New concepts in liver cirrhosis: Clinical significance of sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients

Minerva Gastroenterologica e Dietologica

Volumn 59, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 173-186

  Montano Loza, A J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Liver cirrhosis; Malnutrition; Sarcopenia

Indexed keywords

ASCITES; BLEEDING; END STAGE LIVER DISEASE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MALNUTRITION; MORTALITY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; REVIEW; SARCOPENIA; VARIX BLEEDING;

BODY COMPOSITION; HUMANS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; LIVER TRANSPLANTATION; MALNUTRITION; PROGNOSIS; SARCOPENIA;

EID: 84884678549     PISSN: 1121421X     EISSN: 18271642     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Johnson TM, Overgard EB, Cohen AE, DiBaise JK. Nutrition assessment and management in advanced liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2013;28:15-29.
2. O'Brien A, Williams R. Nutrition in end-stage liver disease: principles and practice. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1729-40. (Pubitemid 351615408)
3. Dasarathy S. Consilience in sarcopenia of cirrhosis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2012;3:225-37.
4. Lang PO, Michel JP, Zekry D. Frailty syndrome: a transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology 2009;55:539-49.
5. Baumgartner RN, Koehler KM, Gallagher D, Romero L, Heymsfield SB, Ross RR et al. Epidemiology of sarcopenia among the elderly in New Mexico. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:755-63. (Pubitemid 28183275)
6. Lang T, Streeper T, Cawthon P, Baldwin K, Taaffe DR, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:543-59.
7. Janssen I. Evolution of sarcopenia research. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010;35:707-12.
8. Durand F, Valla D. Assessment of prognosis of cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2008;28:110-22. (Pubitemid 351326537)
9. Gines P, Quintero E, Arroyo V, Teres J, Bruguera M, Rimola A, Caballeria J et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology 1987;7:122-128. (Pubitemid 17019862)
10. Fleming KM, Aithal GP, Card TR, West J. The rate of decompensation and clinical progression of disease in people with cirrhosis: a cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;32:1343-50.
11. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of 118 studies. J Hepatol 2006;44:217-31. (Pubitemid 41772537)
12. Arvaniti V, D'Amico G, Fede G, Manousou P, Tsochatzis E, Pleguezuelo M et al. Infections in patients with cirrhosis increase mortality four-fold and should be used in determining prognosis. Gastroenterology 2010;139:1246-56, 1256 e1241-5.
13. Fede G, D'Amico G, Arvaniti V, Tsochatzis E, Germani G, Georgiadis D, Morabito A et al. Renal failure and cirrhosis: a systematic review of mortality and prognosis. J Hepatol 2012;56:810-18.
14. Pugh RN, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagus for bleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973;60:646-9.
15. Kamath PS, Kim WR. The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Hepatology 2007;45:797-805. (Pubitemid 46450631)
16. Child CG. Surgery and portal hypertension. In: Child CG, edITOR. The liver and portal hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1964. p. 50-72.
17. Planas R, Balleste B, Alvarez MA, Rivera M, Montoliu S, Galeras JA, Santos J et al. Natural history of decompensated hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis. A study of 200 patients. J Hepatol 2004;40:823-30. (Pubitemid 38507364)
18. Albers I, Hartmann H, Bircher J, Creutzfeldt W. Superiority of the Child-Pugh classification to quantitative liver function tests for assessing prognosis of liver cirrhosis. Scand J Gastroenterol 1989;24:269-76. (Pubitemid 19110881)
19. Malinchoc M, Kamath PS, Gordon FD, Peine CJ, Rank J, ter Borg PC. A model to predict poor survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts. Hepatology 2000;31:864-71. (Pubitemid 30169932)
20. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M, Kremers W, Therneau TM, Kosberg CL et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001;33:464-70. (Pubitemid 32119037)
21. Salerno F, Merli M, Cazzaniga M, Valeriano V, Rossi P, Lovaria A et al. MELD score is better than Child-Pugh score in predicting 3-month survival of patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. J Hepatol 2002;36:494-500. (Pubitemid 34407337)
22. Angermayr B, Cejna M, Kamel F, Gschwantler M, Koenig F, Pidlich J, Mendel H et al. Child-Pugh versus MELD score in predicting survival in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Gut 2003;52:879-85. (Pubitemid 36613497)
