print].
14. Bracci, S., Ietswaart, M., Peelen, M. V., and Cavina-Pratesi, C. (2010). Dissociable neural responses to hands and non-hand body parts in human left extrastriate visual cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 3389-3397. doi: 10.1152/jn.00215.2010
15. Brass, M., Derrfuss, J., Forstmann, B., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2005). The role of the inferior frontal junction area in cognitive control. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9, 314-316. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2005.05.001
16. Brass, M., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2004). Selection for cognitive control: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the selection of task-relevant information. J. Neurosci. 24, 8847-8852.
17. Brewer, A. A., Liu, J., Wade, A. R., and Wandell, B. A. (2005). Visual field maps and stimulus selectivity in human ventral occipital cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 8, 1102-1109. doi: 10.1038/nn1507
18. Brown, J. W., and Braver, T. S. (2005). Learned predictions of error likelihood in the anterior cingulate cortex. Science 307, 1118-1121. doi: 10.1126/science.1105783
19. Bullier, J., Schall, J. D., and Morel, A. (1996). Functional streams in occipito-frontal connections in the monkey. Behav. Brain Res. 76, 89-97. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(95)00182-4
20. Carlin, J. D., Calder, A. J., Kriegeskorte, N., Nili, H., and Rowe, J. B. (2011). A head view-invariant representation of gaze direction in anterior superior temporal sulcus. Curr. Biol. 21, 1817-1821. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.025
21. Carlin, J. D., Rowe, J. B., Kriegeskorte, N., Thompson, R., and Calder, A. J. (2012). Direction-sensitive codes for observed head turns in human superior temporal sulcus. Cereb. Cortex 22, 735-744. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr061
22. Catani, M., Allin, M. P., Husain, M., Pugliese, L., Mesulam, M. M., Murray, R. M., et al. (2007). Symmetries in human brain language pathways correlate with verbal recall. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 17163-17168. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0702116104
23. Catani, M., and Mesulam, M. (2008). The arcuate fasciculus and the disconnection theme in language and aphasia: history and current state. Cortex 44, 953-961. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.04.002
24. Chan, A. W., and Baker, C. I. (2011). Differential contributions of occipitotemporal regions to person perception. Cogn. Neurosci. 2, 210-211. doi: 10.1080/17588928.2011.604723
25. Chan, A. W., and Downing, P. E. (2011). Faces and eyes in human lateral prefrontal cortex. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 5:51. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00051
26. Chan, A. W., Kravitz, D. J., Truong, S., Arizpe, J., and Baker, C. I. (2010). Cortical representations of bodies and faces are strongest in commonly experienced configurations. Nat. Neurosci. 13, 417-418. doi: 10.1038/nn.2502
27. Chan, A. W., Peelen, M. V., and Downing, P. E. (2004). The effect of viewpoint on body representation in the extrastriate body area. Neuroreport 15, 2407-2410. doi: 10.1097/00001756-200410250-00021
28. Clark, D., and Wagner, A. D. (2003). Assembling and encoding word representations: fMRI subsequent memory effects implicate a role for phonological control. Neuropsychologia 41, 304-317. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00163-X
29. Cohen, L., Lehericy, S., Chochon, F., Lemer, C., Rivaud, S., and Dehaene, S. (2002). Language-specific tuning of visual cortex. Functional properties of the Visual Word Form Area. Brain 125(Pt 5), 1054-1069. doi: 10.1093/brain/awf094
30. Connolly, J. D., Goodale, M. A., Goltz, H. C., and Munoz, D. P. (2005). fMRI activation in the human frontal eye field is correlated with saccadic reaction time. J. Neurophysiol. 94, 605-611. doi: 10.1152/jn.00830.2004
31. Corbetta, M., Kincade, J. M., Ollinger, J. M., McAvoy, M. P., and Shulman, G. L. (2000). Voluntary orienting is dissociated from target detection in human posterior parietal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 292-297. doi: 10.1038/73009
32. Courtney, S. M., Petit, L., Maisog, J. M., Ungerleider, L. G., and Haxby, J. V. (1998). An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science 279, 1347-1351. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5355.1347
33. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., and Haxby, J. V. (1996). Object and spatial visual working memory activate separate neural systems in human cortex. Cereb. Cortex 6, 39-49. doi: 10.1093/cercor/6.1.39
34. Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., Keil, K., and Haxby, J. V. (1997). Transient and sustained activity in a distributed neural system for human working memory. Nature 386, 608-611. doi: 10.1038/386608a0
35. Derrfuss, J., Brass, M., Neumann, J., and von Cramon, D. Y. (2005). Involvement of the inferior frontal junction in cognitive control: meta-analyses of switching and Stroop studies. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 22-34. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20127
36. Derrfuss, J., Vogt, V. L., Fiebach, C. J., von Cramon, D. Y., and Tittgemeyer, M. (2012). Functional organization of the left inferior precentral sulcus: dissociating the inferior frontal eye field and the inferior frontal junction. Neuroimage 59, 3829-3837. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.11.051
37. Desimone, R., Albright, T. D., Gross, C. G., and Bruce, C. (1984). Stimulus-selective properties of inferior temporal neurons in the macaque. J. Neurosci. 4, 2051-2062.
