Distinguishing multi-voxel patterns and mean activation: Why, how, and what does it tell us?

Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Neuroscience

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 667-673

  Coutanche, Marc N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Activation; Classification; Decoding; fMRI; Interpretation; Mean activation; Multi voxel pattern analysis; Multivariate; MVPA; Univariate

Indexed keywords

AUTOMATED PATTERN RECOGNITION; BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; IMAGE PROCESSING; METHODOLOGY; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW;

BRAIN; BRAIN MAPPING; IMAGE PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NERVE NET; PATTERN RECOGNITION, AUTOMATED;

EID: 84885158369     PISSN: 15307026     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0186-2     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Biswal, B.; Yetkin, F. Z.; Haughton, V. M.; & Hyde, J. S. (1995). Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar mri. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 3(4), 537-541.
2. Brants, M.; Baeck, A.; Wagemans, J.; & de Beeck, H. P. O. (2011). Multiple scales of organization for object selectivity in ventral visual cortex. NeuroImage, 56(3), 1372-1381.
3. Chadwick, M. J.; Hassabis, D.; Weiskopf, N.; & Maguire, E. A. (2010). Decoding individual episodic memory traces in the human hippocampus. Current Biology, 20(6), 544-547.
4. Clithero, J. A.; Carter, R. M.; & Huettel, S. A. (2009). Local pattern classification differentiates processes of economic valuation. NeuroImage, 45(4), 1329-1338.
5. Coutanche, M. N.; & Thompson-Schill, S. L. (2013). Informational Connectivity: Identifying synchronized discriminability of multi-voxel patterns across the brain. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(15), 1-14.
6. Coutanche, M. N.; Thompson-Schill, S. L.; & Schultz, R. T. (2011). Multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data predicts clinical symptom severity. NeuroImage, 57(1), 113-123.
7. Davis, T.; & Poldrack, R. A. (2013). Measuring neural representations with fMRI: Practices and pitfalls. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12156
8. Eger, E.; Ashburner, J.; Haynes, J.-D.; Dolan, R. J.; & Rees, G. (2008). fMRI activity patterns in human LOC carry information about object exemplars within category. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 20(2), 356-370.
9. Esterman, M.; Chiu, Y.-C.; Tamber-Rosenau, B. J.; & Yantis, S. (2009). Decoding cognitive control in human parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(42), 17974-17979.
10. Fox, M. D.; Snyder, A. Z.; Vincent, J. L.; Corbetta, M.; Van Essen, D. C.; & Raichle, M. E. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(27), 9673-9678.
11. Freeman, J.; Brouwer, G. J.; Heeger, D. J.; & Merriam, E. P. (2011). Orientation decoding depends on maps, not columns. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(13), 4792-4804.
12. Greenberg, A. S.; Esterman, M.; Wilson, D.; Serences, J. T.; & Yantis, S. (2010). Control of spatial and feature-based attention in frontoparietal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(43), 14330-14339.
13. Harrison, S. A.; & Tong, F. (2009). Decoding reveals the contents of visual working memory in early visual areas. Nature, 458(7238), 632-635.
14. Haxby, J. V.; Gobbini, M. I.; Furey, M. L.; Ishai, A.; Schouten, J. L.; & Pietrini, P. (2001). Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex. Science (New York, N.Y.), 293(5539), 2425-2430.
15. Haynes, J.-D.; & Rees, G. (2006). Decoding mental states from brain activity in humans. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7(7), 523-534.
16. Kamitani, Y.; & Sawahata, Y. (2010). Spatial smoothing hurts localization but not information: Pitfalls for brain mappers. NeuroImage, 49(3), 1949-1952.
17. Kamitani, Y.; & Tong, F. (2005). Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain. Nature Neuroscience, 8(5), 679-685.
18. Kamitani, Y.; & Tong, F. (2006). Decoding seen and attended motion directions from activity in the human visual cortex. Current biology: CB, 16(11), 1096-1102.
19. Kohler, P. J.; Fogelson, S. V.; Reavis, E. A.; Meng, M.; Guntupalli, J. S.; Hanke, M.; & Tse, P. U. (2013). Pattern classification precedes region-average hemodynamic response in early visual cortex. NeuroImage, 78, 249-260.
