Statins and percutaneous coronary intervention: A complementary synergy

Clinica e Investigacion en Arteriosclerosis

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 112-122

  Echeverri, Darío ^a   Cabrales, Jaime ^a  

^a FUNDACIÓN CARDIOINFANTIL INSTITUTO DE CARDIOLOGÍA   (Colombia)

Author keywords

Coronary disease; Percutaneous coronary intervention; Statins; Stents

Indexed keywords

ATORVASTATIN; FLUINDOSTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; RAPAMYCIN; ROSUVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN;

ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; BARE METAL STENT; CHRONIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION; CONTRAST INDUCED NEPHROPATHY; CORONARY ARTERY OBSTRUCTION; CORONARY STENT; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ELUTING STENT; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG USE; FLOW RATE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART PROTECTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; LOADING DRUG DOSE; LOW DRUG DOSE; NONHUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; TRANSLUMINAL CORONARY ANGIOPLASTY;

CORONARY DISEASE; ENFERMEDAD CORONARIA; ESTATINAS; INTERVENCIÓN CORONARIA PERCUTÁNEA; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; STATINS; STENTS;

ANGIOPLASTY, BALLOON, CORONARY; ANIMALS; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; CORONARY DISEASE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STENTS;

EID: 84884720480     PISSN: 02149168     EISSN: 15781879     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2012.10.003     Document Type: Short Survey

References (140)