38. DeYoe, E. A., Carman, G. J., Bandettini, P., Glickman, S., Wieser, J., Cox, R., et al. (1996). Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 2382-2386. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.6.2382
39. Downing, P. E. (2000). Interactions between visual working memory and selective attention. Psychol. Sci. 11, 467-473.
40. Downing, P. E., Chan, A. W., Peelen, M. V., Dodds, C. M., and Kanwisher, N. (2006). Domain specificity in visual cortex. Cereb. Cortex 16, 1453-1461. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhj086
41. Downing, P. E., Wiggett, A. J., and Peelen, M. V. (2007). Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of overlapping lateral occipitotemporal activations using multi-voxel pattern analysis. J. Neurosci. 27, 226-233. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3619-06.2007
42. Druzgal, T. J., and D'Esposito, M. (2003). Dissecting contributions of prefrontal cortex and fusiform face area to face working memory. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 15, 771-784. doi: 10.1162/089892903322370708
43. du Boisgueheneuc, F., Levy, R., Volle, E., Seassau, M., Duffau, H., Kinkingnehun, S., et al. (2006). Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study. Brain 129(Pt 12), 3315-3328. doi: 10.1093/brain/awl244
44. Duncan, J., and Owen, A. M. (2000). Common regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands. Trends Neurosci. 23, 475-483. doi: 10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01633-7
45. Duncan, J. (2001). An adaptive coding model of neural function in prefrontal cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2, 820-829.
46. Engel, S. A., Glover, G. H., and Wandell, B. A. (1997). Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. Cereb. Cortex 7, 181-192. doi: 10.1093/cercor/7.2.181
47. Epstein, R., and Kanwisher, N. (1998). A cortical representation of the local visual environment. Nature 392, 598-601. doi: 10.1038/33402
48. Ewbank, M. P., Lawson, R. P., Henson, R. N., Rowe, J. B., Passamonti, L., and Calder, A. J. (2011). Changes in "top-down" connectivity underlie repetition suppression in the ventral visual pathway. J. Neurosci. 31, 5635-5642.
49. Freedman, D. J., Riesenhuber, M., Poggio, T., and Miller, E. K. (2001). Categorical representation of visual stimuli in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 291, 312-316. doi: 10.1126/science.291.5502.312
50. Fuster, J. M., and Alexander, G. E. (1971). Neuron activity related to short-term memory. Science 173, 652-654. doi: 10.1126/science.173.3997.652
51. Goldman-Rakic, P. (2000). Localization of function all over again. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 451-457. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0575
52. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1996a). Regional and cellular fractionation of working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 13473-13480. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13473
53. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1996b). The prefrontal landscape: implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 351, 1445-1453. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0129
54. Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1987). Motor control function of the prefrontal cortex. Ciba Found. Symp. 132, 187-200.