23. Said A, Williams J, Holden J, Remington P, Gangnon R, Musat A et al. Model for end stage liver disease score predicts mortality across a broad spectrum of liver disease. J Hepatol 2004;40:897-903. (Pubitemid 38670122)
24. Montano-Loza AJ, Carpenter HA, Czaja AJ. Features associated with treatment failure in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis and predictive value of the model of end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2007;46:1138-45. (Pubitemid 350144778)
25. Freeman RB, Jr., Wiesner RH, Harper A, McDiarmid SV, Lake J, Edwards E et al. The new liver allocation system: moving toward evidence-based transplantation policy Liver Transpl 2002;8:851-8. (Pubitemid 35012300)
26. Wiesner R, Edwards E, Freeman R, Harper A, Kim R, Kamath P et al. Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) and allocation of donor livers. Gastroenterology 2003;124:91-6. (Pubitemid 36055342)
27. Brown RS, Lake JR. The survival impact of liver transplantation in the MELD era, and the future for organ allocation and distribution. Am J Transplant 2005;5:203-4. (Pubitemid 40179505)
28. Merion RM, Wolfe RA, Dykstra DM, Leichtman AB, Gillespie B, Held PJ. Longitudinal assessment of mortality risk among candidates for liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2003;9:12-8. (Pubitemid 36104909)
29. Heuman DM, Abou-Assi SG, Habib A, Williams LM, Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ et al. Persistent ascites and low serum sodium identify patients with cirrhosis and low MELD scores who are at high risk for early death. Hepatology 2004;40:802-10. (Pubitemid 39288112)
30. Kim WR, Biggins SW, Kremers WK, Wiesner RH, Kamath PS, Benson JT et al. Hyponatremia and mortality among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1018-26.
31. Myers RP, Shaheen AA, Faris P, Aspinall AI, Burak KW. Revision of MELD to include serum albumin improves prediction of mortality on the liver transplant waiting list. PLoS One 2013;8:e51926.
32. Montano-Loza AJ, Meza-Junco J, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Baracos VE, Bain VG et al. Muscle wasting is associated with mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011;10:166-73.
33. Carey EJ, Steidley DE, Aqel BA, Byrne TJ, Mekeel KL, Rakela J et al. Six-minute walk distance predicts mortality in liver transplant candidates. Liver Transpl 2010;16:1373-8.
34. Huo TI, Lee SD, Lin HC. Selecting an optimal prognostic system for liver cirrhosis: the model for end-stage liver disease and beyond. Liver Int 2008;28:606-13.
35. DiCecco SR, Wieners EJ, Wiesner RH, Southorn PA, Plevak DJ, Krom RA. Assessment of nutritional status of patients with end-stage liver disease undergoing liver transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 1989;64:95-102. (Pubitemid 19044502)
36. Periyalwar P, Dasarathy S. Malnutrition in cirrhosis: contribution and consequences of sarcopenia on metabolic and clinical responses. Clin Liver Dis 2012;l6.95-131.
37. Baker JP, Detsky AS, Wesson DE, Wolman SL, Stewart S, Whitewell J et al. Nutritional assessment: a comparison of clinical judgement and objective measurements. N Engl J Med 1982;306:969-72. (Pubitemid 12112949)
38. Fernandes SA, Bassani L, Nunes FF, Aydos ME, Alves AV, Marroni CA. Nutritional assessment in patients with cirrhosis. Arq Gastroenterol 2012;49:19-27.
39. Hasse J, Strong S, Gorman MA, Liepa G. Subjective global assessment: alternative nutrition-assessment technique for liver-transplant candidates. Nutrition 1993;9:339-43. (Pubitemid 23262775)
40. O'Keefe SJ, El-Zayadi AR, Carraher TE, Davis M, Williams R. Malnutrition and immuno-incompetence in patients with liver disease. Lancet 1980;2:615-7. (Pubitemid 10056650)
41. Sobhonslidsuk A, Roongpisuthipong C, Nantiruj K, Kulapongse S, Songchitsomboon S, Sumalnop K et al. Impact of liver cirrhosis on nutritional and immunological status. J Med Assoc Thai 2001;84:982-8.
42. Francoz C, Prie D, Abdelrazek W, Moreau R, Mandot A, Belghiti J et al. Inaccuracies of creatinine and creatinine-based equations in candidates for liver transplantation with low creatinine: impact on the model for end-stage liver disease score. Liver Transpl 2010;16:1169-77.
43. Akerman PA, Jenkins RL, Bistrian BR. Preoperative nutrition assessment in liver transplantation. Nutrition 1993;9:350-6. (Pubitemid 23262777)
44. Merli M, Riggio O, Dally L. Does malnutrition affect survival in cirrhosis? PINC (Policentrica Italiana Nutrizione Cirrosi). Hepatology 1996;23:1041-6.
