Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, part II: Psychosocial interventions and patient-focused perspectives in psychiatric care

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

Volumn 9, Issue , 2013, Pages 1463-1481

  Chien, Wai Tong ^a   Leung, Sau Fong ^a   Yeung, Frederick K K ^a   Wong, Wai Kit ^a  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Patient focused perspectives; Psychosocial intervention; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; QUETIAPINE; RISPERIDONE;

ASSERTIVE TRAINING; ATTITUDE TO MENTAL ILLNESS; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; CAREGIVER BURDEN; COGNITIVE THERAPY; DISEASE CONTROL; FAMILY COUNSELING; FAMILY THERAPY; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; PATIENT COMPLIANCE; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PSYCHOEDUCATION; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; PSYCHOTHERAPY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENCE RISK; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SOCIAL ADAPTATION; SOCIAL LEARNING; SOCIAL SUPPORT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING;

EID: 84884744340     PISSN: 11766328     EISSN: 11782021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2147/NDT.S49263     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Chien WT, Yip ALK. Current approaches to treatments for schizophrenia spectrum disorders, part I: an overview and medical treatments. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1311-1332.
2. Dixon LB, Dickerson F, Bellack AS, et al; Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychosocial treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(1):48-70.
3. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Schizophrenia. Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. National Clinical Practice Guideline 82. London, UK: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2009. Available from: http://publications.nice.org.uk/schizophrenia-cg82. Accessed August 10, 2013.
4. Brooker C. Decade of evidence-based training for work with people with serious mental health problems: progress in the development of psychosocial interventions. J Ment Health. 2001;10:17-31.
5. Larsen TK, McGlashan TH, Johannessen JO, et al. Shortened duration of untreated first episode of psychosis: changes in patient characteristics at treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(11): 1917-1919.
6. Pharoah F, Mari J, Rathbone J, Wong W. Family intervention for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(12):CD000088.
7. Rummel-Kluge C, Kissling W. Psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Expert Rev Neurother. 2008;8(7): 1067-1077.
8. Gutierrez-Recacha P, Chisholm D, Haro JM, Salvador-Carulla L, Ayuso-Mateos JL. Cost-effectiveness of different clinical interventions for reducing the burden of schizophrenia in Spain. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2004;(32):29-38.
9. Malla AK, Norman RMG. Early intervention in schizophrenia and related disorders: advantages and pitfalls. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2002;15:17-23.
10. Patterson TL, Bucardo J, McKibbin CL, et al. Development and pilot testing of a new psychosocial intervention for older Latinos with chronic psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(4):922-930.
11. Rosenbaum B, Harder S, Knudsen P, et al. Supportive psychodynamic psychotherapy versus treatment as usual for first-episode psychosis: two-year outcome. Psychiatry. 2012;75(4):331-341.
12. Mosher LR, Keith SJ. Psychosocial treatment: individual, group, family, and community support approaches. Schizophr Bull. 1986(1): 10-41.
13. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D, et al. Personal therapy: a disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1992;1(3):379-393.
14. Warner M. A person-centered view of human nature, wellness, and psychopathology. In: Joseph S, Worsley R, editors. Person-Centred Psychopathology. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books; 2005:91-109.
15. Scott JE, Dixon LB. Psychological interventions for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(4):621-630.
16. Bellack AS. Schizophrenia: behavior therapy's forgotten child. Behav Ther. 1986;17:199-214.
17. Dickerson FB, Tenhula WN, Green-Paden LD. The token economy for schizophrenia: review of the literature and recommendations for future research. Schizophr Res. 2005;75(2-3):405-416.
18. Wiedemann G, Hahlweg K, Müller U, Feinstein E, Hank G, Dose M. Effectiveness of targeted intervention and maintenance pharmacotherapy in conjunction with family intervention in schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2001;251(2):72-84.
19. Chien WT, Norman I. The effectiveness and active ingredients of mutual support groups for family caregivers of people with psychotic disorders: a literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46(12):1604-1623.
20. Haddock G, Tarrier N, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Drake R, Lewis S. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of individual inpatient cognitive-behavioural therapy in early psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 1999;34(5):254-258.
21. Jones C, Hacker D, Meaden A, Cormac I, Irving CB. WITHDRAWN: Cognitive behaviour therapy versus other psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(4): CD000524.
22. Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family intervention and cognitive behaviour therapy. Psychol Med. 2002;32(5):763-782.
23. Rathod S, Turkington D. Cognitive-behaviour therapy for schizophrenia: a review. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18(2):159-163.
24. Tarrier N, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Humphreys L, Wittkowski A, Morris J. Two-year follow-up of cognitive-behavioral therapy and supportive counseling in the treatment of persistent symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(5):917-922.
25. Thornicroft G, Susser E. Evidence-based psychotherapeutic interventions in the community care of schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry. 2001;178(1):2-4.
26. Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(3):523-537.
27. Lecomte T, Leclerc C, Corbière M, Wykes T, Wallace CJ, Spidel A. Group cognitive behavior therapy or social skills training for individuals with a recent onset of psychosis? Results of a randomized controlled trial. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(12):866-875.
28. Gumley A, O'Grady M, McNay L, Reilly J, Power K, Norrie J. Early intervention for relapse in schizophrenia: results of a 12-month randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy. Psychol Med. 2003;33(3):419-431.
29. Durham RC, Guthrie M, Morton RV, et al. Tayside-Fife clinical trial of cognitive-behavioural therapy for medication-resistant psychotic symptoms. Results to 3-month follow-up. Br J Psychiatry. 2003;182: 303-311.
30. Gould RA, Mueser KT, Bolton E, Mays V, Goff D. Cognitive therapy for psychosis in schizophrenia: an effect size analysis. Schizophr Res. 2001;48(2-3):335-342.
31. Tarrier N, Barrowclough C, Haddock G, McGovern J. The dissemination of innovative cognitive-behavioural psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia. J Ment Health. 1999;8(6):569-582.
32. Turkington D, Kingdon D, Weiden PJ. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163(3):365-373.
33. Barrowclough C, Haddock G, Tarrier N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing, cognitive behavior therapy, and family intervention for patients with comorbid schizophrenia and substance use disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(10):1706-1713.
34. Addington J, Epstein I, Liu L, French P, Boydell KM, Zipursky RB. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for individuals at clinical high risk of psychosis. Schizophr Res. 2011;125(1):54-61.
35. Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12(3): 426-445.
36. Newman LS. What is social cognition? Four basic approaches and their implications for schizophrenia research. In: Corrigan PW, Penn DL, editors. Social Cognition and Schziophrenia. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2001:41-72.
37. Eack SM. Cognitive remediation: a new generation of psychosocial interventions for people with schizophrenia. Soc Work. 2012;57(3): 235-246.
38. Couture SM, Penn DL, Roberts DL. The functional significance of social cognition in schizophrenia: a review. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32 Suppl 1: S44-S63.
39. McGurk SR, Twamley EW, Sitzer DI, McHugo GJ, Mueser KT. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(12):1791-1802.
40. Wykes T, Huddy V, Cellard C, McGurk SR, Czobor P. A meta-analysis of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: methodology and effect sizes. Am J Psychiatry. 2011;168(5):472-485.
41. Kaneko Y, Keshavan M. Cognitive remediation in schizophrenia. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2012;10(3):125-135.
42. Horan WP, Kern RS, Shokat-Fadai K, Sergi MJ, Wynn JK, Green MF. Social cognitive skills training in schizophrenia: an initial efficacy study of stabilized outpatients. Schizophr Res. 2009;107(1):47-54.
43. Roberts DL, Penn DL. Social cognition and interaction training (SCIT) for outpatients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res. 2009;166(2-3):141-147.
44. Wölwer W, Frommann N. Social-cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: generalization of effects of the Training of Affect Recognition (TAR). Schizophr Bull. 2011;37 Suppl 2:S63-S70.
45. Hogarty GE, Greenwald DP, Eack SM. Durability and mechanism of effects of cognitive enhancement therapy. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(12): 1751-1757.
46. Fenton WS. Evolving perspectives on individual psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2002;6(1):47-72.
47. Cesková E, Prikryl R, Kaspárek T, Ondrusová M. Psychopathology and treatment responsiveness of patients with first-episode schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2005;1(2):179-185.
48. Mueser KT, Glynn SM. Family Intervention for Severe Mental Illness: A Comprehensive Recovery-oriented Approach. 3rd edition. New York, USA: Routledge; 2013.