55. Grill-Spector, K., Kourtzi, Z., and Kanwisher, N. (2001). The lateral occipital complex and its role in object recognition. Vision Res. 41, 1409-1422. doi: 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00073-6
56. Hagler, D. J. Jr., and Sereno, M. I. (2006). Spatial maps in frontal and prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 29, 567-577. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.058
57. Harel, A., Kravitz, D. J., and Baker, C. I. (2013). Deconstructing visual scenes in cortex: gradients of object and spatial layout information. Cereb. Cortex 23, 947-957.
58. Hasson, U., Levy, I., Behrmann, M., Hendler, T., and Malach, R. (2002). Eccentricity bias as an organizing principle for human high-order object areas. Neuron 34, 479-490. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00662-1
59. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., and Gobbini, M. I. (2000a). The distributed human neural system for face perception. Trends Cogn. Sci. 4, 223-233. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01482-0
60. Haxby, J. V., Petit, L., Ungerleider, L. G., and Courtney, S. M. (2000b). Distinguishing the functional roles of multiple regions in distributed neural systems for visual working memory. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 380-391. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0592
61. Haxby, J. V., Hoffman, E. A., and Gobbini, M. I. (2002). Human neural systems for face recognition and social communication. Biol. Psychiatry 51, 59-67. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01330-0
62. Hoffman, E. A., and Haxby, J. V. (2000). Distinct representations of eye gaze and identity in the distributed human neural system for face perception. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 80-84. doi: 10.1038/71152
63. Hopfinger, J. B., Buonocore, M. H., and Mangun, G. R. (2000). The neural mechanisms of top-down attentional control. Nat. Neurosci. 3, 284-291. doi: 10.1038/72999
64. Ishai, A., Schmidt, C. F., and Boesiger, P. (2005). Face perception is mediated by a distributed cortical network. Brain Res. Bull. 67, 87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.05.027
65. Itier, R. J., and Taylor, M. J. (2004). N170 or N1. Spatiotemporal differences between object and face processing using ERPs. Cereb. Cortex 14, 132-142. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhg111
66. Jacobson, S., and Trojanowski, J. Q. (1977). Prefrontal granular cortex of the rhesus monkey. I. Intrahemispheric cortical afferents. Brain Res. 132, 209-233. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(77)90417-6
67. Jones, E. G., and Powell, T. P. (1970). An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93, 793-820. doi: 10.1093/brain/93.4.793
68. Joyce, C., and Rossion, B. (2005). The face-sensitive N170 and VPP components manifest the same brain processes: the effect of reference electrode site. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116, 2613-2631. doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2005.07.005
69. Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., and Chun, M. M. (1997). The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17, 4302-4311.
70. Kastner, S., Pinsk, M. A., De Weerd, P., Desimone, R., and Ungerleider, L. G. (1999). Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22, 751-761. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80734-5
71. Kelley, W. M., Miezin, F. M., McDermott, K. B., Buckner, R. L., Raichle, M. E., Cohen, N. J., et al. (1998). Hemispheric specialization in human dorsal frontal cortex and medial temporal lobe for verbal and nonverbal memory encoding. Neuron 20, 927-936. doi: 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80474-2
72. Kravitz, D. J., Kriegeskorte, N., and Baker, C. I. (2010). High-level visual object representations are constrained by position. Cereb. Cortex 20, 2916-2925. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhq042
73. Kravitz, D. J., Peng, C. S., and Baker, C. I. (2011). Real-world scene representations in high-level visual cortex: it's the spaces more than the places. J. Neurosci. 31, 7322-7333. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4588-10.2011
74. Kravitz, D. J., Saleem, K. S., Baker, C. I., Ungerleider, L. G., and Mishkin, M. (2013). The ventral visual pathway: an expanded neural framework for the processing of object quality. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 26-49. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.10.011
75. Koechlin, E., Ody, C., and Kouneiher, F. (2003). The architecture of cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Science 302, 1181-1185. doi: 10.1126/science.1088545
76. Kouneiher, F., Charron, S., and Koechlin, E. (2009). Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 12, 939-945. doi: 10.1038/nn.2321