1. Dawber T.R., Kannel W.B., Revotskie N., Stokes J., Kagan A., Gordon T. Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease: six years' follow-up experience in the Framingham study. Am J Public Health Nations Health 1959, 49:1349-1356.
2. Lowering blood cholesterol to prevent heart disease. NIH Consens Statement 1984, 5:1-11.
3. Endo A., Kuroda M., Tsujita Y. ML-236A, ML-236B and ML-236C, new inhibitors of cholesterogenesis produced by Penicillium citrinium. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1976, 29:1346-1348.
4. Endo A., Tsujita Y., Kuroda M., Tanzawa K. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis in vitro and in vivo by ML-236A and ML-236B, competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Eur J Biochem 1977, 77:31-36.
5. Alberts A.W., Chen J., Kuron G., Hunt V., Huff J., Hoffman C., et al. Mevinolin: a highly potent competitive inhibitor of hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and a cholesterol-lowering agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980, 77:3957-3961.
6. Bilheimer D.W., Grundy S.M., Brown M.S., Goldstein J.L. Mevinolin and colestipol stimulate receptor-mediated clearance of low density lipoprotein from plasma in familial hypercholeserolemia heterozygotes. Atheroscler Suppl 2004, 5:61-65.
7. Illingworth D.R., Sexton G.J. Hypocholesterolemic effects of mevinolin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Invest 1984, 74:1972-1978.
8. Therapeutic response to lovastatin (mevinolin)in nonfamilial hypercholesterolemia. A multicenter study. JAMA 1986, 256:2829-2834. Lovastatin Study Group II.
9. Multicenter comparison of lovastatin and cholestyramine therapy for severe primary hypercholesterolemia. JAMA 1988, 260:359-366. Lovastatin Study Goup III.
10. A multicenter comparison of lovastatin and probucol for the treatment of severe primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1990, 66:22B-30B. Lovastaton Study Group IV.
11. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease. Lancet 1994, 344:1383-1389. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S).
12. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moye L.A., Rouleau J.L., Rutherford J.D., Cole T.G., et al. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial investigators. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1001-1009.
13. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998, 339:1349-1357. Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group.
14. Dotter C.T., Judkins M.P. Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction. Description of a new technic and a preliminary report of its application. Radiology 1989, 172:904-920.
15. Grüntzig A.R., Senning A., Siegenthaler W.E. Nonoperative dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis: percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1979, 301:61-68.
16. Sigwart U., Puel J., Mirkovitch V., Joffre F., Kappenberger L. Intravascular stents to prevent occlusion and restenosis after transluminal angioplasty. N Engl J Med 1987, 316:701-706.
17. Schatz R.A., Palmaz J.C., Tio F.O., Garcia F., Garcia O., Reuter S.R. Balloon-expandable intracoronary stents in the adult dog. Circulation 1987, 76:450-457.
18. Serruys P.W., de Jaegere P., Kiemeneij F., Macaya C., Rutsch W., Heyndrickx G., et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:489-495.
19. Fischman D.L., Leon M.B., Baim D.S., Schatz R.A., Savage M.P., Penn I., et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:496-501.
20. Holmes D.R., Savage M., LaBlanche J.M., Grip L., Serruys P.W., Fitzgerald P., et al. Results of Prevention of REStenosis with Tranilast and its Outcomes (PRESTO) trial. Circulation 2002, 106:1243-1250.
21. Moses J.W., Leon M.B., Popma J.J., Fitzgerald P.J., Holmes D.R., O'Shaughnessy C., et al. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med 2003, 349:1315-1323. SIRIUS Investigators.
22. Erbel R., Heusch G. Coronary microembolization. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 36:22-24.
23. Heusch G., Kleinbongard P., Böse D., Levkau B., Haude M., Schulz R., et al. Coronary microembolization: from bedside to bench and back to bedside. Circulation 2009, 120:1822-1836.
24. Dörge H., Neumann T., Behrends M., Skyschally A., Schulz R., Kasper C., et al. Perfusion-contraction mismatch with coronary microvascular obstruction: role of inflammation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000, 279:H2587-H2592.
25. Dörge H., Schulz R., Belosjorow S., Post H., van de Sand A., Konietzka I., et al. Coronary microembolization: the role of TNF-alpha in contractile dysfunction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2002, 34:51-62.
26. Thielmann M., Dörge H., Martin C., Belosjorow S., Schwanke U., van De Sand A., et al. Myocardial dysfunction with coronary microembolization: signal transduction through a sequence of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and sphingosine. Circ Res 2002, 90:807-813.
27. Skyschally A., Haude M., Dörge H., Thielmann M., Duschin A., van de Sand A., et al. Glucocorticoid treatment prevents progressive myocardial dysfunction resulting from experimental coronary microembolization. Circulation 2004, 109:2337-2342.
28. Gaspardone A., Versaci F. Coronary stenting and inflammation. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96(12A):65L-70L.