49. Lehman AF, Lieberman JA, Dixon LB, et al; American Psychiatric Association; Steering Committee on Practice Guidelines. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(Suppl 2):1-56.
50. Xia J, Merinder LB, Belgamwar MR. Psychoeducation for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(6):CD002831.
51. Feldmann R, Hornung WP, Prein B, Buchkremer G, Arolt V. Timing of psychoeducational psychotherapeutic interventions in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252(3):115-119.
52. Basan A, Pitschel-Walz G, Bäuml J. [Psychoeducational intervention for schizophrenic patients and subsequent long-term ambulatory care. A four-year follow-up]. Psychoedukative Gruppen bei schizophrenen patienten und aufschieBende ambulante Langzeitbehandlung. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2000;68(12): 537-545. German.
53. Bisbee CC, Vickar GM. A review of psychoeducation for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Annals. 2012;42:205-210.
54. Bowie CR, Harvey PD. Cognitive deficits and functional outcome in schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006;2(4):531-536.
55. McFarlane WR, Dixon L, Lukens E, Lucksted A. Family psychoeducation and schizophrenia: a review of the literature. J Marital Fam Ther. 2003;29(2):223-245.
56. Weisman A, Rosales G, Kymalainen J, Armesto J. Ethnicity, family cohesion, religiosity and general emotional distress in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2005;193(6):359-368.
57. Buchanan RW, Kreyenbuhl J, Kelly DL, et al; Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT). The 2009 schizophrenia PORT psychopharmacological treatment recommendations and summary statements. Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(1):71-93.
58. Chien WT, Chan SW, Morrissey J. The perceived burden among Chinese family caregivers of people with schizophrenia. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(6):1151-1161.
59. Magliano L, Fiorillo A, Malangone C, Marasco C, Guarneri M, Maj M; National Mental Health Project Working Group. The effect of social network on burden and pessimism in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2003;73(3):302-309.
60. Martens L, Addington J. The psychological well-being of family members of individuals with schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2001;36(3):128-133.
61. Chien WT, Yeung FK, Chan AH. Perceived stigma of patients with severe mental illness in Hong Kong: relationships with patients' psychosocial conditions and attitudes of family caregivers and health professionals. Adm Policy Ment Health. Epub December 20, 2012.
62. Whitley R, Gingerich S, Lutz WJ, Mueser KT. Implementing the illness management and recovery program in community mental health settings: facilitators and barriers. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60(2):202-209.
63. Lucksted A, McFarlane W, Downing D, Dixon L. Recent developments in family psychoeducation as an evidence-based practice. J Marital Fam Ther. 2012;38(1):101-121.
64. Solomon P. Interventions for families of individuals with schizophrenia: maximising outcomes for their relatives. Dis Manag Health Outcomes. 2000;8:211-221.
65. Chien WT, Wong KF. A family psychoeducation group program for chinese people with schizophrenia in Hong Kong. Psychiatr Serv. 2007;58(7):1003-1006.
66. Li Z, Arthur D. Family education for people with schizophrenia in Beijing, China: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;187: 339-345.
67. Stengård E. Educational intervention for the relatives of schizophrenia patients in Finland. Nord J Psychiatry. 2005;7(4):271-277.
68. Dyck DG, Hendryx MS, Short RA, Voss WD, McFarlane WR. Service use among patients with schizophrenia in psychoeducational multiple-family group treatment. Psychiatr Serv. 2002;53(6):749-754.
69. Glynn SM, Cohen AN, Dixon LB, Niv N. The potential impact of the recovery movement on family interventions for schizophrenia: opportunities and obstacles. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(3):451-463.
70. Anderson J, Adams C. Family interventions in schizophrenia. BMJ. 1996;313(7056):505-506.
71. Drake RE, Bond GR, Essock SM. Implementing evidence-based practices for people with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):704-713.
72. Chien WT, Leung SF. A controlled trial of a needs-based, nurse-led psychoeducation programme for Chinese patients with first-onset mental disorders: 6 month follow up. Int J Nurs Pract. 2013; 19(Suppl 1):3-13.
73. Stanley S, Shwetha S. Integrated psychosocial intervention in schizophrenia: implications for patients and caregivers. Int J Psychosocial Rehabil. 2006;10:113-128.