77. Kuypers, H. G., Szwarcbart, M. K., Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. E. (1965). Occipitotemporal corticocortical connections in the rhesus monkey. Exp. Neurol. 11, 245-262. doi: 10.1016/0014-4886(65)90016-6
78. Larsson, J., and Heeger, D. J. (2006). Two retinotopic visual areas in human lateral occipital cortex. J. Neurosci. 26, 13128-13142. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1657-06.2006
79. Levy, I., Hasson, U., Harel, M., and Malach, R. (2004). Functional analysis of the periphery effect in human building related areas. Hum. Brain Mapp. 22, 15-26. doi: 10.1002/hbm.20010
80. Levy, R., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2000). Segregation of working memory functions within the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 133, 23-32. doi: 10.1007/s002210000397
81. Liu, C., Zhang, W. T., Tang, Y. Y., Mai, X. Q., Chen, H. C., Tardif, T., et al. (2008). The visual word form area: evidence from an fMRI study of implicit processing of Chinese characters. Neuroimage 40, 1350-1361. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.10.014
82. MacEvoy, S. P., and Epstein, R. A. (2011). Constructing scenes from objects in human occipitotemporal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 1323-1329. doi: 10.1038/nn.2903
83. Macko, K. A., Jarvis, C. D., Kennedy, C., Miyaoka, M., Shinohara, M., Sololoff, L., et al. (1982). Mapping the primate visual system with [2-14C]deoxyglucose. Science 218, 394-397.
84. Malach, R., Levy, I., and Hasson, U. (2002). The topography of high-order human object areas. Trends Cogn. Sci. 6, 176-184. doi: 10.1016/S1364-6613(02)01870-3
85. Markowitsch, H. J., Emmans, D., Irle, E., Streicher, M., and Preilowski, B. (1985). Cortical and subcortical afferent connections of the primate's temporal pole: a study of rhesus monkeys, squirrel monkeys, and marmosets. J. Comp. Neurol. 242, 425-458. doi: 10.1002/cne.902420310
86. McCarthy, G., Puce, A., Belger, A., and Allison, T. (1999). Electrophysiological studies of human face perception. II: response properties of face-specific potentials generated in occipitotemporal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 9, 431-444. doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.5.431
87. McCarthy, G., Puce, A., Constable, R. T., Krystal, J. H., Gore, J. C., and Goldman-Rakic, P. (1996). Activation of human prefrontal cortex during spatial and nonspatial working memory tasks measured by functional MRI. Cereb. Cortex 6, 600-611.
88. McCarthy, G., Blamire, A. M., Puce, A., Nobre, A. C., Bloch, G., Hyder, F., et al. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human prefrontal cortex activation during a spatial working memory task. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 91, 8690-8694.
89. Meyer, T., Qi, X. L., Stanford, T. R., and Constantinidis, C. (2011). Stimulus selectivity in dorsal and ventral prefrontal cortex after training in working memory tasks. J. Neurosci. 31, 6266-6276. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6798-10.2011
90. Miler, A. D., and Goodale, M. A. (1995). The Visual Brain in Action. Oxford Psycology Series. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
91. Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex: no simple matter. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 447-450. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0574
92. Muller, N. G., Machado, L., and Knight, R. T. (2002). Contributions of subregions of the prefrontal cortex to working memory: evidence from brain lesions in humans. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 673-686. doi: 10.1162/08989290260138582
93. Murray, E. A., Bussey, T. J., and Saksida, L. M. (2007). Visual perception and memory: a new view of medial temporal lobe function in primates and rodents. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 30, 99-122. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113046
94. Nummenmaa, L., Passamonti, L., Rowe, J., Engell, A. D., and Calder, A. J. (2010). Connectivity analysis reveals a cortical network for eye gaze perception. Cereb. Cortex 20, 1780-1787. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhp244
95. Nystrom, L. E., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., Delgado, M. R., Noll, D. C., and Cohen, J. D. (2000). Working memory for letters, shapes, and locations: fMRI evidence against stimulus-based regional organization in human prefrontal cortex. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 424-446. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0572
96. Op de Beeck, H. P., Haushofer, J., and Kanwisher, N. G. (2008). Interpreting fMRI data: maps, modules and dimensions. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 123-135.