45. Gunsar F, Raimondo ML, Jones S, Terreni N, Wong C, Patch D et al. Nutritional status and prognosis in cirrhotic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:563-72. (Pubitemid 44127837)
46. Abad-Lacruz A, Cabre E, Gonzalez-Huix F, Fernandez-Banares F, Esteve M, Planas R et al. Routine tests of renal function, alcoholism, and nutrition improve the prognostic accuracy of Child-Pugh score in nonbleeding advanced cirrhotics. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:382-7. (Pubitemid 23085847)
47. Alvares-da-Silva MR, Reverbel da Silveira T. Comparison between handgrip strength, subjective global assessment, and prognostic nutritional index in assessing malnutrition and predicting clinical outcome in cirrhotic outpatients. Nutrition 2005;21:113-7.
48. Figueiredo FA, De Mello Perez R, Kondo M. Effect of liver cirrhosis on body composition: evidence of significant depletion even in mild disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20:209-16. (Pubitemid 40343273)
49. Peng S, Plank LD, McCall JL, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K, Gane EJ. Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive study. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;85:1257-66. (Pubitemid 46740467)
50. Carvalho L, Parise ER. Evaluation of nutritional status of nonhospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis. Arq Gastroenterol 2006;43:269-74. (Pubitemid 46556124)
51. Horber FF, Thomi F, Casez JP, Fonteille J, Jaeger P. Impact of hydration status on body composition as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry in normal volunteers and patients on haemodialysis. Br J Radiol 1992;65:895-900.
52. Pirlich M, Schutz T, Spachos T, Ertl S, Weiss ML, Lochs H et al. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is a useful bedside technique to assess malnutrition in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 2000;32:1208-15.
53. Madden AM, Morgan MY. The potential role of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the assessment of body composition in cirrhotic patients. Nutrition 1997;13:40-5. (Pubitemid 27098613)
54. Morgan MY, Madden AM, Jennings G, Elia M, Fuller NJ. Two-component models are of limited value for the assessment of body composition in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:1151-62. (Pubitemid 44730387)
55. Fiore P, Merli M, Andreoli A, De Lorenzo A, Masini A, Ciuffa L et al. A comparison of skinfold anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for the evaluation of body fat in cirrhotic patients. Clin Nutr 1999;18:349-51. (Pubitemid 30032242)
56. Biaggi RR, Vollman MW, Nies MA, Brener CE, Flakoll PJ, Levenhagen DK et al. Comparison of air-displacement plethysmography with hydrostatic weighing and bioelectrical impedance analysis for the assessment of body composition in healthy adults. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:898-903. (Pubitemid 29205062)
57. Dempster P, Aitkens S. A new air displacement method for the determination of human body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1995;27:1692-7.
58. Pikul J, Sharpe MD, Lowndes R, Ghent CN. Degree of preoperative malnutrition is predictive of postoperative morbidity and mortality in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation 1994;57:469-72. (Pubitemid 24086054)
59. Glass C, Hipskind P, Tsien C, Malin SK, Kasumov T, Shah SN et al. Sarcopenia and a physiologically low respiratory quotient in patients with cirrhosis: a prospective controlled study. J Appl Physiol 2013;114:559-65.
60. Heymsfield SB. Development of imaging methods to assess adiposity and metabolism. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008;32 Suppl 7:S76-82.
61. Mitsiopoulos N, Baumgartner RN, Heymsfield SB, Lyons W, Gallagher D, Ross R. Cadaver validation of skeletal muscle measurement by magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:115-22. (Pubitemid 28334913)
62. Mourtzakis M, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Reiman T, McCargar LJ, Baracos VE. A practical and precise approach to quantification of body composition in cancer patients using computed tomography images acquired during routine care. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008;33:997-1006.
63. Prado CM, Lieffers JR, McCargar LJ, Reiman T, Sawyer MB, Martin L et al. Prevalence and clinical implications of sarcopenic obesity in patients with solid tumours of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts: a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2008;9:629-35.