74. Bellack AS. Skills training for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2004;27(4):375-391.
75. Liberman RP, Wallace CJ, Blackwell G, Kopelowicz A, Vaccaro JV, Mintz J. Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(8): 1087-1091.
76. Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(Suppl 1):S64-S80.
77. Kurtz MM, Mueser KT. A meta-analysis of controlled research on social skills training for schizophrenia. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2008;76(3): 491-504.
78. Ventura L, Liberman RP. Stress in psychotic disorders. In: Fink G, editor. Encyclopaedia of Stress. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2000;3:316-326.
79. Day JC, Bentall RP, Roberts C, et al. Attitudes toward antipsychotic medication: the impact of clinical variables and relationships with health professionals. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(7):717-724.
80. Pilling S, Bebbington P, Kuipers E, et al. Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychol Med. 2002;32(5):783-791.
81. Kopelowicz A, Liberman RP, Zarate R. Recent advances in social skills training for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(Suppl 1): S12-S23.
82. Glynn SM, Marder SR, Liberman RP, Blair K, Wirshing WC, Wirshing DA, Ross D, Mintz J. Supplementing clinic-based skills training with manual-based community support sessions: effects on social adjustment of patients with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(5):829-37.
83. Moriana JA, Alarcón E, Herruzo J. In-home psychosocial skills training for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(2):260-262.
84. Hogarty GE, Flesher S. Practice principles of cognitive enhancement therapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1999;25(4):693-708.
85. Tungpunkom P, Maayan N, Soares-Weiser K. Life skills programmes for chronic mental illnesses. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;1: CD000381.
86. Stein LI, Santos AB. Assertive Community Treatment of Persons with Severe Mental Illness. New York: Norton; 1998.
87. Bond GR, Drake RE, Mueser KT, Latimer E. Assertive community treatment for people with severe mental illness: critical ingredients and impact on clients. Dis Manage Health Outcomes. 2001;9:141-159.
88. Scott JE, Dixon LB. Assertive community treatment and case management for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(4):657-668.
89. Harrison-Read P, Lucas B, Tyrer P, et al. Heavy users of acute psychiatric beds: randomized controlled trial of enhanced community management in an outer London borough. Psychol Med. 2002;32(3):403-416.
90. Killaspy H, Bebbington P, Blizard R, et al. The REACT study: randomised evaluation of assertive community treatment in north London. BMJ. 2006;332(7545):815-820.
91. Sytema S, Wunderink L, Bloemers W, Roorda L, Wiersma D. Assertive community treatment in the Netherlands: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007;116(2):105-112.
92. Clarke GN, Herinckx HA, Kinney RF, et al. Psychiatric hospitalizations, arrests, emergency room visits, and homelessness of clients with serious and persistent mental illness: findings from a randomized trial of two ACT programs vs usual care. Ment Health Serv Res. 2000;2(3): 155-164.
93. Marshall M, Creed F. Assertive community treatment: is it the future of community care in the UK? Int Rev Psychiatry. 2000;12: 191-196.
94. Dickerson FB. Cognitive behavioral psychotherapy for schizophrenia: a review of recent empirical studies. Schizophr Res. 2000;43(2-3): 71-90.
95. Hayes RL, McGrath JJ. Cognitive rehabilitation for people with schizophrenia and related conditions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD000968.
96. Rathod S, Kingdon D, Weiden P, Turkington D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for medication-resistant schizophrenia: a review. J Psychiatr Pract. 2008;14(1):22-33.
97. Penn DL, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M. A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive-behavioral therapy vs enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res. 2009;109(1-3):52-59.
98. Pinninti NR, Rissmiller DJ, Steer RA. Cognitive-behavioral therapy as an adjunct to second-generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv. 2010;61(9):940-943.
99. Bäuml J, Froböse T, Kraemer S, Rentrop M, Pitschel-Walz G. Psychoeducation: a basic psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with schizophrenia and their families. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(Suppl 1):S1-S9.
100. Schultz SH, North SW, Shields CG. Schizophrenia: a review. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75(12):1821-1829.
101. Lincoln TM, Wilhelm K, Nestoriuc Y. Effectiveness of psychoeducation for relapse, symptoms, knowledge, adherence and functioning in psychotic disorders: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2007;96(1-3): 232-245.
102. Anderson KH, Ford S, Robson D, Cassis J, Rodrigues C, Gray R. An exploratory, randomized controlled trial of adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2010;19(5): 340-349.