97. O'Reilly, R. C. (2010). The what and how of prefrontal cortical organization. Trends Neurosci. 33, 355-361. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2010.05.002
98. Owen, A. M., McMillan, K. M., Laird, A. R., and Bullmore, E. (2005). N-back working memory paradigm: a meta-analysis of normative functional neuroimaging studies. Hum. Brain Mapp. 25, 46-59.
99. Owen, A. M., Milner, B., Petrides, M., and Evans, A. C. (1996). Memory for object features versus memory for object location: a positron-emission tomography study of encoding and retrieval processes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93, 9212-9217. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.17.9212
100. Passingham, R. E., Toni, I., and Rushworth, M. F. (2000). Specialisation within the prefrontal cortex: the ventral prefrontal cortex and associative learning. Exp. Brain Res. 133, 103-113. doi: 10.1007/s002210000405
101. Peelen, M. V., and Downing, P. E. (2005). Selectivity for the human body in the fusiform gyrus. J. Neurophysiol. 93, 603-608.
102. Perrett, D. I., Oram, M. W., Harries, M. H., Bevan, R., Hietanen, J. K., Benson, P. J., et al. (1991). Viewer-centred and object-centred coding of heads in the macaque temporal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 86, 159-173.
103. Perrett, D. I., Rolls, E. T., and Caan, W. (1982). Visual neurones responsive to faces in the monkey temporal cortex. Exp. Brain Res. 47, 329-342. doi: 10.1007/BF00239352
104. Perrett, D. I., Smith, P. A., Potter, D. D., Mistlin, A. J., Head, A. S., Milner, A. D., et al. (1984). Neurones responsive to faces in the temporal cortex: studies of functional organization, sensitivity to identity and relation to perception. Hum. Neurobiol. 3, 197-208.
105. Perrett, D. I., Smith, P. A., Potter, D. D., Mistlin, A. J., Head, A. S., Milner, A. D., et al. (1985). Visual cells in the temporal cortex sensitive to face view and gaze direction. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 223, 293-317. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1985.0003
106. Petit, L., Zago, L., Vigneau, M., Andersson, F., Crivello, F., Mazoyer, B., et al. (2009). Functional asymmetries revealed in visually guided saccades: an FMRI study. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 2994-3003. doi: 10.1152/jn.00280.2009
107. Petrides, M., and Milner, B. (1982). Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia 20, 249-262. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(82)90100-2
108. Pinsk, M. A., DeSimone, K., Moore, T., Gross, C. G., and Kastner, S. (2005). Representations of faces and body parts in macaque temporal cortex: a functional MRI study. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 6996-7001. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0502605102
109. Pitcher, D., Duchaine, B., Walsh, V., Yovel, G., and Kanwisher, N. (2011). The role of lateral occipital face and object areas in the face inversion effect. Neuropsychologia 49, 3448-3453. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.08.020
110. Postle, B. R., and D'Esposito, M. (1999). "What"-Then-Where" in visual working memory: an event-related fMRI study. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 11, 585-597. doi: 10.1162/089892999563652
111. Postle, B. R., Stern, C. E., Rosen, B. R., and Corkin, S. (2000). An fMRI investigation of cortical contributions to spatial and nonspatial visual working memory. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 409-423. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0570
112. Puce, A., Allison, T., and McCarthy, G. (1999). Electrophysiological studies of human face perception III: effects of top-down processing on face-specific potentials. Cereb. Cortex 9, 445-458. doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.5.445
113. Rainer, G., Asaad, W. F., and Miller, E. K. (1998). Memory fields of neurons in the primate prefrontal cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 15008-15013. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.15008
114. Rajimehr, R., Young, J. C., and Tootell, R. B. (2009). An anterior temporal face patch in human cortex, predicted by macaque maps. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 1995-2000. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807304106
115. Rao, S. C., Rainer, G., and Miller, E. K. (1997). Integration of what and where in the primate prefrontal cortex. Science 276, 821-824.