64. Meza-Junco J, Montano-Loza AJ, Prado CM, Lieffers JR, Baracos VE, Bain VG et al. S. Sarcopenia as a prognostic index of nutritional status in concurrent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013 [Epub ahead of print].
65. Norman K, Kirchner H, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Malnutrition affects quality of life in gastroenterology patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:3380-5. (Pubitemid 43933783)
66. Moller S, Bendtsen F, Christensen E, Henriksen JH. Prognostic variables in patients with cirrhosis and oesophageal varices without prior bleeding. J Hepatol 1994;21.940-6.
67. Merli M, Giusto M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, Pentassuglio I, Di Gregorio V et al. Muscle depletion increases the risk of overt and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: results of a prospective study. Metab Brain Dis 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
68. Kalaitzakis E, Olsson R, Henfridsson P, Hugosson I, Bengtsson M, Jalan R et al. Malnutrition and diabetes mellitus are related to hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis. Liver Int 2007;27:1194-201. (Pubitemid 47543147)
69. Soros P, Bottcher J, Weissenborn K, Seiberg O, Muller MJ. Malnutrition and hypermetabolism are not risk factors for the presence of hepatic encephalopathy: a cross-sectional study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:606-10. (Pubitemid 351501148)
70. Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, Ridola L et al. Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8.979-85.
71. Vaisman N, Katzman H, Carmiel-Haggai M, Lusthaus M, Niv E. Breakfast improves cognitive function in cirrhotic patients with cognitive impairment. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:137-40.
72. Khanna S, Gopalan S. Role of branched-chain amino acids in liver disease: the evidence for and against. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007;10:297-303. (Pubitemid 46596705)
73. Kachaamy T, Bajaj JS. Diet and cognition in chronic liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011;27:174-9.
74. Drummond MJ, Rasmussen BB. Leucine-enriched nutrients and the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin signalling and human skeletal muscle protein synthesis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2008;11:222-6. (Pubitemid 351533894)
75. Dreyer HC, Drummond MJ, Pennings B, Fujita S, Glynn EL, Chinkes DL et al. Leucine-enriched essential amino acid and carbohydrate ingestion following resistance exercise enhances mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in human muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;294:E392-400. (Pubitemid 351231467)
76. Garcia-Pagan JC, Santos C, Barbera JA, Luca A, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R et al. Physical exercise increases portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1996;111:1300-6. (Pubitemid 26362255)
77. Bandi JC, Garcia-Pagan JC, Escorsell A, Francois E, Moitinho E, Rodes J et al. Effects of propranolol on the hepatic hemodynamic response to physical exercise in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 1998;28:677-82. (Pubitemid 28405415)
78. Tsien C, Shah SN, McCullough AJ, Dasarathy S. Reversal of sarcopenia predicts survival after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:85-93.
79. Montano-Loza AJ, Meza-Junco J, Baracos VE, Tandon P, Bain VG, Ma M, Beaumont C et al. Muscle wasting is not associated with higher mortality after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2012;56:651A.
80. Garcia PS, Cabbabe A, Kambadur R, Nicholas G, Csete M. Brief-reports: elevated myostatin levels in patients with liver disease: a potential contributor to skeletal muscle wasting. Anesth Anaig 2010;111:707-9.
81. Dasarathy S, McCullough AJ, Muc S, Schneyer A, Bennett CD, Dodig M et al. Sarcopenia associated with portosystemic shunting is reversed by follistatin. J Hepatol 2011;54:915-21.
82. Englesbe MJ, Patel SP, He K, Lynch RJ, Schaubel DE, Harbaugh C et al. Sarcopenia and mortality after liver transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 2010;211:271-8.
83. Shen W, Punyanitya M, Wang Z, Gallagher D, StOnge MP, Albu J et al. Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image. J Appl Physiol 2004;97:2333-8. (Pubitemid 39552474)
84. Alberino F, Gatta A, Amodio P, Merkel C, Di Pascoli L, Boffo G et al. Nutrition and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2001;17:445-50. (Pubitemid 32505665)
85. Fukushima K, Ueno Y, Kawagishi N, Kondo Y, Inoue J, Kakazu E et al. The nutritional index 'CONUT' is useful for predicting long-term prognosis of patients with end-stage liver diseases. Tohoku J Exp Med 2011;224:215-9.