29. Echeverri D., Purushothaman K.R., Moreno P.R. Reparação vascular após implante de stents não-farmacológicos e farmacológicos em modelo experimental de fibroateroma de capa fina em coelhos. Rev Bras Cardiol Invas 2008, 16:474-481.
30. Gawaz M., Neumann F.J., Ott I., May A., Schömig A. Platelet activation and coronary stent implantation. Effect of antithrombotic therapy. Circulation 1996, 94:279-285.
31. Welt F.G., Tso C., Edelman E.R., Kjelsberg M.A., Paolini J.F., Seifert P., et al. Leukocyte recruitment and expression of chemokines following different forms of vascular injury. Vasc Med 2003, 8:1-7.
32. Grewe P.H., Deneke T., Machraoui A., Barmeyer J., Müller K.M. Acute and chronic tissue response to coronary stent implantation: pathologic findings in human specimen. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000, 35:157-163.
33. Jabs W.J., Theissing E., Nitschke M., Bechtel J.F., Duchrow M., Mohamed S., et al. Local generation of C-reactive protein in diseased coronary artery venous bypass grafts and normal vascular tissue. Circulation 2003, 108:1428-1431.
34. Yasojima K., Schwab C., McGeer E.G., McGeer P.L. Generation of C-reactive protein and complement components in atherosclerotic plaques. Am J Pathol 2001, 158:1039-1051.
35. Zwaka T.P., Hombach V., Torzewski J. C-reactive protein-mediated low density lipoprotein uptake by macrophages: implications for atherosclerosis. Circulation 2001, 103:1194-1197.
36. Fichtlscherer S., Rosenberger G., Walter D.H., Breuer S., Dimmeler S., Zeiher A.M. Elevated C-reactive protein levels and impaired endothelial vasoreactivity in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2000, 102:1000-1006.
37. Fukuda D., Shimada K., Tanaka A., Kawarabayashi T., Yoshiyama M., Yoshikawa J. Circulating monocytes and in-stent neointima after coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004, 43:18-23.
38. Gaspardone A., Crea F., Versaci F., Tomai F., Pellegrino A., Chiariello L., et al. Predictive value of C-reactive protein after successful coronary-artery stenting in patients with stable angina. Am J Cardiol 1998, 82:515-518.
39. Dibra A., Mehilli J., Braun S., Hadamitzky M., Baum H., Dirschinger J., et al. Inflammatory response after intervention assessed by serial C-reactive protein measurements correlates with restenosis in patients treated with coronary stenting. Am Heart J 2005, 150:344-350.
40. Walter D.H., Fichtlscherer S., Sellwig M., Auch-Schwelk W., Schächinger V., Zeiher A.M. Preprocedural C-reactive protein levels and cardiovascular events after coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 37:839-846.
41. Jialal I., Stein D., Balis D., Grundy S.M., Adams-Huet B., Devaraj S. Effect of hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitive C-reactive protein levels. Circulation 2001, 103:1933-1935.
42. Rezaie-Majd A., Prager G.W., Bucek R.A., Schernthaner G.H., Maca T., Kress H.G., et al. Simvastatin reduces the expression of adhesion molecules in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003, 23:397-403.
43. Patti G., Chello M., Pasceri V., Colonna D., Nusca A., Miglionico M., et al. Protection from procedural myocardial injury by atorvastatin is associated with lower levels of adhesion molecules after percutaneous coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA-CAMs (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty-Cell Adhesion Molecules) substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1560-1566.
44. Bellosta S., Via D., Canavesi M., Pfister P., Fumagalli R., Paoletti R., et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998, 18:1671-1678.
45. Sanguigni V., Pignatelli P., Lenti L., Ferro D., Bellia A., Carnevale R., et al. Short-term treatment with atorvastatin reduces platelet CD40 ligand and thrombin generation in hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation 2005, 111:412-419.
46. Chan K.C., Wang C.J., Ho H.H., Chen H.M., Huang C.N. Simvastatin inhibits cell cycle progression in glucose-stimulated proliferation of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells by up-regulating cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors and p53. Pharmacol Res 2008, 58(3-4):247-256.
47. Echeverri D., Buitrago L., Montes F.R. Efectos pleiotrópicos de las estatinas. Características farmacológicas útiles en la prevención, tratamiento y regresión de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Rev Col Cardiol 2005, 12:103-112.
48. Romano M., Mezzetti A., Marulli C., Ciabattoni G., Febo F., Di Ienno S., et al. Fluvastatin reduces soluble P-selectin and ICAM-1 levels in hypercholesterolemic patients: role of nitric oxide. J Investig Med 2000, 48:183-189.
49. Takemoto M., Liao J.K. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:1712-1750.
50. Morikawa S., Takabe W., Mataki C., Kanke T., Itoh T., Wada Y., et al. The effect of statins on mRNA levels of genes related to inflammation, coagulation, and vascular constriction in HUVEC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2002, 9:178-183.
51. Davignon J. Beneficial cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins. Circulation 2004, 109(23 Suppl. 1):III39-III43.
52. Rosenson R.S., Tangney C.C. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998, 279:1643-1650.
