Threat assessment and locomotion: Clinical applications of an integrated model of anxiety and postural control

Seminars in Neurology

Volumn 33, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 297-306

  Staab, Jeffrey P ^a   Balaban, Carey D ^b   Furman, Joseph M ^b  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

anxiety disorders; posture; spatial orientation; state anxiety; trait anxiety

Indexed keywords

DIAZEPAM; FLUOXETINE; PAROXETINE; SEROTONIN;

AGORAPHOBIA; ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ANTICIPATORY ANXIETY; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; BODY MOVEMENT; BODY POSTURE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONTROL STRATEGY; COPING BEHAVIOR; DAILY LIFE ACTIVITY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; DIZZINESS; DORSAL RAPHE NUCLEUS; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FALLING; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; GASTROCNEMIUS MUSCLE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; INFERIOR OLIVE; LIMBIC CORTEX; LOCOMOTION; LOCUS CERULEUS; MENTAL STRESS; MENTAL TASK; MOVEMENT PERCEPTION; MUSCLE TONE; NEUROANATOMY; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NEUROTOLOGY; NONHUMAN; OBSERVATIONAL STUDY; OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY; PANIC; PARABRACHIAL NUCLEUS; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RANGE OF MOTION; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOMATOSENSORY SYSTEM; SPATIAL ORIENTATION; STABILOGRAPHY; STROOP TEST; TASK PERFORMANCE; THERAPY EFFECT; THREAT; TREATMENT DURATION; VESTIBULAR NEURONITIS; VESTIBULAR STIMULATION; VESTIBULAR SYSTEM;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; ANXIETY; DIZZINESS; FEAR; HUMANS; LOCOMOTION; ORIENTATION; POSTURE; VESTIBULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84884623468     PISSN: 02718235     EISSN: 10989021     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1356462     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. Balaban C. D., Jacob R. G. Background and history of the interface between anxiety and vertigo. J Anxiety Disord: 2001; 15 1-2 27 51
2. Kuch K., Swinson R. P. Agoraphobia: what Westphal really said. Can J Psychiatry: 1992; 37 2 133 136
3. Sklare D. A., Stein M. B., Pikus A. M., Uhde T. W. Dysequilibrium and audiovestibular function in panic disorder: symptom profiles and test findings. Am J Otol: 1990; 11 5 338 341
4. Swinson R. P., Cox B. J., Rutka J., Mai M., Kerr S., Kuch K. Otoneurological functioning in panic disorder patients with prominent dizziness. Compr Psychiatry: 1993; 34 2 127 129
5. Hoffman D. L., O'Leary D. P., Munjack D. J. Autorotation test abnormalities of the horizontal and vertical vestibulo-ocular reflexes in panic disorder. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1994; 110 3 259 269
6. Stein M. B., Asmundson G. JG, Ireland D., Walker J. R. Panic disorder in patients attending a clinic for vestibular disorders. Am J Psychiatry: 1994; 151 11 1697 1700
7. Jacob R. G., Furman J. M., Durrant J. D., Turner S. M. Panic, agoraphobia, and vestibular dysfunction. Am J Psychiatry: 1996; 153 4 503 512
8. Jacob R. G., Furman J. M., Durrant J. D., Turner S. M. Surface dependence: a balance control strategy in panic disorder with agoraphobia. Psychosom Med: 1997; 59 3 323 330
9. Staab J. P. Psychiatric origins of dizziness and vertigo. In: Jacobson G. P., Shepard N. T., eds. Balance Function Assessment and Management. San Diego, CA Plural Publishing: 2008; 517 541
10. Jacob R. G., Woody S. R., Clark D. B., et al. Discomfort with space and motion: a possible marker of vestibular dysfunction assessed by the Situational Characteristics Questionnaire. J Psychopathol Behav Assess: 1993; 15 4 299 324
11. Bronstein A. M. Visual vertigo syndrome: clinical and posturography findings. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: 1995; 59 5 472 476
12. Bronstein A. M. Vision and vertigo: some visual aspects of vestibular disorders. J Neurol: 2004; 251 4 381 387