116. Romanski, L. M. (2004). Domain specificity in the primate prefrontal cortex. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 4, 421-429. doi: 10.3758/CABN.4.4.421
117. Rossi, A. F., Bichot, N. P., Desimone, R., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2007). Top down attentional deficits in macaques with lesions of lateral prefrontal cortex. J. Neurosci. 27, 11306-11314. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2939-07.2007
118. Rossi, A. F., Pessoa, L., Desimone, R., and Ungerleider, L. G. (2009). The prefrontal cortex and the executive control of attention. Exp. Brain Res. 192, 489-497. doi: 10.1007/s00221-008-1642-z
119. Rossion, B., Joyce, C. A., Cottrell, G. W., and Tarr, M. J. (2003). Early lateralization and orientation tuning for face, word, and object processing in the visual cortex. Neuroimage 20, 1609-1624. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.010
120. Rushworth, M. F., Nixon, P. D., Eacott, M. J., and Passingham, R. E. (1997). Ventral prefrontal cortex is not essential for working memory. J. Neurosci. 17, 4829-4838.
121. Sadeh, B., Pitcher, D., Brandman, T., Eisen, A., Thaler, A., and Yovel, G. (2011). Stimulation of category-selective brain areas modulates ERP to their preferred categories. Curr. Biol. 21, 1894-1899. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.030
122. Sala, J. B., Rama, P., and Courtney, S. M. (2003). Functional topography of a distributed neural system for spatial and nonspatial information maintenance in working memory. Neuropsychologia 41, 341-356. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00166-5
123. Saygin, A. P., and Sereno, M. I. (2008). Retinotopy and attention in human occipital, temporal, parietal, and frontal cortex. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2158-2168. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm242
124. Scalaidhe, S. P., Wilson, F. A., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1999). Face-selective neurons during passive viewing and working memory performance of rhesus monkeys: evidence for intrinsic specialization of neuronal coding. Cereb. Cortex 9, 459-475. doi: 10.1093/cercor/9.5.459
125. Schwarzlose, R. F., Swisher, J. D., Dang, S., and Kanwisher, N. (2008). The distribution of category and location information across object-selective regions in human visual cortex. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 4447-4452. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0800431105
126. Sereno, M. I., Dale, A. M., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Brady, T. J., et al. (1995). Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science 268, 889-893. doi: 10.1126/science.7754376
127. Shallice, T. (1982). Specific impairments of planning. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 298, 199-209. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1982.0082
128. O'Scalaidhe, S. P., Wilson, F. A., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1997). Areal segregation of face-processing neurons in prefrontal cortex. Science 278, 1135-1138. doi: 10.1126/science.278.5340.1135
129. Stern, C. E., Owen, A. M., Tracey, I., Look, R. B., Rosen, B. R., and Petrides, M. (2000). Activity in ventrolateral and mid-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during nonspatial visual working memory processing: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage 11(5 Pt 1), 392-399. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2000.0569
130. Suzuki, H., and Azuma, M. (1983). Topographic studies on visual neurons in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 53, 47-58. doi: 10.1007/BF00239397
131. Taren, A. A., Venkatraman, V., and Huettel, S. A. (2011). A parallel functional topography between medial and lateral prefrontal cortex: evidence and implications for cognitive control. J. Neurosci. 31, 5026-5031.
132. Taylor, J. C., Wiggett, A. J., and Downing, P. E. (2007). Functional MRI analysis of body and body part representations in the extrastriate and fusiform body areas. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 1626-1633. doi: 10.1152/jn.00012.2007
133. Taylor, J. C., Wiggett, A. J., and Downing, P. E. (2010). fMRI-adaptation studies of viewpoint tuning in the extrastriate and fusiform body areas. J. Neurophysiol. 103, 1467-1477. doi: 10.1152/jn.00637.2009
134. Thomas, C., Moya, L., Avidan, G., Humphreys, K., Jung, K. J., Peterson, M. A., et al. (2008). Reduction in white matter connectivity, revealed by diffusion tensor imaging, may account for age-related changes in face perception. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 20, 268-284. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2008.20025
135. Tong, F., Nakayama, K., Moscovitch, M., Weinrib, O., and Kanwisher, N. (2000). Response properties of the human fusiform face area. Cogn. Neuropsychol. 17, 257-280. doi: 10.1080/026432900380607
136. Tootell, R. B., Mendola, J. D., Hadjikhani, N. K., Ledden, P. J., Liu, A. K., Reppas, J. B., et al. (1997). Functional analysis of V3A and related areas in human visual cortex. J. Neurosci. 17, 7060-7078.