53. Libby P., Aikawa M. Mechanisms of plaque stabilization with statins. Am J Cardiol 2003, 91(4A):4B-8B.
54. Laufs U., La Fata V., Plutzky J., Liao J.K. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998, 97:1129-1135.
55. Jain M.K., Ridker P.M. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005, 4:977-987.
56. Liao J.K. Effects of statins on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibition beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96(5A):24F-33F.
57. Laufs U., Endres M., Custodis F., Gertz K., Nickenig G., Liao J.K., et al. Suppression of endothelial nitric oxide production after withdrawal of statin treatment is mediated by negative feedback regulation of rho GTPase gene transcription. Circulation 2000, 102:3104-3110.
58. Heeschen C., Hamm C.W., Laufs U., Snapinn S., Böhm M., White H.D. Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002, 105:1446-1452. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Investigators.
59. Feron O., Dessy C., Desager J.P., Balligand J.L. Hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibition promotes endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation through a decrease in caveolin abundance. Circulation 2001, 103:113-118.
60. Wassmann S., Laufs U., Bäumer A.T., Müller K., Ahlbory K., Linz W., et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors improve endothelial dysfunction in normocholesterolemic hypertension via reduced production of reactive oxygen species. Hypertension 2001, 37:1450-1457.
61. Laufs U., Liao J.K. Post-transcriptional regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA stability by Rho GTPase. J Biol Chem 1998, 273:24266-24271.
62. Fuhrman B., Koren L., Volkova N., Keidar S., Hayek T., Aviram M. Atorvastatin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients suppresses cellular uptake of oxidized-LDL by differentiating monocytes. Atherosclerosis 2002, 164:179-185.
63. Aviram M., Hussein O., Rosenblat M., Schlezinger S., Hayek T., Keidar S. Interactions of platelets, macrophages, and lipoproteins in hypercholesterolemia: antiatherogenic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998, 31:39-45.
64. Aviram M., Rosenblat M., Bisgaier C.L., Newton R.S. Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil metabolites, but not the parent drugs, are potent antioxidants against lipoprotein oxidation. Atherosclerosis 1998, 138:271-280.
65. Giroux L.M., Davignon J., Naruszewicz M. Simvastatin inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins by activated human monocyte-derived macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993, 1165:335-338.
66. Sparrow C.P., Burton C.A., Hernandez M., Mundt S., Hassing H., Patel S., et al. Simvastatin has anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic activities independent of plasma cholesterol lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:115-121.
67. Weis M., Pehlivanli S., Meiser B.M., von Scheidt W. Simvastatin treatment is associated with improvement in coronary endothelial function and decreased cytokine activation in patients after heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:814-818.
68. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Pfeffer M.A., Sacks F.M., Moye L.A., Goldman S., et al. Inflammation, pravastatin, and the risk of coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 1998, 98:839-844.
69. Ridker P.M., Cannon C.P., Morrow D., Rifai N., Rose L.M., McCabe C.H., et al. C-reactive protein levels and outcomes after statin therapy. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:20-28. Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction 22 (PROVE IT-TIMI 22) Investigators.
70. Ridker P.M., Danielson E., Fonseca F.A., Genest J., Gotto A.M., Kastelein J.J., et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:2195-2207. JUPITER Study Group.
71. Chan A.W., Bhatt D.L., Chew D.P., Reginelli J., Schneider J.P., Topol E.J., et al. Relation of inflammation and benefit of statins after percutaneous coronary interventions. Circulation 2003, 107:1750-1756.
72. Walter D.H., Fichtlscherer S., Britten M.B., Rosin P., Auch-Schwelk W., Schächinger V., et al. Statin therapy, inflammation and recurrent coronary events in patients following coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001, 38:2006-2012.
73. Sukhova G.K., Schönbeck U., Rabkin E., Schoen F.J., Poole A.R., Billinghurst R.C., et al. Evidence for increased collagenolysis by interstitial collagenases-1 and -3 in vulnerable human atheromatous plaques. Circulation 1999, 99:2503-2509.
74. Hilgendorff A., Muth H., Parviz B., Staubitz A., Haberbosch W., Tillmanns H., et al. Statins differ in their ability to block NF-kappaB activation in human blood monocytes. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2003, 41:397-401.
75. Dangas G., Smith D.A., Unger A.H., Shao J.H., Meraj P., Fier C., et al. Pravastatin: an antithrombotic effect independent of the cholesterol-lowering effect. Thromb Haemost 2000, 83:688-692.
76. Morishita E., Minami S., Ishino C., Kanno M., Uotani C., Asakura H., et al. Atorvastatin reduces plasma levels of factor VII activity and factor VII antigen in patients with hyperlipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2002, 9:72-77.