13. Perez-Jara J., Olmos P., Abad M. A., Heslop P., Walker D., Reyes-Ortiz C. A. Differences in fear of falling in the elderly with or without dizzines. Maturitas: 2012; 73 3 261 264
14. Viljanen A., Kulmala J., Rantakokko M., Koskenvuo M., Kaprio J., Rantanen T. Fear of falling and coexisting sensory difficulties as predictors of mobility decline in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci: 2012; 67 11 1230 1237
15. Dunlap P., Perera S., VanSwearingen J. M., Wert D., Brach J. S. Transitioning to a narrow path: the impact of fear of falling in older adults. Gait Posture: 2012; 35 1 92 95
16. Kirkwood R. N., de Souza Moreira B., Vallone M. L., Mingoti S. A., Dias R. C., Sampaio R. F. Step length appears to be a strong discriminant gait parameter for elderly females highly concerned about falls: a cross-sectional observational study. Physiotherapy: 2011; 97 2 126 131
17. Nagai K., Yamada M., Uemura K., et al. Effects of fear of falling on muscular coactivation during walking. Aging Clin Exp Res: 2012; 24 2 157 161
18. Julius L. M., Brach J. S., Wert D. M., VanSwearingen J. M. Perceived effort of walking: relationship with gait, physical function and activity, fear of falling, and confidence in walking in older adults with mobility limitations. Phys Ther: 2012; 92 10 1268 1277
19. Marchetti G. F., Whitney S. L., Redfern M. S., Furman J. M. Factors associated with balance confidence in older adults with health conditions affecting the balance and vestibular system. Arch Phys Med Rehabil: 2011; 92 11 1884 1891
20. Oh-Park M., Xue X., Holtzer R., Verghese J. Transient versus persistent fear of falling in community-dwelling older adults: incidence and risk factors. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2011; 59 7 1225 1231
21. Avineri E., Shinar D., Susilo Y. O. Pedestrians' behaviour in cross walks: the effects of fear of falling and age. Accid Anal Prev: 2012; 44 1 30 34
22. Young W. R., Wing A. M., Hollands M. A. Influences of state anxiety on gaze behavior and stepping accuracy in older adults during adaptive locomotion. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci: 2012; 67 1 43 51
23. Hadjistavropoulos T., Carleton R. N., Delbaere K., et al. The relationship of fear of falling and balance confidence with balance and dual tasking performance. Psychol Aging: 2012; 27 1 1 13
24. Uemura K., Yamada M., Nagai K., Tanaka B., Mori S., Ichihashi N. Fear of falling is associated with prolonged anticipatory postural adjustment during gait initiation under dual-task conditions in older adults. Gait Posture: 2012; 35 2 282 286
25. Gusi N., Carmelo Adsuar J., Corzo H., Del Pozo-Cruz B., Olivares P. R., Parraca J. A. Balance training reduces fear of falling and improves dynamic balance and isometric strength in institutionalised older people: a randomised trial. J Physiother: 2012; 58 2 97 104
26. Tousignant M., Corriveau H., Roy P. M., et al. The effect of supervised Tai Chi intervention compared to a physiotherapy program on fall-related clinical outcomes: a randomized clinical trial. Disabil Rehabil: 2012; 34 3 196 201
27. Karinkanta S., Nupponen R., Heinonen A., et al. Effects of exercise on health-related quality of life and fear of falling in home-dwelling older women. J Aging Phys Act: 2012; 20 2 198 214
28. Freiberger E., Häberle L., Spirduso W. W., Zijlstra G. A. Long-term effects of three multicomponent exercise interventions on physical performance and fall-related psychological outcomes in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc: 2012; 60 3 437 446
29. Staab J. P., Ruckenstein M. J. Expanding the differential diagnosis of chronic dizziness. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 2007; 133 2 170 176
30. Staab J. P. Chronic subjective dizziness. Continuum (Minneap Minn): 2012; 18 (5 Neuro-otology): 1118 1141
31. Halberstadt A. L., Balaban C. D. Selective anterograde tracing of the individual serotonergic and nonserotonergic components of the dorsal raphe nucleus projection to the vestibular nuclei. Neuroscience: 2007; 147 1 207 223