137. Tsao, D. Y., Freiwald, W. A., Knutsen, T. A., Mandeville, J. B., and Tootell, R. B. (2003). Faces and objects in macaque cerebral cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 6, 989-995.
138. Tsao, D. Y., Freiwald, W. A., Tootell, R. B., and Livingstone, M. S. (2006). A cortical region consisting entirely of face-selective cells. Science 311, 670-674. doi: 10.1126/science.1119983
139. Tsao, D. Y., Moeller, S., and Freiwald, W. A. (2008a). Comparing face patch systems in macaques and humans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 19514-19519. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0809662105
140. Tsao, D. Y., Schweers, N., Moeller, S., and Freiwald, W. A. (2008b). Patches of face-selective cortex in the macaque frontal lobe. Nat. Neurosci. 11, 877-879. doi: 10.1038/nn.2158
141. Ungerleider, L. G., Courtney, S. M., and Haxby, J. V. (1998). A neural system for human visual working memory. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 883-890. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.883
142. Ungerleider, L. G., Gaffan, D., and Pelak, V. S. (1989). Projections from inferior temporal cortex to prefrontal cortex via the uncinate fascicle in rhesus monkeys. Exp. Brain Res. 76, 473-484. doi: 10.1007/BF00248903
143. Ungerleider, L. G., and Mishkin, M. (1982). "Object vision and spatial vision: two cortical pathways", in Analysis of Visual Behavior, eds D. J. Ingle, M. A. Goodale, and R. J. W. Mansfield. (Boston, MA: MIT Press), 549-586.
144. Volle, E., Kinkingnehun, S., Pochon, J. B., Mondon, K., Thiebaut de Schotten, M., Seassau, M., et al. (2008). The functional architecture of the left posterior and lateral prefrontal cortex in humans. Cereb. Cortex 18, 2460-2469. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhn010
145. Voytek, B., Soltani, M., Pickard, N., Kishiyama, M. M., and Knight, R. T. (2012). Prefrontal cortex lesions impair object-spatial integration. PLoS ONE 7:e34937. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034937
146. Wager, T. D., and Smith, E. E. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of working memory: a meta-analysis. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 3, 255-274. doi: 10.3758/CABN.3.4.255
147. Wagner, A. D., Gabrieli, J. D., and Verfaellie, M. (1997). Dissociations between familiarity processes in explicit recognition and implicit perceptual memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 23, 305-323. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.23.2.305
148. Walther, D. B., Caddigan, E., Fei-Fei, L., and Beck, D. M. (2009). Natural scene categories revealed in distributed patterns of activity in the human brain. J. Neurosci. 29, 10573-10581. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0559-09.2009
149. Wandell, B. A., Dumoulin, S. O., and Brewer, A. A. (2007). Visual field maps in human cortex. Neuron 56, 366-383. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.012
150. Weiner, K. S., and Grill-Spector, K. (2011). Not one extrastriate body area: using anatomical landmarks, hMT+, and visual field maps to parcellate limb-selective activations in human lateral occipitotemporal cortex. Neuroimage 56, 2183-2199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.041
151. Wilson, F. A., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1994). Viewing preferences of rhesus monkeys related to memory for complex pictures, colours and faces. Behav. Brain Res. 60, 79-89. doi: 10.1016/0166-4328(94)90066-3
152. Wilson, F. A., Scalaidhe, S. P., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1993). Dissociation of object and spatial processing domains in primate prefrontal cortex. Science 260, 1955-1958. doi: 10.1126/science.8316836
153. Yovel, G., and Kanwisher, N. (2005). The neural basis of the behavioral face-inversion effect. Curr. Biol. 15, 2256-2262. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.072