20. Kragel, P. A.; Carter, R. M.; & Huettel, S. A. (2012). What makes a pattern? Matching decoding methods to data in multivariate pattern analysis. Frontiers in Brain Imaging Methods, 6, 162.
21. Kriegeskorte, N.; Simmons, W. K.; Bellgowan, P. S. F.; & Baker, C. I. (2009). Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: The dangers of double dipping. Nature Neuroscience, 12(5), 535-540.
22. LaRocque, K. F.; Smith, M. E.; Carr, V. A.; Witthoft, N.; Grill-Spector, K.; & Wagner, A. D. (2013). Global similarity and pattern separation in the human medial temporal lobe predict subsequent memory. The Journal of Neuroscience, 33(13), 5466-5474.
23. Liu, T.; Hospadaruk, L.; Zhu, D. C.; & Gardner, J. L. (2011). Feature-specific attentional priority signals in human cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 31(12), 4484-4495.
24. Man, K.; Kaplan, J. T.; Damasio, A.; & Meyer, K. (2012). Sight and sound converge to form modality-invariant representations in temporoparietal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(47), 16629-16636.
25. Misaki, M.; Luh, W.-M.; & Bandettini, P. A. (2013). The effect of spatial smoothing on fMRI decoding of columnar-level organization with linear support vector machine. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 212(2), 355-361.
26. Mur, M.; Bandettini, P. A.; & Kriegeskorte, N. (2009). Revealing representational content with pattern-information fMRI - an introductory guide. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(1), 101-109.
27. Norman, K. A.; Polyn, S. M.; Detre, G. J.; & Haxby, J. V. (2006). Beyond mind-reading: multi-voxel pattern analysis of fMRI data. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 10(9), 424-430.
28. Op de Beeck, H. P. (2010). Against hyperacuity in brain reading: Spatial smoothing does not hurt multivariate fMRI analyses? NeuroImage, 49(3), 1943-1948.
29. Peelen, M. V.; & Caramazza, A. (2012). Conceptual object representations in human anterior temporal cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 32(45), 15728-15736.
30. Pessoa, L.; & Padmala, S. (2007). Decoding near-threshold perception of fear from distributed single-trial brain activation. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. 1991), 17(3), 691-701.
31. Quamme, J. R.; Weiss, D. J.; & Norman, K. A. (2010). Listening for recollection: a multi-voxel pattern analysis of recognition memory retrieval strategies. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4.
32. Raizada, R. D. S.; Tsao, F.-M.; Liu, H.-M.; Holloway, I. D.; Ansari, D.; & Kuhl, P. K. (2010). Linking brain-wide multivoxel activation patterns to behaviour: Examples from language and math. NeuroImage, 51(1), 462-471.
33. Smith, A. T.; Kosillo, P.; & Williams, A. L. (2011). The confounding effect of response amplitude on MVPA performance measures. NeuroImage, 56(2), 525-530.
34. Tamber-Rosenau, B. J.; Esterman, M.; Chiu, Y.-C.; & Yantis, S. (2011). Cortical mechanisms of cognitive control for shifting attention in vision and working memory. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(10), 2905-2919.
35. Todd, M. T.; Nystrom, L. E.; & Cohen, J. D. (2013). Confounds in multivariate pattern analysis: Theory and rule representation case study. NeuroImage, 77, 157-165.
36. Tong, F.; Harrison, S. A.; Dewey, J. A.; & Kamitani, Y. (2012). Relationship between BOLD amplitude and pattern classification of orientation-selective activity in the human visual cortex. NeuroImage, 63(3), 1212-1222.
37. Tong, F.; & Pratte, M. S. (2012). Decoding patterns of human brain activity. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 483-509.
38. Tootell, R. B.; Reppas, J. B.; Kwong, K. K.; Malach, R.; Born, R. T.; Brady, T. J.; & Belliveau, J. W. (1995). Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 15(4), 3215-3230.
39. Wilson, I. A.; Ikonen, S.; Gallagher, M.; Eichenbaum, H.; & Tanila, H. (2005). Age-associated alterations of hippocampal place cells are subregion specific. The Journal of Neuroscience, 25(29), 6877-6886.
40. Yassa, M. A.; Lacy, J. W.; Stark, S. M.; Albert, M. S.; Gallagher, M.; & Stark, C. E. L. (2011). Pattern separation deficits associated with increased hippocampal CA3 and dentate gyrus activity in nondemented older adults. Hippocampus, 21(9), 968-979.
41. Zeki, S.; Watson, J. D.; Lueck, C. J.; Friston, K. J.; Kennard, C.; & Frackowiak, R. S. (1991). A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience, 11(3), 641-649.