32. Halberstadt A. L., Balaban C. D. Serotonergic and nonserotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus send collateralized projections to both the vestibular nuclei and the central amygdaloid nucleus. Neuroscience: 2006; 140 3 1067 1077
33. Balaban C. D. Neural substrates linking balance control and anxiety. Physiol Behav: 2002; 77 4-5 469 475
34. Balaban C. D. Projections from the parabrachial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei: potential substrates for autonomic and limbic influences on vestibular responses. Brain Res: 2004; 996 1 126 137
35. Kalin N. H., Shelton S. E., Davidson R. J., Kelley A. E. The primate amygdala mediates acute fear but not the behavioral and physiological components of anxious temperament. J Neurosci: 2001; 21 6 2067 2074
36. Waters A. M., Zimmer-Gembeck M. J., Farrell L. J. The relationships of child and parent factors with children's anxiety symptoms: parental anxious rearing as a mediator. J Anxiety Disord: 2012; 26 7 737 745
37. Rector N. A., Bagby R. M., Huta V., Ayearst L. E. Examination of the trait facets of the five-factor model in discriminating specific mood and anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res: 2012; 199 2 131 139
38. Carpenter M. G., Frank J. S., Silcher C. P. Surface height effects on postural control: a hypothesis for a stiffness strategy for stance. J Vestib Res: 1999; 9 4 277 286
39. Adkin A. L., Frank J. S., Carpenter M. G., Peysar G. W. Postural control is scaled to level of postural threat. Gait Posture: 2000; 12 2 87 93
40. Brown L. A., Frank J. S. Postural compensations to the potential consequences of instability: kinematics. Gait Posture: 1997; 6 2 89 97
41. Davis J. R., Campbell A. D., Adkin A. L., Carpenter M. G. The relationship between fear of falling and human postural control. Gait Posture: 2009; 29 2 275 279
42. Davis J. R., Horslen B. C., Nishikawa K., et al. Human proprioceptive adaptations during states of height-induced fear and anxiety. J Neurophysiol: 2011; 106 6 3082 3090
43. Cleworth T. W., Horslen B. C., Carpenter M. G. Influence of real and virtual heights on standing balance. Gait Posture: 2012; 36 2 172 176
44. Stins J. F., Roerdink M., Beek P. J. To freeze or not to freeze? Affective and cognitive perturbations have markedly different effects on postural control. Hum Mov Sci: 2011; 30 2 190 202
45. Adkin A. L., Frank J. S., Carpenter M. G., Peysar G. W. Fear of falling modifies anticipatory postural control. Exp Brain Res: 2002; 143 2 160 170
46. Young L. R., Bernard-Demanze L., Dumitrescu M., Magnan J., Borel L., Lacour M. Postural performance of vestibular loss patients under increased postural threat. J Vestib Res: 2012; 22 2 129 138
47. Brown L. A., Gage W. H., Polych M. A., Sleik R. J., Winder T. R. Central set influences on gait. Age-dependent effects of postural threat. Exp Brain Res: 2002; 145 3 286 296
48. Levitan M. N., Crippa J. A., Bruno L. M., et al. Postural balance in patients with social anxiety disorder. Braz J Med Biol Res: 2012; 45 1 38 42
49. Hainaut J. P., Caillet G., Lestienne F. G., Bolmont B. The role of trait anxiety on static balance performance in control and anxiogenic situations. Gait Posture: 2011; 33 4 604 608
50. Lepicard E. M., Venault P., Perez-Diaz F., Joubert C., Berthoz A., Chapouthier G. Balance control and posture differences in the anxious BALB/cByJ mice compared to the non anxious C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res: 2000; 117 1-2 185 195
51. Lepicard E. M., Venault P., Negroni J., et al. Posture and balance responses to a sensory challenge are related to anxiety in mice. Psychiatry Res: 2003; 118 3 273 284
52. Venault P., Rudrauf D., Lepicard E. M., Berthoz A., Jouvent R., Chapouthier G. Balance control and posture in anxious mice improved by SSRI treatment. Neuroreport: 2001; 12 14 3091 3094
53. Phan K. L., Coccaro E. F., Angstadt M., et al. Corticolimbic brain reactivity to social signals of threat before and after sertraline treatment in generalized social phobia. Biol Psychiatry: 2013; 73 4 329 336
54. Kalueff A. V., Jensen C. L., Murphy D. L. Locomotory patterns, spatiotemporal organization of exploration and spatial memory in serotonin transporter knockout mice. Brain Res: 2007; 1169 87 97