77. Alfon J., Royo T., Garcia-Moll X., Badimon L. Platelet deposition on eroded vessel walls at a stenotic shear rate is inhibited by lipid-lowering treatment with atorvastatin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999, 19:1812-1817.
78. Tsiara S., Elisaf M., Mikhailidis D.P. Early vascular benefits of statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2003, 19:540-556.
79. Hackman A., Abe Y., Insull W., Pownall H., Smith L., Dunn K., et al. Levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules in patients with dyslipidemia. Circulation 1996, 93:1334-1338.
80. Kothe H., Dalhoff K., Rupp J., Müller A., Kreuzer J., Maass M., et al. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors modify the inflammatory response of human macrophages and endothelial cells infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Circulation 2000, 101:1760-1763.
81. Romano M., Diomede L., Sironi M., Massimiliano L., Sottocorno M., Polentarutti N., et al. Inhibition of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis by statins. Lab Invest 2000, 80:1095-1100.
82. Opie L.H., Commerford P.J., Gersh B.J. Controversies in stable coronary artery disease. Lancet 2006, 367:69-78.
83. Yonemura A., Momiyama Y., Fayad Z.A., Ayaori M., Ohmori R., Kihara T., et al. Effect of lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin on atherosclerotic aortic plaques: a 2-year follow-up by noninvasive MRI. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009, 16:222-228.
84. Schartl M., Bocksch W., Koschyk D.H., Voelker W., Karsch K.R., Kreuzer J., et al. Use of intravascular ultrasound to compare effects of different strategies of lipid-lowering therapy on plaque volume and composition in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 2001, 104:387-392.
85. Okazaki S., Yokoyama T., Miyauchi K., Shimada K., Kurata T., Sato H., et al. Early statin treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome: demonstration of the beneficial effect on atherosclerotic lesions by serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis during half a year after coronary event: the ESTABLISH Study. Circulation 2004, 110:1061-1068.
86. Nissen S.E., Tuzcu E.M., Schoenhagen P., Brown B.G., Ganz P., Vogel R.A., et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004, 291:1071-1080. REVERSAL Investigators.
87. Crouse J.R., Raichlen J.S., Riley W.A., Evans G.W., Palmer M.K., O'Leary D.H., et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA 2007, 297:1344-1353. METEOR Study Group.
88. Nair A., Kuban B.D., Tuzcu E.M., Schoenhagen P., Nissen S.E., Vince D.G. Coronary plaque classification with intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis. Circulation 2002, 106:2200-2206.
89. Philipp S., Böse D., Wijns W., Marso S.P., Schwartz R.S., König A., et al. Do systemic risk factors impact invasive findings from virtual histology? Insights from the international virtual histology registry. Eur Heart J 2010, 31:196-202.
90. Virmani R., Burke A.P., Farb A., Kolodgie F.D. Pathology of the vulnerable plaque. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47(8 Suppl.):C13-C18.
91. Kawamoto T., Okura H., Koyama Y., Toda I., Taguchi H., Tamita K., et al. The relationship between coronary plaque characteristics and small embolic particles during coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1635-1640.
92. Böse D., von Birgelen C., Zhou X.Y., Schmermund A., Philipp S., Sack S., et al. Impact of atherosclerotic plaque composition on coronary microembolization during percutaneous coronary interventions. Basic Res Cardiol 2008, 103:587-597.
93. Nasu K., Tsuchikane E., Katoh O., Tanaka N., Kimura M., Ehara M., et al. Effect of fluvastatin on progression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque evaluated by virtual histology intravascular ultrasound. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009, 2:689-696.
94. Hong M.K., Park D.W., Lee C.W., Lee S.W., Kim Y.H., Kang D.H., et al. Effects of statin treatments on coronary plaques assessed by volumetric virtual histology intravascular ultrasound analysis. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2009, 2:679-688.
95. Toi T., Taguchi I., Yoneda S., Kageyama M., Kikuchi A., Tokura M., et al. Early effect of lipid-lowering therapy with pitavastatin on regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Comparison with atorvastatin. Circ J 2009, 73:1466-1472.
96. Takano M., Mizuno K., Yokoyama S., Seimiya K., Ishibashi F., Okamatsu K., et al. Changes in coronary plaque color and morphology by lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin: serial evaluation by coronary angioscopy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:680-686.
97. Hirayama A., Saito S., Ueda Y., Takayama T., Honye J., Komatsu S., et al. Qualitative and quantitative changes in coronary plaque associated with atorvastatin therapy. Circ J 2009, 73:718-725.
98. Serruys P.W., de Feyter P., Macaya C., Kokott N., Puel J., Vrolix M., et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002, 287:3215-3222. Lescol Intervention Prevention Study (LIPS) Investigators.
99. Chan A.W., Bhatt D.L., Chew D.P., Quinn M.J., Moliterno D.J., Topol E.J., et al. Early and sustained survival benefit associated with statin therapy at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation 2002, 105:691-696.