103. Gray R, Leese M, Bindman J, et al. Adherence therapy for people with schizophrenia. European multicentre randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:508-514.
104. Lindenmayer JP, Jarboe K, Bossie CA, Zhu Y, Mehnert A, Lasser R. Minimal injection site pain and high patient satisfaction during treatment with long-acting risperidone. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005;20(4):213-221.
105. Kilian R, Dietrich S, Toumi M, Angermeyer MC. Quality of life in persons with schizophrenia in out-patient treatment with first-or second-generation antipsychotics. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;110(2): 108-118.
106. Wiersma D, Jenner JA, Nienhuis FJ, van de Willige G. Hallucination focused integrative treatment improves quality of life in schizophrenia patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004;109(3):194-201.
107. Kalali A. Patient satisfaction with, and acceptability of, atypical antipsychotics. Curr Med Res Opin. 1999;15(2):135-137.
108. Weiss KA, Smith TE, Hull JW, Piper AC, Huppert JD. Predictors of risk of nonadherence in outpatients with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2002;28(2):341-349.
109. Kemp R, David A, Hayward P. Compliance therapy: an intervention targeting insight and treatment adherence in psychotic patients. Behav Cogn Psychother. 1996;24:331-350.
110. Puschner B, Angermeyer MC, Leese M, et al. Course of adherence to medication and quality of life in people with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 2009;165(3):224-233.
111. Franz M, Lis S, Plüddemann K, Gallhofer B. Conventional versus atypical neuroleptics: subjective quality of life in schizophrenic patients. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:422-425.
112. Revicki DA, Genduso LA, Hamilton SH, Ganoczy D, Beasley CM Jr. Olanzapine versus haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders: quality of life and clinical outcomes of a randomized clinical trial. Qual Life Res. 1999;8(5):417-426.
113. Awad AG, Voruganti LN. Quality of life and new antipsychotics in schizophrenia. Are patients better off? Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1999;45(4):268-275.
114. Davies LM, Lewis S, Jones PB, et al; CUtLASS team. Cost-effectiveness of first-v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs: results from a randomised controlled trial in schizophrenia responding poorly to previous therapy. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191:14-22.
115. Dev V, Raniwalla J. Quetiapine: a review of its safety in the management of schizophrenia. Drug Saf. 2000;23(4):295-307.
116. Cheer SM, Wagstaff AJ. Quetiapine. A review of its use in the management of schizophrenia. CNS Drugs. 2004;18(3):173-199.
117. Award AG. Antipsychotic medications: compliance and attitudes towards treatment. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2004;17:75-80.
118. Gearing RE, Townsend L, MacKenzie M, Charach A. Reconceptualizing medication adherence: six phases of dynamic adherence. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2011;19(4):177-189.
119. Donohoe G. Adherence to antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia: What role does cognitive behavioral therapy play in improving outcomes? Dis Manag Health Outcomes. 2006;14:207-214.
120. Farooq S, Nazar Z, Irfan M, et al. Schizophrenia medication adherence in a resource-poor setting: randomised controlled trial of supervised treatment in out-patients for schizophrenia (STOPS). Br J Psychiatry. 2011;199(6):467-472.
121. Holzinger A, Loffler W, Muller P, Priebe S, Angermeyer MC. Subjective illness theory and antipsychotic medication compliance by patients with schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2002;190(9):597-603.
122. Huddy V, Reeder C, Kontis D, Wykes T, Stahl D. The effect of working alliance on adherence and outcome in cognitive remediation therapy. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012;200(7):614-619.
123. Cañas F, Alptekin K, Azorin JM, et al. Improving treatment adherence in your patients with schizophrenia: the STAY initiative. Clin Drug Investig. 2013;33(2):97-107.
124. Ren XS, Qian S, Kazis LE. An alternative approach to measuring treatment persistence with antipsychotic agents among patients with schizophrenia in the Veterans Health Administration. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2007;3(2):277-284.
125. Patil ST, Zhang L, Martenyi F, et al. Activation of mGlu2/3 receptors as a new approach to treat schizophrenia: a randomized Phase 2 clinical trial. Nat Med. 2007;13(9):1102-1107.
126. Harvey PD. Pharmacological cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009;19(3):324-335.
127. Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C. Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1999;172(33): 53-59.