55. Li Volsi G., Licata F., Fretto G., Mauro M. D., Santangelo F. Influence of serotonin on the glutamate-induced excitations of secondary vestibular neurons in the rat. Exp Neurol: 2001; 172 2 446 459
56. Sugihara I., Lang E. J., Llinás R. Serotonin modulation of inferior olivary oscillations and synchronicity: a multiple-electrode study in the rat cerebellum. Eur J Neurosci: 1995; 7 4 521 534
57. Etkin A. Functional neuroanatomy of anxiety: a neural circuit perspective. Curr Top Behav Neurosci: 2010; 2 251 277
58. Bishop G. A., Ho R. H. The distribution and origin of serotonin immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum. Brain Res: 1985; 331 2 195 207
59. Compoint C., Buisseret-Delmas C. Origin, distribution and organization of the serotoninergic innervation in the inferior olivary complex of the rat. Arch Ital Biol: 1988; 126 2 99 110
60. Sladek J. R. Jr, Bowman J. P. The distribution of catecholamines within the inferior olivary complex of the cat and rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol: 1975; 163 2 203 213
61. Takeuchi Y., Sano Y. Immunohistochemical demonstration of serotonin-containing nerve fibers in the inferior olivary complex of the rat, cat and monkey. Cell Tissue Res: 1983; 231 1 17 28
62. Charney D. S., Drevets W. C. Neurobiological basis of anxiety disorders. In: Davis K. L., Charney D., Coyle J. T., Nemeroff C., eds. Neuropsychopharmacology: The Fifth Generation of Progress. Brentwood, TN American College of Neuropsychopharmacology: 2002; 901 930
63. Tamietto M., de Gelder B. Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nat Rev Neurosci: 2010; 11 10 697 709
64. Dieterich M., Brandt T. Functional brain imaging of peripheral and central vestibular disorders. Brain: 2008; 131 Pt 10 2538 2552
65. Baur V., Hänggi J., Jäncke L. Volumetric associations between uncinate fasciculus, amygdala, and trait anxiety. BMC Neurosci: 2012; 13 4
66. Li S., Wang Y., Xu P., et al. Surface morphology of amygdala is associated with trait anxiety. PLoS ONE: 2012; 7 10 e47817
67. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA American Psychiatric Association: 2013
68. Jacob R. G., Redfern M. S., Furman J. M. Space and motion discomfort and abnormal balance control in patients with anxiety disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: 2009; 80 1 74 78
69. Perna G., Dario A., Caldirola D., Stefania B., Cesarani A., Bellodi L. Panic disorder: the role of the balance system. J Psychiatr Res: 2001; 35 5 279 286
70. Yardley L., Britton J., Lear S., Bird J., Luxon L. M. Relationship between balance system function and agoraphobic avoidance. Behav Res Ther: 1995; 33 4 435 439
71. Perna G., Alpini D., Caldirola D., Raponi G., Cesarani A., Bellodi L. Serotonergic modulation of the balance system in panic disorder: an open study. Depress Anxiety: 2003; 17 2 101 106
72. Cevette M. J., Puetz B., Marion M. S., Wertz M. L., Muenter M. D. Aphysiologic performance on dynamic posturography. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1995; 112 6 676 688
73. Redfern M. S., Furman J. M., Jacob R. G. Visually induced postural sway in anxiety disorders. J Anxiety Disord: 2007; 21 5 704 716
74. Caldirola D., Teggi R., Bondi S., et al. Is there a hypersensitive visual alarm system in panic disorder? Psychiatry Res: 2011; 187 3 387 391
75. Hüweler R., Kandil F. I., Alpers G. W., Gerlach A. L. The impact of visual flow stimulation on anxiety, dizziness, and body sway in individuals with and without fear of heights. Behav Res Ther: 2009; 47 4 345 352
76. Erez O., Gordon C. R., Sever J., Sadeh A., Mintz M. Balance dysfunction in childhood anxiety: findings and theoretical approach. J Anxiety Disord: 2004; 18 3 341 356
77. Skirbekk B., Hansen B. H., Oerbeck B., Wentzel-Larsen T., Kristensen H. Motor impairment in children with anxiety disorders. Psychiatry Res: 2012; 198 1 135 139
78. Bart O., Bar-Haim Y., Weizman E., Levin M., Sadeh A., Mintz M. Balance treatment ameliorates anxiety and increases self-esteem in children with comorbid anxiety and balance disorder. Res Dev Disabil: 2009; 30 3 486 495