100. Schömig A., Mehilli J., Holle H., Hösl K., Kastrati D., Pache J., et al. Statin treatment following coronary artery stenting and one-year survival. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002, 40:854-861.
101. Kasai T., Miyauchi K., Kurata T., Satoh H., Ohta H., Tanimoto K., et al. Long-term (11-year) statin therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention improves clinical outcome and is not associated with increased malignancy. Int J Cardiol 2007, 114:210-217.
102. Zhang Z.J., Cheng Q., Jiang G.X., Marroquin O.C. Statins in prevention of repeat revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention - a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Pharmacol Res 2010, 61:316-320.
103. Johnson C., Waters D.D., DeMicco D.A., Breazna A., Bittner V., Greten H., et al. Comparison of effectiveness of atorvastatin 10mg versus 80mg in reducing major cardiovascular events and repeat revascularization in patients with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (post hoc analysis of the Treating to New Targets [TNT] Study). Am J Cardiol 2008, 102:1312-1317.
104. Boden W.E., O'Rourke R.A., Teo K.K., Hartigan P.M., Maron D.J., Kostuk W.J., et al. Optimal medical therapy with or without PCI for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2007, 356:1503-1516.
105. Smith S.C., Feldman T.E., Hirshfeld J.W., Jacobs A.K., Kern M.J., King S.B., et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 Guideline Update for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention-Summary Article: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 47:216-235.
106. Schwartz G.G., Olsson A.G., Ezekowitz M.D., Ganz P., Oliver M.F., Waters D., et al. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:1711-1718. Myocardial Ischemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators.
107. Gibson C.M., Pride Y.B., Hochberg C.P., Sloan S., Sabatine M.S., Cannon C.P. Effect of intensive statin therapy on clinical outcomes among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for acute coronary syndrome. PCI-PROVE IT: A PROVE IT-TIMI 22 (Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22) Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:2290-2295. TIMI Study Group.
108. Patti G., Pasceri V., Colonna G., Miglionico M., Fischetti D., Sardella G., et al. Atorvastatin pretreatment improves outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-ACS randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:1272-1278.
109. Yun K.H., Jeong M.H., Oh S.K., Rhee S.J., Park E.M., Lee E.M., et al. The beneficial effect of high loading dose of rosuvastatin before percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2009, 137:246-251.
110. Kim J.S., Kim J., Choi D., Lee C.J., Lee S.H., Ko Y.G., et al. Efficacy of high-dose atorvastatin loading before primary percutaneous coronary intervention in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the STATIN STEMI trial. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 2010, 3:332-339.
111. Brener S.J., Ellis S.G., Schneider J., Topol E.J. Frequency and long-term impact of myonecrosis after coronary stenting. Eur Heart J 2002, 23:869-876.
112. Ioannidis J.P., Karvouni E., Katritsis D.G. Mortality risk conferred by small elevations of creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme after percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003, 42:1406-1411.
113. Cavallini C., Savonitto S., Violini R., Arraiz G., Plebani M., Olivari Z., et al. Impact of the elevation of biochemical markers of myocardial damage on long-term mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the CK-MB and PCI study. Eur Heart J 2005, 26:1494-1498. Italian Atherosclerosis, Thormbosis, and Vascular Biology and 'Society for Invasive Cardiology-GISE' Investigators.
114. Roe M.T., Mahaffey K.W., Kilaru R., Alexander J.H., Akkerhuis K.M., Simoons M.L., et al. Creatine kinase-MB elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention predicts adverse outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:313-321.
115. Turer A.T., Mahaffey K.W., Gallup D., Weaver W.D., Christenson R.H., Every N.R., et al. Enzyme estimates of infarct size correlate with functional and clinical outcomes in the setting of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med 2005, 6:12.
116. Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., White H.D., Katus H.A., Newby L.K., Ravkilde J., et al. Joint ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF task force for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Universal definition of myocardial infarction. Circulation 2007, 116:2634-2653.
117. Mulukutla S.R., Marroquin O.C., Smith C., Varghese R., Anderson W.D., Lee J.S., et al. Effect of statin therapy prior to elective percutaneous coronary intervention on frequency of periprocedural myocardial injury. Am J Cardiol 2004, 94:1363-1366.
118. Briguori C., Colombo A., Airoldi F., Violante A., Focaccio A., Balestrieri P., et al. Statin administration before percutaneous coronary intervention: impact on periprocedural myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 2004, 25:1822-1828.
119. Herrmann J., Lerman A., Baumgart D., Volbracht L., Schulz R., von Birgelen C., et al. Preprocedural statin medication reduces the extent of periprocedural non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002, 106:2180-2183.