79. Eckhardt A., Tettenborn B., Krauthauser H., et al. [Vertigo and anxiety disorders-results of interdisciplinary evaluation]. Laryngorhinootologie: 1996; 75 9 517 522
80. Eckhardt-Henn A., Breuer P., Thomalske C., Hoffmann S. O., Hopf H. C. Anxiety disorders and other psychiatric subgroups in patients complaining of dizziness. J Anxiety Disord: 2003; 17 4 369 388
81. Clark D. B., Hirsch B. E., Smith M. G., Furman J. M., Jacob R. G. Panic in otolaryngology patients presenting with dizziness or hearing loss. Am J Psychiatry: 1994; 151 8 1223 1225
82. Grunfeld E. A., Gresty M. A., Bronstein A. M., Jahanshahi M. Screening for depression among neuro-otology patients with and without identifiable vestibular lesions. Int J Audiol: 2003; 42 3 161 165
83. Persoons P., Luyckx K., Desloovere C., Vandenberghe J., Fischler B. Anxiety and mood disorders in otorhinolaryngology outpatients presenting with dizziness: validation of the self-administered PRIME-MD Patient Health Questionnaire and epidemiology. Gen Hosp Psychiatry: 2003; 25 5 316 323
84. Ruckenstein M. J., Staab J. P. The Basic Symptom Inventory-53 and its use in the management of patients with psychogenic dizziness. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 2001; 125 5 533 536
85. Evans D. L., Staab J. P., Petitto J. M., et al. Depression in the medical setting: biopsychological interactions and treatment considerations. J Clin Psychiatry: 1999; 60 04 40 55, discussion 56
86. Eagger S., Luxon L. M., Davies R. A., Coelho A., Ron M. A. Psychiatric morbidity in patients with peripheral vestibular disorder: a clinical and neuro-otological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: 1992; 55 5 383 387
87. Kammerlind A. S., Ledin T. E., Skargren E. I., Odkvist L. M. Long-term follow-up after acute unilateral vestibular loss and comparison between subjects with and without remaining symptoms. Acta Otolaryngol: 2005; 125 9 946 953
88. Coker N. J., Coker R. R., Jenkins H. A., Vincent K. R. Psychological profile of patients with Menière's disease. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1989; 115 11 1355 1357
89. Celestino D., Rosini E., Carucci M. L., Marconi P. L., Vercillo E. Ménière's disease and anxiety disorders. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital: 2003; 23 6 421 427
90. Eggers S. DZ, Staab J. P., Neff B. A., Goulson A. M., Carlson M. L., Shepard N. T. Investigation of the coherence of definite and probable vestibular migraine as distinct clinical entities. Otol Neurotol: 2011; 32 7 1144 1151
91. Best C., Eckhardt-Henn A., Tschan R., Dieterich M. Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in different vestibular vertigo syndromes. Results of a prospective longitudinal study over one year. J Neurol: 2009; 256 1 58 65
92. Boleas-Aguirre M. S., Sánchez-Ferrandiz N., Guillén-Grima F., Perez N. Long-term disability of class A patients with Méniè re's disease after treatment with intratympanic gentamicin. Laryngoscope: 2007; 117 8 1474 1481
93. Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapy in Menière's disease. American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Foundation, Inc. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 1995; 113 3 181 185
94. Brandt Th, Dieterich M. Phobischer Attacken-Schwank-swindel, ein neues Syndrom? Munch Med Wschr: 1986; 128 247 250
95. Huppert D., Strupp M., Rettinger N., Hecht J., Brandt T. Phobic postural vertigo-a long-term follow-up (5 to 15 years) of 106 patients. J Neurol: 2005; 252 5 564 569
96. Kapfhammer H. P., Mayer C., Hock U., Huppert D., Dieterich M., Brandt T. Course of illness in phobic postural vertigo. Acta Neurol Scand: 1997; 95 1 23 28
97. th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine; November 12, 2009; Las Vegas, NV. Available at: http://www.apm.org/ann-mtg/2009/index. shtml. Accessed July 16, 2011
98. Staab J. P., Ruckenstein M. J., Solomon D., Shepard N. T. Serotonin reuptake inhibitors for dizziness with psychiatric symptoms. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg: 2002; 128 5 554 560