120. Pasceri V., Patti G., Nusca A., Pristipino C., Richichi G., Di Sciascio G. Randomized trial of atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during coronary intervention: results from the ARMYDA (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) study. Circulation 2004, 110:674-678. ARMYDA Investigators.
121. Merla R., Reddy N.K., Wang F.W., Uretsky B.F., Barbagelata A., Birnbaum Y. Meta-analysis of published reports on the effect of statin treatment before percutaneous coronary intervention on periprocedural myonecrosis. Am J Cardiol 2007, 100:770-776.
122. Briguori C., Visconti G., Focaccio A., Golia B., Chieffo A., Castelli A., et al. Novel approaches for preventing or limiting events (Naples) II trial: impact of a single high loading dose of atorvastatin on periprocedural myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:2157-2163.
123. Cay S., Cagirci G., Sen N., Balbay Y., Durmaz T., Aydogdu S. Prevention of peri-procedural myocardial injury using a single high loading dose of rosuvastatin. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2010, 24:41-47.
124. Di Sciascio G., Patti G., Pasceri V., Gaspardone A., Colonna G., Montinaro A. Efficacy of atorvastatin reload in patients on chronic statin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the ARMYDA-RECAPTURE (Atorvastatin for Reduction of Myocardial Damage During Angioplasty) Randomized Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009, 54:558-565.
125. Hinoi T., Matsuo S., Tadehara F., Tsujiyama S., Yamakido M. Acute effect of atorvastatin on coronary circulation measured by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography in patients without coronary artery disease by angiography. Am J Cardiol 2005, 96:89-91.
126. Caliskan M., Erdogan D., Gullu H., Topcu S., Ciftci O., Yildirir A., et al. Effects of atorvastatin on coronary flow reserve in patients with slow coronary flow. Clin Cardiol 2007, 30:475-479.
127. Murphy S.W., Barrett B.J., Parfrey P.S. Contrast nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000, 11:177-182.
128. Ichiki T., Takeda K., Tokunou T., Iino N., Egashira K., Shimokawa H., et al. Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor by hydrophobic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:1896-1901.
129. Bonetti P.O., Lerman L.O., Napoli C., Lerman A. Statin effects beyond lipid lowering - are they clinically relevant?. Eur Heart J 2003, 24:225-248.
130. Patti G., Ricottini E., Nusca A., Colonna G., Pasceri V., D'Ambrosio A., et al. Short-term, high-dose Atorvastatin pretreatment to prevent contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention from the ARMYDA-CIN [atorvastatin for reduction of myocardial damage during angioplasty - contrast-induced nephropathy] trial. Am J Cardiol 2011, 108:1-7.
131. Bertrand M.E., McFadden E.P., Fruchart J.C., Van Belle E., Commeau P., Grollier G., et al. Effect of pravastatin on angiographic restenosis after coronary balloon angioplasty. The PREDICT Trial Investigators. Prevention of Restenosis by Elisor after Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997, 30:863-869.
132. Mulder H.J., Bal E.T., Jukema J.W., Zwinderman A.H., Schalij M.J., van Boven A.J., et al. Pravastatin reduces restenosis two years after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (REGRESS trial). Am J Cardiol 2000, 86:742-746.
133. Weintraub W.S., Boccuzzi S.J., Klein J.L., Kosinski A.S., King S.B., Ivanhoe R., et al. Lack of effect of lovastatin on restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Lovastatin Restenosis Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994, 331:1331-1337.
134. Serruys P.W., Foley D.P., Jackson G., Bonnier H., Macaya C., Vrolix M., et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluvastatin for prevention of restenosis after successful coronary balloon angioplasty; final results of the fluvastatin angiographic restenosis (FLARE) trial. Eur Heart J 1999, 20:58-69.
135. Walter D.H., Schächinger V., Elsner M., Mach S., Auch-Schwelk W., Zeiher A.M. Effect of statin therapy on restenosis after coronary stent implantation. Am J Cardiol 2000, 85:962-968.
136. Bunch T.J., Muhlestein J.B., Anderson J.L., Horne B.D., Bair T.L., Jackson J.D., et al. Effects of statins on six-month survival and clinical restenosis frequency after coronary stent deployment. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:299-302.
137. Bae J.H., Bassenge E., Kim K.Y., Synn Y.C., Park K.R., Schwemmer M. Effects of low-dose atorvastatin on vascular responses in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2004, 9:185-192.
138. Hong Y.J., Jeong M.H., Hyun D.W., Hur S.H., Kim K.B., Kim W., et al. Prognostic significance of simvastatin therapy in patients with ischemic heart failure who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2005, 95:619-622.
139. Kamishirado H., Inoue T., Sakuma M., Tsuda T., Hayashi T., Takayanagi K., et al. Effects of statins on restenosis after coronary stent implantation. Angiology 2007, 58:55-60.
140. Steven R., Bailey, John A., Bailey S.R., Bittl J.A., Cercek B., et al. 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Executive Summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions Writing Committee Members, Glenn N. Levine, Eric R. Bates, James C. Blankenship. Circulation 2011, 124:2574-2609.