99. Staab J. P., Ruckenstein M. J., Amsterdam J. D. A prospective trial of sertraline for chronic subjective dizziness. Laryngoscope: 2004; 114 9 1637 1641
100. Staab J. P. Clinical clues to a dizzying headache. J Vestib Res: 2011; 21 6 331 340
101. Staab J. P., Ruckenstein M. J. Which comes first? Psychogenic dizziness versus otogenic anxiety. Laryngoscope: 2003; 113 10 1714 1718
102. Horii A., Mitani K., Kitahara T., Uno A., Takeda N., Kubo T. Paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, reduces depressive symptoms and subjective handicaps in patients with dizziness. Otol Neurotol: 2004; 25 4 536 543
103. Simon N. M., Parker S. W., Wernick-Robinson M., et al. Fluoxetine for vestibular dysfunction and anxiety: a prospective pilot study. Psychosomatics: 2005; 46 4 334 339
104. Horii A., Uno A., Kitahara T., et al. Effects of fluvoxamine on anxiety, depression, and subjective handicaps of chronic dizziness patients with or without neuro-otologic diseases. J Vestib Res: 2007; 17 1 1 8
105. Horii A., Kitahara T., Masumura C., Kizawa K., Maekawa C., Kubo T. Effects of milnacipran, a serotonin noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) on subjective handicaps and posturography in dizzy patients. Abstract presented at the XXVth Congress of the Barany Society; March 31-April 3, 2008; Kyoto, Japan. Available at: http://www.acplan.jp/barany2008/. Accessed July 9, 2011
106. Tschan R., Best C., Beutel M. E., et al. Patients' psychological well-being and resilient coping protect from secondary somatoform vertigo and dizziness (SVD) 1 year after vestibular disease. J Neurol: 2011; 258 1 104 112
107. Best C., Eckhardt-Henn A., Tschan R., Dieterich M. Psychiatric morbidity and comorbidity in different vestibular vertigo syndromes. Results of a prospective longitudinal study over one year. J Neurol: 2009; 256 1 58 65
108. Godemann F., Schabowska A., Naetebusch B., Heinz A., Ströhle A. The impact of cognitions on the development of panic and somatoform disorders: a prospective study in patients with vestibular neuritis. Psychol Med: 2006; 36 1 99 108
109. Alessandrini M., D'Erme G., Bruno E., Napolitano B., Magrini A. Vestibular compensation: analysis of postural re-arrangement as a control index for unilateral vestibular deficit. Neuroreport: 2003; 14 7 1075 1079
110. Monzani D., Marchioni D., Bonetti S., et al. Anxiety affects vestibulospinal function of labyrinthine-defective patients during horizontal optokinetic stimulation. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital: 2004; 24 3 117 124
111. Krafczyk S., Tietze S., Swoboda W., Valkovic P., Brandt T. Artificial neural network: a new diagnostic posturographic tool for disorders of stance. Clin Neurophysiol: 2006; 117 8 1692 1698
112. Brandt T., Strupp M., Novozhilov S., Krafczyk S. Artificial neural network posturography detects the transition of vestibular neuritis to phobic postural vertigo. J Neurol: 2012; 259 1 182 184
113. Balaban C. D., Jacob R. G., Furman J. M. Neurologic bases for comorbidity of balance disorders, anxiety disorders and migraine: neurotherapeutic implications. Expert Rev Neurother: 2011; 11 3 379 394
114. Staab J. P. Behavioral aspects of vestibular rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation: 2011; 29 2 179 183
115. Holmberg J., Karlberg M., Harlacher U., Rivano-Fischer M., Magnusson M. Treatment of phobic postural vertigo. A controlled study of cognitive-behavioral therapy and self-controlled desensitization. J Neurol: 2006; 253 4 500 506
116. Holmberg J., Karlberg M., Harlacher U., Magnusson M. One-year follow-up of cognitive behavioral therapy for phobic postural vertigo. J Neurol: 2007; 254 9 1189 1192
117. Edelman S., Mahoney A. E., Cremer P. D. Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic subjective dizziness: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Otolaryngol: 2012; 33 4 395 401
118. E J Mahoney A, Edelman S., D Cremer P. Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic subjective dizziness: longer-term gains and predictors of disability. Am J Otolaryngol: 2013; 34 2 115 120